BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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Table 2B9 – Airtightness levels in building codes Source: BPIE survey AT BE BG CY CZ DE DK In naturally ventilated buildings, maximum n 50 is 3.0. In mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n 50 is 1.5. Default value of 12 m 3 /hm 2 is used in methodology if no pressure test is available. Actual test result is used in the calculation if available. In apartments with high airtightness, n 50 5h -1 . In SFH with high airtightness, n 50 10.0 h -1. Not regulated in building codes. Recommended maximum for common buildings is 4.5 h -1 , low energy buildings 1.5 h -1 and passive houses 0.6 h -1 .For mechanically ventilated buildings w/o heat recovery 1.5 h -1 , with heat recovery 1.0 h -1 . For naturally ventilated buildings, n 50 is 3.0h -1 and for mechanically ventilated buildings, n 50 is 1.5h -1 . Airtightness must be better than 1.5 l/sm 2 , tested @ 50 Pa. ES Air permeability of windows and doors depend on the climatic zone. For zones A and B (Class 1, 2, 3 and 4), maximum air permeability is 50 m 3 /hm 2 . For zones C, D and E (class 2, 3 and 4), maximum air permeability is 27 m 3 /hm 2 . EL Air penetration for the reference building, is taken equal to 5.5 m 3 /hm 2 frame. EE For small buildings, maximum airtightness is 6 m 3 /hm 2 (for new buildings) and 9 m 3 /hm 2 (for existing buildings). For large buildings, maximum airtightness is 3 m 3 /hm 2 (for new buildings) and 6 m 3 /hm 2 (for existing buildings). FI n 50 equal to 2.0 is used for reference building heat loss in Finnish Building Code. For EPC, n 50 of 4 is considered unless the measured value is different. Air change rate in new apartments should be at least 0.5 h -1 . FR Airtightness under 4Pa of building envelope is limited to 0.8 m 3 /hm 2 for SFH, 1.2 m 3 /hm 2 for other residential buildings, offices, hotels educational and health care buildings and 2.5 m 3 /hm 2 for other buildings. HU Not regulated in building codes. LT For naturally ventilated building, maximum n 50 =3 h -1 , for mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n 50 =1.5 h -1 . LV Maximum n 50 in dwellings is 3 m 3 /hm 2 , 4 m 3 /hm 2 in public buildings, 6 m 3 /hm 2 for industrial buildings. For ventilated buildings, maximum n 50 is 3 m 3 /hm 2 . MT Not regulated in building codes. NL For residential buildings, 200 dm 3 /s @10 Pa and for non-residential buildings 200 dm 3 /s per 500 m 3 @10 Pa. NO Maximum n 50 is 3. PT For residential buildings, the requirement is 0.6h -1 . Requirements for non residential buildings with mechanical ventilation exist depending on type of use. SI For naturally ventilated buildings, maximum n 50 is 3.0, for mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n 50 is 2.0. SK For SFH with high quality windows, maximum n 50 is 4 h -1 and for all other buildings is 2 h -1 . Other values apply for buildings with double glazed windows with seals or single glazed windows without seals. UK Maximum n 50 =10 m 3 /hm 2 86 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Building code requirements for existing buildings Despite being an EPBD requirement, not all countries have reported specific mandatory building codes associated with improving the energy performance of existing buildings. It is important to recognise that EPBD (Article 5) only applies to buildings over 1,000 m 2 and most Member States have introduced requirements for consequential improvements associated with buildings over 1,000 m 2 . It should be noted that these requirements may not be applied when they are not deemed to be “technically, functionally and economically feasible”. Table 2B10 provides a summary of different approaches adopted by a number of Member States when a building undergoes major renovation. Switzerland has adopted a very progressive approach to improving the performance of existing buildings, where the thermal performance of renovated buildings must not exceed 125% of the new building limit. A number of Member States have introduced minimum component performance standards when building elements (e.g. windows, doors etc.) or energy using plant (boilers, a/c equipment etc.) are being replaced. Good examples include countries which have a performance-based requirement as well as requirements for any component that is replaced or refurbished. Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 87
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
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ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
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ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
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Space standards (expressed through
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Buildings vary remarkably in terms
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The absence of previous requirement
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It is, however, not sufficient to o
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In all the scenarios, the estimated
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Introduction A vital picture of the
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The Challenge Many experts agree th
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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areas. These factors were defined f
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A. building typology From large com
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The floor space breakdown per count
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IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
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Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64: B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66: At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68: Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70: Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72: IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74: Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76: LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78: Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84: Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92: Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94: Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96: D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 97 and 98: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 99 and 100: The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102: Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104: At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106: New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108: Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112: projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114: C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116: An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118: Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120: Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122: Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124: Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126: • Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128: • A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130: DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132: U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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