Ankle and Foot 47 - Department of Radiology - University of ...

2316 VII Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System
hence demonstrate poor contrast enhancement as well as
a poor response to chemotherapy. Contrast enhancement
can be seen at the margins of the tumor where it is aggressively
invading the bone and in the surrounding soft tissues
(see Fig. 47-122D). Low-grade chondrosarcomas are difficult
to distinguish from benign enchondromas for both
radiologists and pathologists, and the clinical symptom
of pain is often the deciding factor. Although many
enchondromas are asymptomatic and may be discovered
incidentally when imaging the foot for other reasons, all
chondrosarcomas are painful.
References
1. Ahmadi ME, Morrison WB, Carrino JA, et al: Neuropathic
arthropathy of the foot with and without superimposed
osteomyelitis: MR imaging characteristics. Radiology 238:622-
631, 2006.
2. Anderson IF, Crichton KJ, Grattan-Smith T, et al: Osteochondral
fractures of the dome of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 71:1143-
1152, 1989.
3. Archdeacon M, Wilber R: Fractures of the talar neck. Orthop Clin
North Am 33:247-262, x, 2002.
4. Badgley CE: Coalition of the calcaneus and the navicular. Arch
Surg 15:75-88, 1927.
5. Ballinger PW, Frank ED: Merrill’s Atlas of Radiographic Positions
and Radiologic Procedures, 9th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999.
6. Barei DP, Bellabarba C, Sangeorzan BJ, Benirschke SK: Fractures
of the calcaneus. Orthop Clin North Am 33:263-285, x, 2002.
7. Bencardino JT, Rosenberg ZS: Normal variants and pitfalls in MR
imaging of the ankle and foot. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am
9:447-463, 2001.
8. Berndt AL, Harty M: Transchondral fractures (osteochondritis
dissecans) of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 41:988-1020,
1959.
9. Böhler L: Diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of fractures of the
os calcis. J Bone Joint Surg 13:75-89, 1931. Available at http://
www.ejbjs.org/cgi/reprint/13/1/75.
10. Borrelli J Jr, Ellis E: Pilon fractures: Assessment and treatment.
Orthop Clin North Am 33:231-245, x, 2002.
11. Breithaupt X: Zur pathologie des menschlichen fuses [The pathology
of the human foot]. Medizinische Zeitung (Berlin) 24:169-
175, 1855.
12. Bucholz R, Heckman J, Court-Brown C, et al. (eds): Rockwood
and Green’s Fractures in Adults, 6th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
13. Cantrell MW, Tarquinio TA: Fractures of the lateral process of the
talus. Orthopedics 23:55-58, 2000.
14. Cheung Y, Rosenberg ZS: MR imaging of ligamentous abnormalities
of the ankle and foot. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 9:
507-531, 2001.
15. Choplin RH, Buckwalter KA, Rydberg J, Farber JM: CT with 3D
rendering of the tendons of the foot and ankle: Technique,
normal anatomy, and disease. Radiographics 24:343-356, 2004.
16. Coughlin MJ, Mann RA (eds): Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, 7th
ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 1999, Fig. 10-38.
17. Crim JR, Kjeldsberg KM: Radiographic diagnosis of tarsal coalition.
AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:323-328, 2004.
18. Daftary A, Haims AH, Baumgaertner MR: Fractures of the calcaneus:
A review with emphasis on CT. Radiographics 25:1215-
1226, 2005.
19. De Smet AA, Fisher DR, Burnstein MI, et al: Value of MR imaging
in staging osteochondral lesions of the talus (osteochondritis
dissecans): Results in 14 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154:555-
558, 1990.
20. Enneking WF, Spanier SS, Goodman MA: A system for the surgical
staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. Clin Orthop Relat Res
153:106-120, 1980.
21. Farooki S, Sokoloff RM, Theodorou DJ, et al: MR imaging of the
midfoot: Normal anatomy with cadaveric correlation. Magn
Reson Imaging Clin N Am 9:419-434, 2001.
22. Finkel JE: Tarsal tunnel syndrome. MRI Clin North Am 2:67-78,
1994.
23. Finlay K, Friedman L: Ultrasonography of the lower extremity.
Orthop Clin North Am 37:245-275, 2006.
24. Henry AK: Extensile Exposure, 2nd ed. Edinburgh, E&S Livingstone,
1957, p 304.
25. Jones R: Fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone by indirect
violence. Ann Surg 35:697-700, 1902.
26. Kager H: Zur Klinik und Diagnostik des Achillessehnenrisses.
Chirurg 11:691-695, 1939.
27. Keats TE, Anderson MW: Atlas of normal roentgen variants that
may simulate disease, 8th ed. St. Louis, Mosby, 2006.
28. Maldjian C, Rosenberg ZS: MR imaging features of tumors of the
ankle and foot. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 9:639-657, xii,
2001.
29. Morrison WB, Ledermann HP, Schweitzer ME: MR imaging of
inflammatory conditions of the ankle and foot. Magn Reson
Imaging Clin N Am 9:615-637, xi-xii, 2001.
30. Narvaez JA, Narvaez J, Ortega R, et al: Painful heel: MR imaging
findings. Radiographics 20:333-352, 2000.
31. Netter FH: Bony attachments of muscles of leg. In Ciba Collection
of Medical Illustration, vol 8, part 1. Summit, NJ, Ciba-Geigy,
1991, p 107.
32. Newman JS, Newberg AH: Congenital tarsal coalition: Multimodality
evaluation with emphasis on CT and MR imaging. Radiographics
20:321-332, 2000.
33. Petrover D, Schweitzer ME, Laredo JD: Anterior process calcaneal
fractures: A systematic evaluation of associated conditions. Skeletal
Radiol 36:627-632, 2007.
34. Pinney SJ, Sangeorzan BJ: Fractures of the tarsal bones. Orthop
Clin North Am 32:21-33, 2001.
35. Protas JM, Kornblatt BA: Fractures of the lateral margin of the
distal tibia: The Tillaux fracture. Radiology 138:55, 1981.
36. Quinn TJ, Jacobson JA, Craig JG, van Holsbeeck MT: Sonography of
Morton’s neuromas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:1723-1728, 2000.
37. Resnick D: Talar ridges, osteophytes, and beaks: A radiologic commentary.
Radiology 151:329-332, 1984.
38. Rogers LF, Poznanski AK: Imaging of epiphyseal injuries. Radiology
191:297, 1994.
39. Rosenberg ZS: Chronic rupture of the posterior tibial tendon.
MRI Clin North Am 2:79-87, 1994.
40. Schreibman KL: Ankle tenography: What, how, and why. Semin
Roentgenol 39:95-113, 2004.
41. Schweitzer ME, Karasick D: MR imaging of disorders of the Achilles
tendon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:613-625, 2000.
42. Schweitzer ME, Karasick D: MR imaging of disorders of the posterior
tibialis tendon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175:627-635, 2000.
43. Slomann HC: On coalition calcaneo-navicularis. J Orthop Surg
3:586, 1921.
44. Sobel M, Pavlov H, Geppert MJ, et al: Painful os peroneum syndrome:
A spectrum of conditions responsible for plantar lateral
foot pain. Foot Ankle 15:112-124, 1994.
45. Sommer OJ, Kladosek A, Weiler V, et al: Rheumatoid arthritis: A
practical guide to state-of-the-art imaging, image interpretation,
and clinical implications. Radiographics 25:381-398, 2005.
46. Stormont DM, Peterson HA: The relative incidence of tarsal coalition.
Clin Orthop Relat Res 181:28-36, 1983.
47. Thordarson DB: Talar body fractures. Orthop Clin North Am
32:65-77, viii, 2001.
48. von Knoch F, Reckord U, von Knoch M, Sommer C: Fracture of
the lateral process of the talus in snowboarders. J Bone Joint Surg
Br 89:772-777, 2007.
Ch047-A05375.indd 2316
9/9/2008 5:36:27 PM