BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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Figure 1C10 – Energy mix in the non-residential sector in the EU 27 together with Switzerland and Norway and corresponding difference compared to 1990 profile (DH denotes district heating and CHP denotes Combined Heat and Power) Source: Eurostat database RES 1% DH& CHP 6% Solid fuels 1% Oil 15% DH&CHP RES Difference compared to 1990 Electricity 48% 2009 146Mtoe Gas 29% Electricity Gas Oil Solid fuels -20 -10 0 10 20 30 Mtoe Based on our data, it is estimated that the average specific energy consumption in the non-residential sector is 280kWh/m 2 (covering all end-uses). This is at least 40% larger than the equivalent value for the residential sector. Within the non-residential sector, variations are expected from country to country and also from one building type to another. These variations are clearly illustrated in Figure 1C11, where the specific energy use in offices, educational buildings, hospitals, hotel & restaurants and sports facilities are presented for a number of countries. While hospitals are, on average, at the top of the scale with continuous occupancy and high-energy intensity levels, their overall non-residential consumption is small. This is also the case with hotels & restaurants, which are equally energy intensive. While these two categories represent the highest energy intensive type in specific terms, offices, wholesale & retail trade buildings, on the other hand, represent more than 50% of energy use. Education and sports facilities account for a further 18% of the energy use while other buildings account for some 6%. Figure 1C11–Final energy use in non-residential building types for different countries across Europe Source: BPIE survey Share of total energy use per building type 6% 10% 12% 12% 6% 26% 28% offices wholesale and retail trade educational hotels and restaurants hospitals sport facilities other types of energy-consuming buildings 52 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in non-residential buildings 500 SI UK CZ FR FI BG 400 300 200 100 0 Sport facilities Wholesale and Retail Hotel & Restaurants Hospitals Educational buildings Offices Construction techniques of non-residential buildings are in large similar to those in residential buildings as the majority of data collected have illustrated similar performance characteristics (e.g. U values, air tightness levels) between the two types built during the same period. While the energy performance discussion for the residential buildings above applies also to the nonresidential sector (hence similar renovation measures should be considered), the installation of smart energy management systems in non-residential buildings becomes more important due to their high share of electricity use. For example, the deployment of efficient lighting control systems has substantial potential in the non-residential sector as electricity consumption for office lighting, which has been estimated to be 164 TWh in 2007 in the EU27 20 , is among the highest end-use in this sector. The replacement of incandescent lamps with CFLs in office and street lighting as a stand-alone measure has been reported to have an annual savings potential of 38 TWh by 2020, which in turn illustrates the high savings potential in lighting end-use. 20 Characterization of Residential Lighting Consumption in the Enlarged European Union and Policies to Save Energy, Paolo Bertoldi & Bogdan Atanasiu, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, 2008 Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 53
Page 1 and 2: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 3 and 4: Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
Page 5 and 6: ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8: ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
Page 9 and 10: Space standards (expressed through
Page 11 and 12: Buildings vary remarkably in terms
Page 13 and 14: The absence of previous requirement
Page 15 and 16: It is, however, not sufficient to o
Page 17 and 18: In all the scenarios, the estimated
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A vital picture of the
Page 21 and 22: The Challenge Many experts agree th
Page 25 and 26: areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28: A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30: The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64: B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66: At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68: Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70: Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72: IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74: Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76: LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78: Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84: Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85 and 86: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 87 and 88: Building code requirements for exis
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92: Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94: Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96: D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 99 and 100: The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102: Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104:
At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106:
New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108:
Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112:
projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114:
C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116:
An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118:
Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124:
Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126:
• Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128:
• A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130:
DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132:
U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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