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BERENDSEN (Hans), & WEEDA (Rik), Uit de vonk zal de vlam oplaaien (Poesjkin): een analyse van de activiteiten en ideeën van de humanistisch-socialistische verzetsgroep rondom het illegale verzetsblad De Vonk, 1940-1945 (Groningen: Volharding, 1980). BLOM (J.C.H.), De muiterij op de Zeven Provinciën. A mutiny which shocked the Dutch Navy, in February 1933, near the Javanese coasts. For having sustained the mutineers, Sneevliet had been sentenced to prison, before be freed by the opportunity of an election as MP. (Bussum, 1975). BOBERACH (Heinz), ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich. Die geheime Lageberichte des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS 1938-1945, 17 Vols. (Herrsching, 1984). BOLLOTEN (Burnett), The Spanish Civil War. Revolution and Counterrevolution (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991). BORKENAU (Franz), Der europäische Kommunismus. Seine Geschichte von 1917 bis zur Gegenwart. A survey of the histories of various CPs. (Bern, 1952). BOUMAN (P.J.), De April-Mei-Stakingen van 1943 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1950). BOURRINET (Philippe), Ante Ciliga 1898-1992. Nazionalismo e comunismo in Jugoslavia (Genoa: Graphos, 1996). Some elements on the radical left opposition (Workers Group, Decists) in the soviet isolators. BROUÉ (Pierre), Révolution en Allemagne 1917-1923. These. A rich history of the German revolution and the KPD. From a trotskyist point of view, favourable to Levi and Radek (Paris: éditions de Minuit,1971). BROUÉ (Pierre), Trotsky (Paris: Fayard, 1988). BROUÉ (Pierre), Histoire de l’Internationale communiste 1919-1943 (Paris: Fayard, 1997). BUBER-NEUMANN (Margarete), Kriegsschauplätze der Weltrevolution. Ein Bericht aus der Praxis der Komintern 1919 – 1943. By the widow of the stalinist chief of the KPD Heinz Neumann, shot by Stalin in Russia. A testimony disillusioned with the Komintern (Ullstein, 1981). BRUGMANS (I.J.), Paardenkracht en mensenmacht. Sociaal-economische geschiedenis van Nederland 1795- 1940. Social-economic history of the Netherlands (The Hague,1961). BRUGMANS (I.J.), De arbeidende klasse in Nederland in de 19. eeuw (Utrecht: Spectrum, 1963). BUNKE (Hendrik), Die KPD in Bremen: 1945 bis 1968 (Köln: Papy Rossa-Verlag, 2001). BUSCHAK (W.), Das Londoner Büro. Europäische Linkssozialisten in der Zwischenkriegszeit (Amsterdam, 1985). CARR (Edward H.), The Bolshevik Revolution, Vol. 3 (London: Penguin, 1966). This volume deals with the international influence of the revolution, particularly in relation to the revolution in Europe and Asia. CARSTEN (Francis), Revolution in Mitteleuropa 1918-1919. About the revolutions and the workers’ councils in Bavaria, Austria, Hungary. (Köln: Kiepenheuer & Wisch, 1973). CASTELLAN (Georges), L’Allemagne de Weimar (Paris: A. Colin, 1969). CORNELISSEN (Igor), G. HARMSEN & R. de JONG, De taaie rooie rakkers. Een documentaire over et socialisme tussen de wereldoorlogen (Utrecht: Ambo-boeken, 1965). CRAMPTON (R.J.), A concise history of Bulgaria (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). DÄHN (Horst), Rätedemokratische Modelle. Studien zur Rätediskussion in Deutschland 1918-1919 (Meisenheim am Glan, 1975). DE JONG (T.) & E. NIJHOF, De Eenheidsvakcentrale (EVC) 1943-1948 (Groningen, 1976). DRAPER (Theodore), The Roots of American Communism (New York: Viking Press, 1957). 374
DRECHSLER (Hanno), Die SAPD. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung am Ende der Weimarer Republik (Reprint: Erlangen, 1971). Left socialism in Germany in the 1930s. Relations with Rote Kämpfer and the Leninbund are dealt with very succinctly. DROZ (Jacques) et al., Histoire générale du socialisme, Vols. 2 and 3 (Paris: PUF, 1973-74). FAY (Victor), La Révolution d’Octobre et le mouvement ouvrier européen (Paris: EDI, 1967). FAYET (Jean-François), Karl Radek (1885-1939). Biographie politique, Université de Genève, 1999 (Bern: Peter Lang, 2004). FERNANDEZ (Neil), Capitalism and Class Struggle in the USSR: A Marxist Theory (Ashgate: Aldershot, 1997). FISCHER (Ruth), Stalin and German communism (Cambridge (Ma.),1948). FITTKO (Lisa), Solidarität unerwünscht. Meine Flucht durch Europa. Erinnerungen 1933-1940 [Mémoires of Lisa Eckstein (1909-2005) – the wife of Hans Fittko, a former council communist in Leipzig, still living in the USA ; give information on their escape from Germany, and the Exile to Prag, then to France, where they were in touch with Walter Benjamin before he died.] (Vienna: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1992). FLECHTHEIM (Ossip K.), Le Parti communiste allemand. Postface by Hermann Weber (Paris: Maspéro,1972). FRANK (Pierre), Histoire de l’Internationale communiste 1919-1943, 2 Vols. (Paris: La Brèche,1979). GALESLOOT (Hansje) & Susan LEGÊNE, Partij in het verzet. De CPN in de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Amsterdam: Pegasus, 1986). GELDER (H.A. Enno van), Histoire des Pays-Bas (Paris: Armand Colin, 1949). GERD-HOFSCHEN (Heinz) & Almut SCHWERD (eds.), Zeitzeugen berichten: Die Bremer Arbeiterbewegung in den fünfziger Jahren. With a contribution of Albert FLACHMANN: ‚Linkssozialistische und anarchistische Gruppen in der Nachkriegszeit’, pp. 133-146. Bremer Vorträge zur Politischen Bildung, Vol. 2; Verlag Arbeiterbewegung und Gesellschaftswissenschaft, 1989. [Albert Flachmann (1904-1998), a typesetter from Bremen, had been member of the KAP/AAU, then after 1931 of the Rote Kämpfer. Interned in a lager in 1933, under arrest in 1937-38. After the war he became social worker in Bremen, and militant of the local KPD in 1945-47. Contribution in Neues Beginnen. He remained until his death in contact with anarchist and council communist circles. He wrote in 1990 a contribution on Pannekoek: “Remembrance on Anton Pannekoek”, in Anton Pannekoek/Paul Mattick, Marxistischer Anti-Leninismus (Freiburg: Ça ira Verlag, 1991)]. GEYER (Curt), Der Radikalismus in der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, ein soziologischer Versuch (Jena, 1923). Written by a left USPD, then VKPD member until 1921, Paul Levi’s friend, hostile to the KAPD. GOTTRAUX (Philippe), Socialisme ou Barbarie. A political and intellectual engagement in France of the postwar period (Lausanne: Éditions Payot, 1997). GRUBER (Helmut), International communism in the era of Lenin. A documentary history (New York: Anchor books, 1972). GRUCHMANN (Lothar), ed., Deutschland-Berichte der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands (SOPADE), 1934-1940 (Frankfurt/Main,1980). HARMSEN (Ger), Blauwe en rode jeugd. Een bijdrage tot de geschiedenis [Ontstaan, ontwikkeling en teruggang] van de Nederlandse jeugdbeweging tussen 1853 en 1940. These (Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp., 1961). HARMSEN (Ger), ‘Voorspel, ontstaan en verloop van het schisma in het Nederlandse communisme. De geschiedenis van de CPH-CC (de Wijnkoop partij) 1926-1930’, in Mededelingenblad van de sociaal-historische studiekring, 1966, No. 23, pp. 3-38. On the Wijnkoop split from the CPH, 1926-30. 375
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PHILIPPE BOURRINET The Dutch and Ge
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The Dutch and German Communist Left
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General studies ...................
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INTRODUCTION Despite the theoretica
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In fact, it was not the GIC, but th
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history of the Dutch communist curr
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Chapter 1: Origins and Formation of
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1862-1866, 1871-1872); these conser
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Dutch and German workers’ movemen
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However, this ‘radicalism’ of D
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emained an internationalist. It is
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a formidable weapon against the lef
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form the Tribunist movement: Mendel
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of the organisation. 31 He only dev
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The support given to the various re
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Using the pretext of the struggle a
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the end of 1903. 57 By contrast, a
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Bolsheviks had deputies in the Duma
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imposed to form an organised fracti
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was obliged to include in the pream
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‘right’ 100 - which was based i
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This was the beginning of an increa
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carried out by the SDP - in the for
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The growth of Dutch imperialism cou
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Wijnkoop’s suggestion, the SDP’
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evolution. 125 Right up until the w
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helped to write the pamphlet addres
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section, supported a counter-resolu
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Chapter 2 Pannekoek and ‘Dutch’
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The philosophical bases of radical
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Wrongly presented by its opponents
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is most necessary. Only knowledge g
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ended in defeat - but whatever help
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The Dutch Left never considered the
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ourgeois revolutions, thinks of not
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eligious faith in the success of th
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organisations they had so patiently
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forces... The most backward country
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mass strikes; the proletariat’s s
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‘Great Night’: “[passive radi
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economic, and whose political domin
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letter to Paul Lafargue (20 th June
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Luxemburg in urging a clear rejecti
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explicit criticism of their leaders
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As in most of the belligerent count
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the main goal was the return to pea
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Gorter’s analyses were remarkable
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political factors which led to this
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During 1915, opposition to the war
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inform its readers about the Confer
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It is noteworthy that Roland Holst
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powerful opposition to this policy
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The workers’ reaction was immedia
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concealed the Wijnkoop leadership
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Lenin was quite right to emphasise
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“Don’t you feel, little by litt
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dissolved itself. There only remain
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Chapter 4 THE DUTCH LEFT IN THE KOM
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Spartakusbund not rejected particip
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However, the circular of the Komint
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Kommunist, publication of the Breme
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Russians - like Trotsky 433 - no lo
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The resolution adopted by the confe
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Led by Wolffheim and Laufenberg, th
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Pannekoek’s great clear-sightedne
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Rühle’s anti-party current. But
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All these accusations fail to stand
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not that of a general staff, in whi
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democrats and bourgeois in the war
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The unions also resemble the state
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eal decision-making centre. In this
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communism extends from the Rhine to
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The NEP (New Economic Policy) in th
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and the workers, who had all been a
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However, all the left communists, G
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was more disastrous for the VKPD th
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At its 3 rd Congress, the Komintern
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when he was in fact in Spain at the
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workers, and that every three month
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committee is also of the opinion th
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large towns passed from capitalism
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KAI would be “infinitely difficul
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private property”. They constitut
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side, of two KAPDs, with two papers
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intention of working for the reunif
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‘old enemy’ Paul Levi. 650 Deth
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district in Amsterdam, condemning a
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THE GROUP OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNIS
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the Dutch theoretical review Radenc
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the CPO decided to dissolve in orde
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political sleep by the crisis of th
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economic, rather than the political
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the nationalist, even anti-Semitic
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parliamentary stipend financed the
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shreds”. 706 But significantly, t
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KAPD. The GIC, followed by Pannekoe
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It was a party which dared not spea
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a big impact in the unemployed move
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anarchist group like the BAS was ch
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The other factor in the defeat of t
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would ‘awaken’ the German prole
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Spartacus, organ of the LAO, while
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Chapter 7 TOWARDS A NEW WORKERS’
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The evolution of the Dutch GIC towa
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the world, especially since 1968. 7
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Secondly, by trying at all costs to
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In a contradictory way, the GIC rep
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The ‘new workers’ movement’ a
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The function and functioning of the
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een eclipsed and replaced by a “d
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and developed since the birth of th
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GIC recognised the fundamental role
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This view has a certain resemblance
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“At the beginning of the period o
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Bogdanov, the social process was re
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to construct a coherent and ordered
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“As soon as the proletarian class
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the danger of state capitalism. The
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inseparable from the anti-organisat
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growing uncertainty of existence is
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indivisible unity operating like th
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“freedoms” and the introduction
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Steuermann 972 , Rühle showed that
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Russian capitalism. It was only con
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The unemployed workers of Amsterdam
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Unlike the Paul Mattick group in th
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The contribution by this group, whi
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Chapter 9 THE DUTCH INTERNATIONALIS
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workers’ councils”, the KAPN’
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impoverished peasants and, on the o
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The first ‘minority’ was formed
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iting, since the Dutch RSAP and the
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seems to have come from an ex-membe
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esult which appeared positive to th
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Chapter 10 FROM THE “MARX - LENIN
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to the previous history of Germany
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posterity a political, as much as a
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Council communist theory had a revo
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organisations together, including t
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This ‘broad’ policy towards oth
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The MLL Front played a considerable
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workers had been liquidated. A tota
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Chapter 11 The Communistenbond Spar
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political past, marked less by synd
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process, and “the [capitalist] sy
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organisation, once theoretical and
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organisation: “The Bond is a temp
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The implicit rejection of the Russi
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the ‘right’ to speak in the Ber
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slavenmaatschappij tot arbeidersmac
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In 1945-46, the Bond examined sever
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Luxemburg’s conception, it was fo
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draws in ever greater masses. [...]
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The onset of the Cold War left the
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- General rejection of all groups t
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disappeared in 1948. Canne-Meijer w
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Bond arrived at the idea that the R
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After World War II council communis
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joined the left wing of the SPD or
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Like SB, it paraded a strong anti-b
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If ‘councilism’ as an organised
Page 324 and 325: The history of the Dutch and German
Page 326 and 327: organisational discipline, both exp
Page 328 and 329: looked to changes in the sociologic
Page 330 and 331: The criticisms put forward by Geyer
Page 332 and 333: BIBLIOGRAPHY A bibliography on the
Page 334 and 335: Stan POPPE (1899-1991) archives: mi
Page 336 and 337: Rote Armee (constituted in April 19
Page 338 and 339: Korrespondenz-Blatt der KAPD, ‚an
Page 340 and 341: ‘Monatsblätter aus der Jugendbew
Page 342 and 343: Nasha Duma, Sofia, Oct. - Dec. 1919
Page 344 and 345: THE NETHERLANDS The Dutch communist
Page 346 and 347: Uit eigen kring; intern orgaan (the
Page 348 and 349: (These latter two texts have been t
Page 350 and 351: There is a good choice of texts, tr
Page 352 and 353: Zur Psychologie des proletarisches
Page 354 and 355: Marxism: last refuge of the bourgeo
Page 356 and 357: (These texts are in Authier-Barrot,
Page 358 and 359: Der Kampf um die Macht in der Gegen
Page 360 and 361: Pamphlets by the Bulgarian left com
Page 362 and 363: REICHENBACH (Bernard), ‘Moscow 19
Page 364 and 365: ‚Über Karl Korsch’, in Jahrbuc
Page 366 and 367: ROEGHOLT (Richter), Ben Sijes. Een
Page 368 and 369: JANEV (Nikola), Balgarskata komunis
Page 370 and 371: The ‘intellectual current’: lit
Page 372 and 373: MALANDRINO (Corrado), ‘Anton Pann
Page 376 and 377: HARMSEN (Ger), Historisch overzicht
Page 378 and 379: NGO VAN, Vietnam 1920-1945, révolu
Page 380 and 381: WINCKLER (Heinrich August), Arbeite
Page 382 and 383: Protokolle der Vereinigungs-Konfere
Page 384 and 385: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli,
Page 386 and 387: CWI: Communist Workers’ Internati
Page 388 and 389: NSV: Nederlandsch Syndikalistisch V
Page 390 and 391: VOC: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compa
Page 392 and 393: Blackwell (Russell) [alias: Negrete
Page 394 and 395: Fischer (Ruth) [Eisler (Elfriede),
Page 396 and 397: KAPN, 17, 138, 172, 187, 199, 204-2
Page 398 and 399: Most (Johann), 29 Mühsam (Erich),
Page 400 and 401: Rühle (Otto), 13, 17, 21, 62, 120,
Page 402 and 403: Vonk (group De), 324, 329, 337, 351
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