BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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Building Codes Incorporating energy-related requirements during the design or retrofit phase of a building is a key driver for implementing energy efficiency measures which in turn highlights the role of building energy codes in reducing CO 2 emissions and reaching the energy saving potential of buildings. Several Member States introduced building code requirements (prescriptive criteria) associated with the thermal performance of buildings following the oil price increases in the 1970s while requirements in some Scandinavian countries have been in place since the mid-1940s. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, 2002/91/EC) was the first major attempt requiring all Member States to introduce a general framework for setting building energy code requirements based on a “whole building” approach (so called performance-based approach). Although subsidiarity applies to implementation of the EPBD, Member States were required to introduce a methodology at the national or regional level to calculate the energy performance of buildings based upon this framework and apply minimum requirements on the energy performance of new buildings and large existing buildings subject to major renovation. Following the EPBD in 2002, requirements have gradually started shifting from prescriptive to a performance-based approach which is regarded as a major change in the building code trends. Major changes are also expected through the application of the cost optimality concept in the energy performance requirements as introduced by the recast of the EPBD in 2010 (2010/31/EU). Member States are required to set their national requirements in accordance with cost optimal levels by applying a harmonised calculation methodology (Article 5 and annex III of EPBD recast). This is currently being reviewed by the European Commission. The introduction of cost optimality in building regulations is likely to have a significant impact in many countries, with requirements being improved and further strengthened. Cost optimal levels should also gradually converge to nearly zero energy standards which would comprise a requirement for new buildings from 2020 onwards. Due to these foreseen changes, building codes are anticipated to be in a dynamic phase in the next decade. Understanding building codes however requires specific technical expertise which makes monitoring and evaluating the progress of what is happening from the political level difficult. Given the environmental and climatic impacts of building codes, it is crucial to keep track of all the key transformations happening in the field of building energy codes in a simple, understandable way. Through its survey, BPIE has collected country-by-country information, making the first attempt to provide an overall picture of what is happening in Europe in the area of building codes. A summary of the key performance-based requirements and prescriptive criteria adopted by different countries is presented in Table 2B6. With the exception of a few countries, all countries have now embedded building regulations for both new and renovated buildings. These regulations are discussed in more detail on the next page. 76 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Table 2B6 – Summary of building energy code requirements and prescriptive criteria Source: BPIE survey Building code requirements Performance based requirements 1 Prescriptive/element-based criteria in building codes New build Renovations New build Renovations Thermal insulation Air permeability Ventilation requirements Boiler/AC system efficiency Lighting efficiency Other requirements AT Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Summer comfort requirements BE-Wl Y Y Y N Y N Y N N Overheating indicator should not exceed 17,500kh. T in must be under 26oC for 90% of year BE-Br Y Y Y N Y N Y N N in RE. K-values on global thermal insulation of BE-Fl Y Y Y N Y N Y N N entire building. Thermal bridges BG Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N CH Y Y Y Y Y N N Y NRE Thermal bridges, solar shading, max 80% of demand for heating & DHW covered by non-RES CY Y Y Y Y Y N N N N Solar collectors in new RE CZ Y Y Y Y Y Y N BO N T in of 20oC in winter and 27oC summer DE Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y NRE T in (20-26oC), humidity, air change rate & air velocity requirements DK Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y NRE Max T in 26oC. Thermal bridges requirements EE Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y NRE RE & office temperature requirements ES Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y NRE Thermal comfort, T in 21oC (winter), 26oC (summer), mandatory RES use (solar collectors/PVs) FI Y P Y P 2 Y Y Y BO Y Max T in applies (typically 25oC). Max CO 2 concentration in indoor air. FR Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y NRE Max T in applies based on a number of factors GR Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N HU Y Y Y Y Y N N N N IE Y Y Y N Y Y Y Thermal bridges IT Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N LT Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N LV Y Y N N Y Y Y N N Orientation, window size, air temperature, air humidity & air velocity, specific heat losses of whole building & per m 2 MT Y N N N Y N N Y NRE Window size, glazing NL Y Y Y N Y Y Y NRE Daylight NO Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Window size, thermal bridges, ventilation fan power, heat recovery, summer/winter T in PL Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Solar shading, window area PT Y Y Y Y Y Y NRE Y N Max g-value,thermal bridge, solar collectors,cooling, DHW reqs apply RO Y N N N Y N N N N Overall thermal coefficient g-value SE Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N SI Y Y Y Y 3 Y Y Y Y N Solar shading, max T in SK Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Max T in , humidity & air velocity apply. UK Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 77
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
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ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
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ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
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Space standards (expressed through
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Buildings vary remarkably in terms
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The absence of previous requirement
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It is, however, not sufficient to o
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In all the scenarios, the estimated
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Introduction A vital picture of the
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The Challenge Many experts agree th
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 25 and 26: areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28: A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30: The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64: B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66: At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68: Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70: Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72: IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74: Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75: LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84: Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85 and 86: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 87 and 88: Building code requirements for exis
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92: Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94: Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96: D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 97 and 98: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 99 and 100: The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102: Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104: At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106: New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108: Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112: projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114: C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116: An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118: Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120: Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122: Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124: Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126: • Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128:
• A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130:
DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132:
U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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