BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 2B8 – Key Elements considered in the certification methodology adopted by Member States Source: BPIE survey Thermal characteristics Heating installation and hot water supply Air-conditioning installations Natural and mechanical ventilation Built-in lighting installation Design, position & orientation of building Passive solar systems and solar protection Indoor & outdoor climatic conditions Air-tightness Thermal bridging AT Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y BE Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y P BG Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y CH Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y CY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y CZ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y DE Y Y Y P Y N N Y Y Y DK Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y EE Y Y Y Y Y P Y Y P Y EL Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y ES Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y FI Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y FR Y Y Y Y Y P Y Y P Y HU Y Y Y N P N N N Y Y IE Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y IT Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y N Y LI Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y LV Y N N Y N Y N Y Y Y MT Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y NL Y Y P P P Y Y Y Y Y NO Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y PL Y Y Y Y P Y Y Y Y Y PT Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SE Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SI Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SK Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y UK Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Legend Y: Yes N: No P: Partly 82 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Prescriptive-based requirements for new buildings Member States have different prescriptive, element-based requirements associated with building energy codes such as maximum U values, minimum/maximum indoor temperatures, requirements for minimum ventilation rates and boiler and/or air conditioning plant efficiency. Some of the prescriptive criteria associated with the key requirements presented in Table 2B6 are further analysed below. i. Insulation Limiting the thermal conductivity of major construction elements is the most common thermal performance requirement for buildings. These are based upon U value requirements (expressed in W/m 2 K) for the main building envelope construction elements. These U values are worst acceptable standards which as a stand-alone measure would not necessarily mean that a building meets the overall performance-based requirements in the respective country. Country by country data on “maximum” U value requirements for roof, wall, floor, window and doors collected through the BPIE survey are shown in Figure 2B7. These are presented against the relevant heating degree days per country or region. Given the diversity in climatic conditions, maximum U value requirements vary widely across different countries where Spain, France, Greece, Italy and Portugal have multiple maximum U values due to the considerable variation in climatic conditions within each country. In some countries, variations also apply for different types of buildings (e.g. Latvia) and type of heating (e.g. Sweden). A comparison between the collected data and the cost optimal U values published by EURIMA/Ecofys 33 in 2007 (see Figure 2B7, blue line) confirm that Member State maximum U values are still higher than the cost-optimal requirements, suggesting that U value requirements in most Member States should be made more demanding. This was also one of the key findings of the IEA information paper on building codes 34 where it was shown that existing U value requirements for building components did not reflect the economic optimum. From Figure 2B7, it can be deducted that this is especially true for countries of mild or warm climates reflecting the equivalent magnitude of effort that is required in those countries. This comes as no surprise as countries in cold climatic zones have had longer traditions in thermal building regulations and therefore stricter requirements. ii. Air tightness/permeability and ventilation requirements Most countries have introduced requirements to ensure minimum levels of ventilation within buildings. These are generally based upon metabolic rates and activity within the building. The requirements associated with ventilation relate principally to health, comfort and productivity; however they do have direct impact on energy requirements. The thermal performance of buildings is directly related to airtightness and the requirements for ventilation. Excessive ventilation as a consequence of poor construction detailing, can lead to considerable energy wastage and for this reason a number of countries have introduced requirements to limit the air permeability of buildings. Air permeability is normally measured using a pressure test, typically at 50Pa (4Pa in France and 10Pa in The Netherlands) to determine the air leakage rate. The requirement is typically expressed in m 3 /h.m 2 (where m 2 is the external envelope area) or in the case of Denmark in l/s.m 2 (where m 2 is the floor area). Table 2B9 provides a summary of key requirements for Member States which have adopted airtightness requirements. 33 U –Values for better energy performance of buildings EURIMA 2007 www.eurima.org/uploads/ModuleXtender/Documents/88/documents/ EURIMA-ECOFYS_VII_report_p1-65.pdf 34 Energy efficiency requirements in building codes, energy efficiency policies for new buildings, Jens Laustsen, International Energy Agency, March 2008 Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 83
Page 1 and 2:
Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 3 and 4:
Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
Page 5 and 6:
ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8:
ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
Page 9 and 10:
Space standards (expressed through
Page 11 and 12:
Buildings vary remarkably in terms
Page 13 and 14:
The absence of previous requirement
Page 15 and 16:
It is, however, not sufficient to o
Page 17 and 18:
In all the scenarios, the estimated
Page 19 and 20:
Introduction A vital picture of the
Page 21 and 22:
The Challenge Many experts agree th
Page 23 and 24:
Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 25 and 26:
areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28:
A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30:
The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64: B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66: At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68: Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70: Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72: IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74: Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76: LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78: Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 85 and 86: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 87 and 88: Building code requirements for exis
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92: Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94: Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96: D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 97 and 98: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 99 and 100: The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102: Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104: At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106: New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108: Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112: projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114: C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116: An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118: Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120: Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122: Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124: Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126: • Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128: • A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130: DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132: U-Value: is the measure of the rate
show all

BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?