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MALANDRINO (Corrado), ‘Anton Pannekoek e il movimento social-democratico tedesco’, in Annali della fondazione Luigi Einaudi, Torino, 1983, pp. 497-543. MALANDRINO (Corrado), ‘Il socialismo internazionalista di Anton Pannekoek tra guerra e rivoluzione’, in Studi storici, Roma, 1984, XXV, 2, pp. 405-429. MALANDRINO (Corrado), ‘La prima attività politica e sociale di Anton Pannekoek a Leida (1899-1906)’, in I1 pensiero politico, Firenze, XV, 2, 1982. MALANDRINO (Corrado): ‘Lettere di A. Pannekoek a Robert Michels (1905)’, in Annali della Fondazione Luigi Einaudi, Torino, XIX, 1985, pp. 467-492. MALANDRINO (Corrado), Scienza e socialismo. – Anton Pannekoek (1873-1960), Franco Angeli, Milano, 1987. Doctoral Thesis on Pannekoek the militant and intellectual. MATTICK (Paul), ‘Anton Pannekoek’, 1960. Translated into French, in Les Conseils ouvriers en Allemagne 1917-1921, Vroutsch (série ‘la marge’), No. 9-10, Strasbourg, 1973. SCHURER (Heinz), ‘Anton Pannekoek and the Origins of Leninism’, in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. XLI, No. 97, June 1963, pp. 327-344. The ‘terrorist’ tendency: from Max Hölz to Marinus van der Lubbe BERGMANN (Ludwig), Max Hölz. Seine gesamte Biographie und die wahren Vorgänge bei seiner Verhaftung. Nach einem non ihm selbst geschriebenen Lebenslauf (Berlin, 1921). Die Aktion, ‚Sonderheft für Max Hölz’, Heft 29/32 (Berlin, 1921). DROBNIG (WaIter), Der mitteldeutsche Aufstand 1921 (Lübeck, 1929). GIERSICH (Peter) & Bernd KRAMER, Max Hoelz. Sein Leben und sein Kampf (Berlin: Karin Kramer, 1999). ULLRICH (Volker), Der ruhelose Rebell. Karl Plättner 1893-1945. Eine Biographie (München: C.H. Beck, 2000). On van der Lubbe: [Age van Agen] Marinus van der Lubbe, prolétaire ou provocateur? Manifeste du comité pour la défense et la réhabilitation de van der Lubbe, 1934. Republished by ‘La Vieille taupe’, Paris, 1972. The committee in question was made up of members of the ex-KAPN, the GIC and the Dutch communist left in general. While condemning the nazi and stalinist standees, it also criticises ‘propaganda by the deed’. JASSIES (Nico), Marinus van der Lubbe et l’incendie du Reichstag (Paris: Ed. Antisociales, 2004). KARASEK (Horst), Der Brandstifter. Lehr- und Wanderjahre des Maurergesellen Marinus van der Lubbe, der 1933 auszog den Reichstag anzuzünden (Berlin: Wagenbachs Taschenbücherei, 1980). LAST (Jef) and Harry WILDE, Kruisgang der Jeugd [The Calvary of the Youth], Last (see below) and Wilde, a German refugee, write in this essay that van der Lubbe was an honest revolutionary, but manupulated without his knowing by elements of the SA, posing as ‘communists’ (Rotterdam, 1939). LAST (Jef), Rinus van der Lubbe. Doodstraf voor een Provo. Second edition (Dinxperlo: Interland, 1967) of the last essay, with a preface of Igor Cornelissen. [Jef Last was a friend of André Gide since 1935 (he visited Russia with the French writer in 1936). He was journalist, poet, novelist (novel Zuiderzee, 1934). He took part in the Spanish Civil War in 1937 with the rank of captain in the International Brigades, and left the CPN in 1938. From 1941 to 1945, he was editor with Tom Rot and others of the illegal socialist-pacifist review De Vonk. From 1950-1953 he was a teacher and governmental advisor for culture and art in Bali. He was too Sinolog and translator from Japanese and Chinese. In his book, he has given a more sympathetic portrait of van der Lubbe 372
than that of 1938, being himself a partisan of the Dutch Provo Movement. Jef Last’s literary work comprises some 65 volumes, including poetry, fiction and essays.] Roodboek Van der Lubbe en de Rijksdagbrand. Publikatie van het Internationaal Van der Lubbe Comité (Amsterdam, 1933). Red book: Van der Lubbe and the Reichstag fire) published by an international Van der Lubbe committee. Many texts and direct testimonies. SCHOUTEN (Martin), Rinus van der Lubbe 1909-1934 (Amsterdam: Bezige Bij, 1999). Between the SAP and the German Communist Left: “Rote Kämpfer” This group, formed by former leaders of the KAP, such as Schwab, Schröder, Goldstein, Reichenbach, etc., was formed inside the SAP, from where it split to form an independent group defending the original positions of the KAP on Russia, the unions etc. It was destroyed by nazi repression in 1936. See: Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, No. 7, 1959, ‘Die Roten Kämpfer. Zur Geschichte einer linken Widerstandgruppe’, by N.N. (Ilse Medrow). Anonymous, by an ex-member the Rote Kämpfer. IHLAU (Olaf), Die Roten Kämpfer (Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Arbeiter-Bewegung in der Weimarer Republik und im Dritten Reich). (Reprint: Erlangen: Meisenheim am Glan, 1971) FRIEDEMANN (Peter ) & Uwe SCHLEDORN, Der Rote Kämpfer – Marxistische Arbeiterzeitung 1930-1931, (Essen: Klartext, 1994). OTHER STUDIES AA.VV., Rood Rotterdam in de jaren ’30 (Rotterdam: Raket, 1984). ALLES (Wolfgang), Zur Politik und Geschichte der deutschen Trotskisten ab 1930, Frankfurt/Main: isp-Verlag, 1987. Information on the relationship between the trotskyists and the German ‘ultra left’. (Diplom-Arbeit, Mannheim, 1978). ANDERSON (Evelyn), Hammer oder Amboss, zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung. Some elements on the clandestine period after 1933 (Nürnberg: Nest Verlag, 1948). ANGRESS (Werner T.), Stillborn revolution – die Kampfzeit der KPD 1921-1923 (Wiener Neustadt: Roter Verlag, 1973). The German translation is preferable to the English original. A very informative and welldocumented book. BADIA (Gilbert), Le spartakisme. The last years of Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht, 1914-1919 (Paris: l’Arche, 1967). Limited to the Spartakists and these ‘personalities’. BADIA (Gilbert), Rosa Luxembourg, écrivain, journaliste, polémiste (Paris: Éditions sociales, 1975). BAHNE (Siegfried), ‘Zwischen’ Luxemburgismus’ und ‘Stalinismus’, die ultralinke Opposition in der KPD, in Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 4/1961, pp. 359-383. An important article for the study of the left’s split from the KPD in 1926. BAHNE (Siegfried), Der Trotskysmus in Deutschland 1931-1933. University thesis (Heidelberg, 1958). BAHNE (Siegfried), Die KPD und das Ende von Weimar. Das Scheitern einer Politik 1932-1935 (Frankfurt/Main, 1976). BARTEL (W.), Die Linken in der deutschen Sozial-demokratie im Kampf gegen Militarismus und Krieg (East- Berlin,1958). 373
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PHILIPPE BOURRINET The Dutch and Ge
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The Dutch and German Communist Left
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General studies ...................
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INTRODUCTION Despite the theoretica
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In fact, it was not the GIC, but th
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history of the Dutch communist curr
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Chapter 1: Origins and Formation of
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1862-1866, 1871-1872); these conser
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Dutch and German workers’ movemen
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However, this ‘radicalism’ of D
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emained an internationalist. It is
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a formidable weapon against the lef
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form the Tribunist movement: Mendel
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of the organisation. 31 He only dev
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The support given to the various re
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Using the pretext of the struggle a
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the end of 1903. 57 By contrast, a
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Bolsheviks had deputies in the Duma
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imposed to form an organised fracti
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was obliged to include in the pream
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‘right’ 100 - which was based i
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This was the beginning of an increa
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carried out by the SDP - in the for
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The growth of Dutch imperialism cou
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Wijnkoop’s suggestion, the SDP’
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evolution. 125 Right up until the w
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helped to write the pamphlet addres
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section, supported a counter-resolu
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Chapter 2 Pannekoek and ‘Dutch’
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The philosophical bases of radical
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Wrongly presented by its opponents
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is most necessary. Only knowledge g
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ended in defeat - but whatever help
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The Dutch Left never considered the
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ourgeois revolutions, thinks of not
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eligious faith in the success of th
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organisations they had so patiently
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forces... The most backward country
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mass strikes; the proletariat’s s
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‘Great Night’: “[passive radi
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economic, and whose political domin
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letter to Paul Lafargue (20 th June
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Luxemburg in urging a clear rejecti
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explicit criticism of their leaders
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As in most of the belligerent count
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the main goal was the return to pea
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Gorter’s analyses were remarkable
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political factors which led to this
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During 1915, opposition to the war
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inform its readers about the Confer
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It is noteworthy that Roland Holst
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powerful opposition to this policy
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The workers’ reaction was immedia
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concealed the Wijnkoop leadership
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Lenin was quite right to emphasise
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“Don’t you feel, little by litt
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dissolved itself. There only remain
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Chapter 4 THE DUTCH LEFT IN THE KOM
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Spartakusbund not rejected particip
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However, the circular of the Komint
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Kommunist, publication of the Breme
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Russians - like Trotsky 433 - no lo
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The resolution adopted by the confe
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Led by Wolffheim and Laufenberg, th
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Pannekoek’s great clear-sightedne
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Rühle’s anti-party current. But
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All these accusations fail to stand
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not that of a general staff, in whi
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democrats and bourgeois in the war
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The unions also resemble the state
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eal decision-making centre. In this
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communism extends from the Rhine to
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The NEP (New Economic Policy) in th
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and the workers, who had all been a
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However, all the left communists, G
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was more disastrous for the VKPD th
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At its 3 rd Congress, the Komintern
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when he was in fact in Spain at the
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workers, and that every three month
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committee is also of the opinion th
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large towns passed from capitalism
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KAI would be “infinitely difficul
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private property”. They constitut
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side, of two KAPDs, with two papers
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intention of working for the reunif
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‘old enemy’ Paul Levi. 650 Deth
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district in Amsterdam, condemning a
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THE GROUP OF INTERNATIONAL COMMUNIS
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the Dutch theoretical review Radenc
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the CPO decided to dissolve in orde
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political sleep by the crisis of th
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economic, rather than the political
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the nationalist, even anti-Semitic
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parliamentary stipend financed the
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shreds”. 706 But significantly, t
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KAPD. The GIC, followed by Pannekoe
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It was a party which dared not spea
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a big impact in the unemployed move
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anarchist group like the BAS was ch
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The other factor in the defeat of t
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would ‘awaken’ the German prole
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Spartacus, organ of the LAO, while
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Chapter 7 TOWARDS A NEW WORKERS’
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The evolution of the Dutch GIC towa
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the world, especially since 1968. 7
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Secondly, by trying at all costs to
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In a contradictory way, the GIC rep
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The ‘new workers’ movement’ a
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The function and functioning of the
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een eclipsed and replaced by a “d
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and developed since the birth of th
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GIC recognised the fundamental role
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This view has a certain resemblance
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“At the beginning of the period o
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Bogdanov, the social process was re
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to construct a coherent and ordered
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“As soon as the proletarian class
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the danger of state capitalism. The
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inseparable from the anti-organisat
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growing uncertainty of existence is
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indivisible unity operating like th
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“freedoms” and the introduction
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Steuermann 972 , Rühle showed that
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Russian capitalism. It was only con
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The unemployed workers of Amsterdam
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Unlike the Paul Mattick group in th
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The contribution by this group, whi
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Chapter 9 THE DUTCH INTERNATIONALIS
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workers’ councils”, the KAPN’
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impoverished peasants and, on the o
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The first ‘minority’ was formed
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iting, since the Dutch RSAP and the
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seems to have come from an ex-membe
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esult which appeared positive to th
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Chapter 10 FROM THE “MARX - LENIN
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to the previous history of Germany
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posterity a political, as much as a
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Council communist theory had a revo
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organisations together, including t
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This ‘broad’ policy towards oth
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The MLL Front played a considerable
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workers had been liquidated. A tota
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Chapter 11 The Communistenbond Spar
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political past, marked less by synd
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process, and “the [capitalist] sy
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organisation, once theoretical and
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organisation: “The Bond is a temp
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The implicit rejection of the Russi
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the ‘right’ to speak in the Ber
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slavenmaatschappij tot arbeidersmac
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In 1945-46, the Bond examined sever
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Luxemburg’s conception, it was fo
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draws in ever greater masses. [...]
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The onset of the Cold War left the
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- General rejection of all groups t
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disappeared in 1948. Canne-Meijer w
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Bond arrived at the idea that the R
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After World War II council communis
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joined the left wing of the SPD or
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Like SB, it paraded a strong anti-b
Page 322 and 323: If ‘councilism’ as an organised
Page 324 and 325: The history of the Dutch and German
Page 326 and 327: organisational discipline, both exp
Page 328 and 329: looked to changes in the sociologic
Page 330 and 331: The criticisms put forward by Geyer
Page 332 and 333: BIBLIOGRAPHY A bibliography on the
Page 334 and 335: Stan POPPE (1899-1991) archives: mi
Page 336 and 337: Rote Armee (constituted in April 19
Page 338 and 339: Korrespondenz-Blatt der KAPD, ‚an
Page 340 and 341: ‘Monatsblätter aus der Jugendbew
Page 342 and 343: Nasha Duma, Sofia, Oct. - Dec. 1919
Page 344 and 345: THE NETHERLANDS The Dutch communist
Page 346 and 347: Uit eigen kring; intern orgaan (the
Page 348 and 349: (These latter two texts have been t
Page 350 and 351: There is a good choice of texts, tr
Page 352 and 353: Zur Psychologie des proletarisches
Page 354 and 355: Marxism: last refuge of the bourgeo
Page 356 and 357: (These texts are in Authier-Barrot,
Page 358 and 359: Der Kampf um die Macht in der Gegen
Page 360 and 361: Pamphlets by the Bulgarian left com
Page 362 and 363: REICHENBACH (Bernard), ‘Moscow 19
Page 364 and 365: ‚Über Karl Korsch’, in Jahrbuc
Page 366 and 367: ROEGHOLT (Richter), Ben Sijes. Een
Page 368 and 369: JANEV (Nikola), Balgarskata komunis
Page 370 and 371: The ‘intellectual current’: lit
Page 374 and 375: BERENDSEN (Hans), & WEEDA (Rik), Ui
Page 376 and 377: HARMSEN (Ger), Historisch overzicht
Page 378 and 379: NGO VAN, Vietnam 1920-1945, révolu
Page 380 and 381: WINCKLER (Heinrich August), Arbeite
Page 382 and 383: Protokolle der Vereinigungs-Konfere
Page 384 and 385: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli,
Page 386 and 387: CWI: Communist Workers’ Internati
Page 388 and 389: NSV: Nederlandsch Syndikalistisch V
Page 390 and 391: VOC: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compa
Page 392 and 393: Blackwell (Russell) [alias: Negrete
Page 394 and 395: Fischer (Ruth) [Eisler (Elfriede),
Page 396 and 397: KAPN, 17, 138, 172, 187, 199, 204-2
Page 398 and 399: Most (Johann), 29 Mühsam (Erich),
Page 400 and 401: Rühle (Otto), 13, 17, 21, 62, 120,
Page 402 and 403: Vonk (group De), 324, 329, 337, 351
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