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110 Serveral private sectors initiate connecting green ideas with commercial projects. For example, the Sino Group’s Citywalk is a green shopping mall. It presents a Vertical Garden the size of a standard tennis court and “Citywalk Piazza” with landscaped water features and a hybrid chiller system that improves air quality and recycles waste water. It is the perfect blend of nature and shopping. Fig. 3: GMP for Tsim Sha Tsui (adapted from: http://www.cedd.gov. hk/eng/index.htm, 2008) suitable locations for planting with desirable themes and species. The GMP first started in two of the busiest districts of Hong Kong, namely Tsim Sha Tsui and Central. The short-term greening works were completed in 2007 [Fig. 3]. Given the constraints of the sites, the comprehensive improvement with the addition of a large number of plants achieved a preliminary success. Although short-term GMPs cannot increase open spaces immediately, the significance of change is that streets become safer and greener than ever before. The GMPs for the remaining districts is underway [Fig. 4]. Besides the GMP, the Architectural Services Department has conducted a Study on Green Roof Application in Hong Kong (2007) and in practice has completed 68 projects between 2001 and 2006. At present, the application mainly covers government buildings, such as schools, hospitals, community facilities and government quarters. At the same time, the Environment and Conservation Fund will encourage different organisations to integrate greening and landscape design in suitable buildings. Vertical greening is the Department‘s next step after roof greening. A remarkable Vertical Garden as mentioned above, currently the largest of its kind in Hong Kong, plays a key role not only in providing aesthetic appeal, but also in reducing ambient temperature, providing thermal insulation, acoustical control and air purification. Slopes and retaining walls can be seen everywhere in Hong Kong. Based on many years of working experiences, the Geotechnical Engineering Office (under the Civil Engineering Development Department) worked out a Technical Guidelines on Landscape Treatments and Bio-enigeering for Man-made Slopes and Retaining Walls. Numerous landscaped slopes have been examined during raining seasons which are still protecting residents from landslide, providing visual release, and contributing to surrounding environment. In summary, we can draw a three-dimenstional green space network by putting all the efforts together. Improvement in urban greenery is evident at multiple elevation levels - on the ground level along the footpaths and driveways, on the elevated walkways and under the fly-overs, on the podium and roof-top level, on the slopes and vertical structures etc. More green areas are provided during planning and implementation, and Fig. 4: Short-term GMPs for different districts (adapted and revised from booklet of GMPs, 2008) Fig. 5: Different green spaces at different scales
111 existing ones are enhanced. All these significant changes are happening within the small pieces of land and will influence the overall cityscape. Conclusions Landscape Value Mapping helps us understand the existing conditions and control the future development at a whole-of-territory scale. In rural areas Country Parks and green belts constitute mass green structures at a regional scale. In hyperdense urban areas, new green areas created by GMPs, roof gardens and related greening practices at multiple-levels will be enhanced both in quantity and quality, serving to link existing open spaces from district scale to local scale. In the long run the urban green spaces can be merged and connected both physically and visually to the significant green spaces in the mountain and countryside, leading to a more balanced and sustainable system. Most importantly, greening plays a vital role in establishing an environmentally friendly society. Hong Kong’s development mode is to preserve large green and blue assets as the basis of sustainable development. Natural areas are always easily accessible and are almost never an hour away from the densest areas. This close proximity of green mountains, blue sea and the modern development of the city closely interknitted with an efficient transportation system, planned and maximized visual connection between the city and the green mountains, and maximized greening opportunities in the hyperdense urban environment, all combine to make Hong Kong a special example of a highly accessible three-dimensional system and special urban development. This three-dimensional compact city deserve further study and may serve as a model or reference for other dense metropoles. Endnotes [1] Landscape Character Type: Generic areas of landscape which have a broadly similar patterns of landform, vegetation, land use and urban settlement in every area where they occur. (source: Lanscape Value Mapping of Hong Kong, 2005) References Harbour Business Forum. (2008): Public Opinion Survey. http:// www.harbourbusinessforum.com/en-us/page/show/report_pos [as accessed 28 December 2008] Hong Kong Architectural Services Department.(2007): Study on Green Roof Application in Hong Kong Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department.(2008): Hong Kong in Figures. Hong Kong Civil Engineering and Development Department. (2008): Greening Master Plans. Hong Kong Development Bureau. (2008): Greening. http://www. devb-wb.gov.hk/greening/en [as accessed 28 December 2008] Hong Kong Geotechnical Engineering Office (2004): No. 1/2000 “Technical Guidelines on Landscape Treatments and Bio-enigeering for Man-made Slopes and Retaining Walls”. Hong Kong Government. (2008): Policy Address 2007/2008 Hong Kong Government. Greening Hong Kong http://www.gov.hk/ en/residents/environment/sustainable/greening.htm [as accessed 26 December 2008] Hong Kong Planning Department. (2008): Hong Kong Planning Standards and Guidelines. Hong Kong Planning Department. (2005): Landscape Value Mapping of Hong Kong. Hong Kong Planning Department. (2003): Stage 2 Study on Review of Metroplan and Related Kowloon Density Study Review Hong Kong Survey and Mapping Office. (2008): Hong Kong Geographic Data. Mahtab-uz-Zaman, Q.M., Lau, S. S. Y. and So, H.M. (2000): The Compact City of Hong Kong: A Sustainable Model for Asia In: M. Jenks & R. Burgess (eds.) Compact Cities: Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries. London;New York: Spon Press: 255-268 Smith, P. C. (2000): Sustainability and Urban Design. In: W. S.Wong & E.H.W. Chan (eds.) Building Hong Kong: Environmental Considerations. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press: 17-42 Sino Group. (2008): Citywalk. http://www.sino-leasing.com/v4/retail_sect_en.asp?id=125[as accessed 28 December 2008] Society for Protection of the Harbour. (2003): About us. http://www. harbourprotection.org/html/all_page_b_b5.htm [as accessed 28 December 2008] Zhang, X, (2000): High-Rise and High-Density Compact Urban Form: The Development of Hong Kong. In: M. Jenks & R. Burgess (eds.) Compact Cities: Sustainable Urban Forms for Developing Countries. London; New York: Spon Press: 245-254 Papers
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