BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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A vital picture of the European stock It is estimated that there are 25 billion m 2 of useful floor space in the EU27, Switzerland and Norway. The gross floor space could be concentrated in a land area equivalent to that of Belgium (30,528 km 2 ). Half of the total estimated floor space is located in the North & West region of Europe while the remaining 36% and 14% are contained in the South and Central & East regions, respectively 1 . Annual growth rates in the residential sector are around 1% while most countries encountered a decrease in the rate of new build in the recent years, reflecting the impact of the current financial crisis on the construction sector. Regions considered in the study North & West AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, FI, FR, IE, LU, NL, Population: 281 mil NO, SE, UK Central & East BG, CZ, EE, HU, LT, LV, PL, RO, SI, SK Population: 102 mil South CY, GR, ES, IT, MT, PT Population: 129 mil Floor space distribution Source: BPIE survey Central & East 14% South 36% North & West 50% Non-residential buildings account for 25% of the total stock in Europe and comprise a more complex and heterogeneous sector compared to the residential sector. The retail and wholesale buildings comprise the largest portion of the non-residential stock while office buildings are the second biggest category with a floor space corresponding to one quarter of the total non-residential floor space. Variations in usage pattern (e.g. warehouse versus schools), energy intensity (e.g. surgery rooms in hospitals versus to storage rooms in retail), and construction techniques (e.g. supermarket versus office buildings) are some of the factors adding to the complexity of the sector. European buildings at a glance Source: BPIE survey Non-residential building stock (m 2 ) Residential building stock (m 2 ) Wholesale & retail 28% Non Residential 25% Residential 75% Single Family Houses 64% Apartment blocks 36% Offices 23% Educational 17% Hotels & restaurants 11% Hospitals 7% Sport facilities 4% Other 11% 1 The European countries have been divided based on climatic, building typology and market similarities into three regions 8 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Space standards (expressed through the floor area per capita) are the highest in countries in the North & West while the countries of Central & Eastern Europe have the lowest residential space standards both in single family houses and apartment blocks. Economic wealth, culture, climate, scale of commerce, increased demand for single occupancy housing are some of the factors affecting the size of spaces we live and work in. The general tendency however is to seek larger floor spaces over time. This along with the increasing population projections has clear implications on future energy needs, emphasising the subsequent urgency for improving the energy performance of our buildings. Residential floor space standards in Europe Source: BPIE survey North & South West Central & 41 m 2 East 26 m 2 North & West Central & South 36 m East 31 m 2 2 20 m 2 50 m 2 Apartment floor space per capita Single family house floor space per capita A substantial share of the stock in Europe is older than 50 years with many buildings in use today that are hundreds of years old. More than 40% of our residential buildings have been constructed before the 1960s when energy building regulations were very limited. Countries with the largest components of older buildings include the UK, Denmark, Sweden, France, Czech Republic and Bulgaria. A large boom in construction in 1961-1990 is also evident through our analysis where the housing stock, with a few exceptions, more than doubles in this period. The performance of buildings depends on a number of factors such as the performance of the installed heating system and building envelope, climatic conditions, behaviour characteristics (e.g. typical indoor temperatures) and social conditions (e.g. fuel poverty). Data on typical heating consumption levels of the existing stock by age shows that the largest energy saving potential is associated with the older building stock where in some cases buildings from the 1960s are worse than buildings from earlier decades. The lack of sufficient insulation of the building envelope in older buildings was also reflected through the historic U-value data which comes with no surprise as insulation standards in those construction years were limited. Source: BPIE survey Age categorisation of housing stock in Europe South North & West Central & East 14% 19% 17% 37% 42% 35% 49% 39% 48% Pre 1960 1961-1990 1991-2010 Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 9
Page 1 and 2: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 3 and 4: Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
Page 5 and 6: ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
Page 7: ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
Page 11 and 12: Buildings vary remarkably in terms
Page 13 and 14: The absence of previous requirement
Page 15 and 16: It is, however, not sufficient to o
Page 17 and 18: In all the scenarios, the estimated
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A vital picture of the
Page 21 and 22: The Challenge Many experts agree th
Page 23 and 24: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 25 and 26: areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28: A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30: The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
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Lack of advice/information Even wit
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Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
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B. Regulatory and legislative frame
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At the moment all countries have im
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Although the certification schemes
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Number of countries with penalties
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IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
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Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
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LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
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Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
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egulated energy and total energy re
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LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
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Prescriptive-based requirements for
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iii. Other requirements A number of
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Building code requirements for exis
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Enforcement and Compliance Building
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Financial programmes fall into the
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Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
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D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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The previous chapters so far have g
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Even when viewed purely in economic
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At the other end of the scale, reno
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New Member States from Central and
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Determining the practical limit for
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Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
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projects to assess the viability of
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C. Setting the scene This section e
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An initially slow growth in the ann
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Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
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Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
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Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
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Final remarks and policy recommenda
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• Finally, the EU should support
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• A reliable and continuous data
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DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
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U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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