BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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c. finAnciAl progrAmmes The regulatory framework described in section 2B provides an increasingly demanding set of requirements aimed at new buildings in particular, and to a lesser extent for improving the energy performance of the existing stock. However, many potential areas of improvement to existing buildings remain outside formal legislative or regulatory requirements. To address these shortcomings, a variety of financial programmes have been introduced. Member States have used many financial instruments in various forms since the first oil crisis in the 1970s. However, financial issues are now more important as Europe strives towards increasing building energy performance. This is highlighted by Article 10 in the recast of the EPBD on financial incentives and market barriers. Article 10, paragraph 1 states: “In view of the importance of providing appropriate financing and other instruments to catalyse the energy performance of buildings and the transition to nearly zero- energy buildings, Member States shall take appropriate steps to consider the most relevant such instruments in the light of national circumstances.” The Article goes on to state that Member States were to have drawn up by June 30th a list of “existing and, if appropriate, proposed measures and instruments including those of a financial nature, other than those required by this Directive, which promote the objectives of this Directive.” This list is to be updated every three years and the Commission is to “examine the effectiveness of the listed existing and proposed measures...” As shown throughout this report, any ambitious retrofit strategy will have to address financing in a major way. REVIEW OF CURRENT FINANCIAL PROGRAMMES In its survey for this study, BPIE requested information on the range of financial instruments that are being implemented in Member States. For completeness, BPIE cross checked with information available in recent studies and on-line databases (see below). Because of the wealth of material, BPIE will create a separate report available for download on its website documenting all financial instruments in Member States. Figure 2C1 – Types of financial programmes and incentives on the energy performance of buildings min. requirements & penalties grants/ subsidies/ funds preferential loans audits Financial Programmes & Incentives in Europe tax/vat incentives levies supplier obligations and third party white certificate financing/ schemes energy service companies 90 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Financial programmes fall into the main categories illustrated in Figure 2C1. For the most part, schemes are funded by public authorities. These could be at the national/federal level, or regionally/locally. EU structural funds and resources from other EU and international sources are also available for renovation works, particularly in the Central and East region countries. Many of these schemes are targeted at poor quality apartment blocks constructed prior to 1990. By contrast, white certificate schemes place an obligation on third parties, typically energy companies, with the costs ultimately borne by energy consumers through an increase in energy tariffs. A summary of the financial programmes currently operating in individual EU Member States, together with Norway and Switzerland is provided in Table 2C1. 37 This table shows how the wide range of financial instruments is used throughout Europe. BPIE has identified 333 separate schemes. It can be seen that direct financial support in the form of grants or subsidies is prevalent throughout Europe. Many countries support residential as well as non-residential buildings, both new build and existing (though not necessarily in the same programme), while others focus on renovating the existing building stock. A number only support residential buildings. There are also many schemes that target specific technologies, such as insulation, boiler scrappage, renewables, or specific building categories, such as social housing, the public sector, panel buildings. There are several schemes that provide support for new passive buildings. Various forms of loans and tax incentives are used in many countries. These are usually available for individuals as well as businesses, thereby covering most of the building stock outside the public sector. Somewhat less popular are energy supplier obligations/white certificate schemes, audits and third party financing, used in only a handful of countries, though the use of energy supplier obligations could become mandatory across all EU Member States if the current proposal in the draft Energy Efficiency Directive is approved. In terms of programme size, whilst it is difficult to make direct comparisons due to different funding regimes and timescales, the financial support varies considerably from around €1M/a to in excess of €1bn/a. Larger programmes tend to be support for improvements to social housing stock. These have traditionally been funded at large scale through financial transfers from central governments to local/ regional authorities or public housing bodies. While the original purpose of these schemes has been to meet basic housing requirements, funds are increasingly directed towards improving the energy performance of social or public housing. Programmes often take 3-5 years, though individual initiatives can last anything from one year to over a decade. This is a concern if a retrofit strategy is to be for the long term. The Energy Audit Programme in Finland has operated since 1992, while energy suppliers in the UK have been under some form of energy saving target obligation since 1994. It is noteworthy that a number of schemes have been terminated recently as a result of the credit crunch and consequent measures to rein in public expenditure. Table 2C2 summarises some of the identified programmes operating in different countries across Europe illustrating theirwide range and nature. 37 It should be added that there are two on-line databases that provide updated information on financial instruments. The first is MURE which is a joint project under the Intelligent Energy for Europe Programme of the European Commission/DG Energy of all energy efficiency agencies in the EU 27, Croatia and Norway. MURE is an information platform on energy efficiency policies in Europe. See http://www.mure2.com/. The second is the International Energy Agency that has the Policies and Measures Databases offer access to information on energy-related policies and measures taken or planned to reduce GHG emissions, improve energy efficiency and support renewable energy development and deployment. See http:// www.iea.org/textbase/pm/index.html. Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 91
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
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ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
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ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
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Space standards (expressed through
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Buildings vary remarkably in terms
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The absence of previous requirement
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It is, however, not sufficient to o
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In all the scenarios, the estimated
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Introduction A vital picture of the
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The Challenge Many experts agree th
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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areas. These factors were defined f
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A. building typology From large com
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The floor space breakdown per count
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IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
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Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
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While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38:
Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64: B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66: At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68: Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70: Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72: IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74: Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76: LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78: Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84: Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85 and 86: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 87 and 88: Building code requirements for exis
Page 89: Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 93 and 94: Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96: D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 97 and 98: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 99 and 100: The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102: Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104: At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106: New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108: Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112: projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114: C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116: An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118: Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120: Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122: Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124: Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126: • Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128: • A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130: DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132: U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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