Graham McNeillie
Graham McNeillie
Graham McNeillie
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Technology Challenges to Access Hydrocarbon<br />
Reserves in Increasingly Hostile Environments<br />
<strong>Graham</strong> <strong>McNeillie</strong><br />
Head of Engineering BP E&P
The Challenge<br />
• Reservoirs increasingly more complex and smaller<br />
pools being found.<br />
• The oil we find is in ever more difficult environments<br />
– Deeper water<br />
– Harsher climates<br />
– More remote locations
Exploration and imaging technology<br />
• Use of massive computing power combined with<br />
leading mathematical talent has transformed our<br />
ability to see into the reservoir and even begin to<br />
predict the fluid type.<br />
• Twenty five years we had an exploration hit rate of<br />
maybe 1 in 10, we now hope to do better than 2 out<br />
of 3.<br />
• But with deepwater and Arctic exploration wells at<br />
$125mm a time this is pretty important.
Imaging beneath the salt<br />
MC 778-1<br />
Salt<br />
Crazy Horse Well Logs<br />
GR and Resistivity<br />
MC 778-1<br />
SAND/SHAL<br />
E<br />
DEPTH<br />
FT<br />
20000<br />
RESISTIVITY<br />
RESISTIVITY<br />
RESISTIVITY<br />
21000<br />
9.625<br />
22000<br />
23000<br />
7.000<br />
24000<br />
25000
Hitting the Target<br />
• 5 th Generation rigs enabling drilling in water 10,00 ft<br />
deep.<br />
• ERD (Extended Reach Drilling) letting us deviate 10<br />
km from position.<br />
• Geo steered drill bits letting us manoeuvre through<br />
the geology as we steer to relatively tiny target<br />
maybe several kms down and several kms away.<br />
• Multi-laterals enable us to hit several targets from<br />
one well.
5th Generation Ultra Deepwater Rig<br />
Dual Derrick Operations
Drilling Performance<br />
Extending the drilling envelope<br />
0<br />
5,000<br />
Equivalent Departure (m)<br />
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000<br />
bp drilling envelope<br />
0<br />
1,000<br />
2,000<br />
10,000<br />
3,000<br />
TVD BRT (ft)<br />
15,000<br />
20,000<br />
25,000<br />
30,000<br />
Thunder<br />
Horse<br />
Mad Dog Deep<br />
Tubular Bells<br />
Amberjack<br />
Amherstia<br />
Aspen<br />
Chirag<br />
Foinaven<br />
Harding<br />
Magnus<br />
Miller<br />
Niakuk<br />
Pedernales<br />
Red Mango<br />
Shah Deniz<br />
Thunder Horse<br />
Ula/Gyda<br />
Wytch Farm<br />
Tiubular Bells<br />
Amethyst<br />
Andrew<br />
Bruce<br />
Colombia<br />
Goodwyn<br />
Liuhua<br />
Marnock<br />
Milne Point<br />
North Everest<br />
Pompano<br />
Schiehallion<br />
Starnmeer<br />
Tyne<br />
Valhall<br />
Yacheng<br />
Mad Dog Deep<br />
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000<br />
4,000<br />
5,000<br />
6,000<br />
7,000<br />
8,000<br />
9,000<br />
TVD BRT (m)<br />
Equivalent Departure (ft)
Wytch Farm - Trilaterals<br />
3rd LATERAL<br />
RETRIEVABLE<br />
WHIPSTOCK<br />
DEBRIS SUB<br />
2nd LATERAL<br />
N<br />
1500 m<br />
EXTENSION<br />
1st LATERAL<br />
900 m<br />
LATCH<br />
LARGE I.D.<br />
PACKER<br />
0
Wytch Farm - M15 Completion Schematic<br />
Flow meter<br />
Pressure gauge (Multiplexed)<br />
Shroud<br />
Disconnect<br />
FSV<br />
4th control line - pressure monitor<br />
Hydraulic flow control valves<br />
Pump open plug<br />
Cased & perfed<br />
ESP<br />
7” liner<br />
Control lines<br />
Sump packer<br />
Slotted joint with no-go<br />
5 1/2” slotted liner dropped in 8 1/2” hole
Deepwater<br />
• Operating in 6,000ft water depth requires<br />
extraordinary feats of engineering.<br />
• Subsea equipment has to be accessed remotely.<br />
• Need capability to monitor, inspect, maintain very<br />
complex equipment on the sea bed.<br />
• Fluids increasingly arriving at the well head at higher<br />
pressures – 20,00psi, higher temperatures – 400<br />
deg c and containing more and more sand as well<br />
as oil, gas and water.
Deeper and Deeper
Holstein Spar over downtown Houston
Atlantis Topsides
Atlantis Hull coming from Korea
Thunderhorse leaving Houston
Complex Seabed Architecture
Remote Locations<br />
• The remoteness of oil reservoirs requires the<br />
building of huge pipeline projects.<br />
• Just completed Insalha deep in the Sahara,<br />
completing BTC crossing Azerbaijan, Georgia and<br />
Turkey and planning Kovitka and Alaska, which at<br />
circa $15bn - $20 bn each will be two of the biggest<br />
projects ever undertaken.<br />
• Requires the development of new materials, welding<br />
techniques, trenching methods
Ever more remote locations.
Remediation high in the Andes
New Steels - Fracture testing line pipe to<br />
establish new standards
The Next Challenge<br />
• Returning to the Arctic<br />
• But doing all of this offshore in relatively deep water<br />
with rapidly moving ice.
The North Slope
The next big challenge
Ice and Deepwater
Conclusion<br />
• Plenty of oil but ever more difficult to develop.<br />
• An incredible challenge to find, develop and produce<br />
oil economically whilst maintaining safety and<br />
minimising damage to the environment.<br />
• Above all a tremendously exciting environment for<br />
the engineer
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