Landscape – Great Idea! X-LArch III - Department für Raum ...
Landscape – Great Idea! X-LArch III - Department für Raum ...
Landscape – Great Idea! X-LArch III - Department für Raum ...
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113<br />
Fig. 1: Dimensions of <strong>Landscape</strong><br />
graphically (see Lynch 1993), resulting in the selection of<br />
eight case studies. Their qualitative analysis along static<br />
and dynamic attributes of landscape (see Czerniak 2005)<br />
provided the basis for structuring the conception of landscape<br />
along the dimensions of product, process and idea.<br />
Structuring <strong>Landscape</strong><br />
The complex term of landscape can be structured along<br />
three dimensions (see. Fig. 1).<br />
<strong>Landscape</strong> as product<br />
Space in its physic appearance is the object of enquiry<br />
in this dimension. Both the natural substrate of landscape<br />
and the physical manifestations of human activity<br />
in space are part of this. The differentiation between<br />
cultural and natural landscape is deregulated. The ‚sum<br />
of all natural resources‘ (Sauer 1925) as well as the<br />
‚system of man-made environments on earth‘s surface‘<br />
(Jackson 1984: 43) can be integrated. This dimension<br />
focuses on the existing physical space as product, regardless<br />
whether the space was produced for intentional<br />
representation or resulted in accidental by-products. A<br />
hierarchy in this differentiation is obsolete.<br />
<strong>Landscape</strong> as process<br />
In two different aspects, landscape is an object of<br />
continuous change, development and transformation.<br />
First, from an ecological perspective, landscape is an<br />
interactive product of natural processes as wind, water,<br />
temperature and vegetation are continuously occupied<br />
with shaping the landscape. Ecology as ‚science of process‘<br />
(Halprin 1987) and the factor of time produce ever<br />
unfinished, limited phases which result in preliminary<br />
landscapes, shaped in open processes without defined<br />
ideal. Second, the processes of individual and societal<br />
appropriation comprise various layers, which interact with<br />
the natural substrate <strong>–</strong> or ecological base layer of landscape.<br />
Those ‚societal layers of landscape‘ (see Kühne<br />
2006: 74) reshape landscape continuously and can be<br />
abstracted as formative patterns of space. Processrelated<br />
elements constitute profound components of<br />
landscape, which allow for understanding landscape as<br />
such as a process.<br />
<strong>Landscape</strong> as idea<br />
In this dimension, the various layers of landscape are<br />
reduced, interpreted and valued. This process can be<br />
understood analogous to an evaluation as the perceived<br />
space is scanned with regard to subjective, cultural,<br />
societal and ideological norms, ideas and preferences.<br />
Kühne describes this procedure as a construction of<br />
landscape within internal consciousness. It is to be<br />
understood as an active, self-determined manipulation of<br />
the outer environment (see Kühne 2006: 61). It is in this<br />
dimension where the meaning and conception of landscape<br />
is defined and articulated.<br />
Establishing a structured view on landscape<br />
The attributes used in the analysis of the case studies<br />
can be ascribed to the three dimensions of landscape<br />
(see Fig. 2).<br />
In the dimension of product, the following attributes were<br />
intended for analysis: the location within the urban agglomeration;<br />
the topographical relief of the superordinate<br />
landscape; the landscape elements characterising the<br />
site and connecting it to the superordinate landscape; the<br />
figured ground of the site and its material texture.<br />
All attributes in the dimension of process have relational<br />
character: the structure of use over time; the relicts of<br />
Fig 2 Attributes of<br />
landscape used in<br />
the case studies‘<br />
analysis and ascribed<br />
to landscape<br />
dimensions.<br />
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