BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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The effect of the EPBD implementation can also be demonstrated especially in countries with no previous embedded regulations for insulation such as Portugal where a 50% reduction in the U values has been applied over the past five years. This is in contrast to Northern and Western countries where long traditions of thermal insulation requirements existed prior to the EPBD with stringent requirements being implemented around the 1970s after the oil crisis (c.f. sharp decrease in 1960-1970s in The Netherlands). In Sweden, national requirements concerning energy performance of buildings were in place as early as 1948. Figure 1C8 - Air tightness levels (n50 measured in h -1 ) of single family houses built over last century Sources: DK- SBi, CZ –SEVEn, DE- IWU, BG-BSERC Denmark 0,7 8 Czech Republic 5 0,6 4 >1850 1851-1930 1931-50 1951-60 1961-72 1973-78 1978-98 1999-06 2007-11 1945 1946-60 1960-80 1981-90 1991-2000 2001-2004 2005-11 50 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
In addition to the lack of sufficient thermal insulation, gaps at connection points between different elements of a building envelope (e.g. window frame and surrounding wall) can lead to considerable energy wastage. This highlights the importance of appropriate air tightness levels in a building. A building with high air tightness levels (that is, high air leakage levels and high n 50 values 18 ) typically suffers from high energy consumption levels while a building with very high air tightness levels can cause unhealthy conditions for its occupants, especially if there is inadequate ventilation. The latter is typically linked to poor indoor air quality and the so-called sick building syndrome. Establishing the appropriate level of air tightness in buildings is, therefore, a key aspect from the viewpoints of energy usage and comfortable occupant conditions. Poor detailing in past construction techniques means that older buildings encounter high leakage levels. This is illustrated by Figure 1C8 which shows typical values of air tightness levels (measured at 50 Pa in h -1 ) of single family houses for a number of countries across Europe. It is evident that in countries with long traditions in energy regulations (such as Germany and Denmark), the older stock demonstrates far lower air leakage levels compared to the old stock in Central & Eastern regions (such as Czech Republic, Latvia and Bulgaria). However, even with today’s levels of air tightness levels, studies have shown that envelope leakage can increase the heating needs by 5 to 20 kWh/m²/a in a moderate climate (2500 to 3000 degree-days) 19 . Non-residential buildings Understanding energy use in the non-residential sector is complex as end-uses such as lighting, ventilation, heating, cooling, refrigeration, IT equipment and appliances vary greatly from one building category to another within this sector. Over the last 20 years in Europe electricity consumption in European non-residential buildings has increased by a remarkable 74%, as depicted in Figure 1C9. This is compatible with technological advances over the decades where an increasing penetration of IT equipment, air conditioning systems etc. means that electricity demand within this sector is on a continuously increasing trajectory. (c.f. absolute difference in electricity use between 1990-2009). Mtoe Figure 1C9 – Historical final energy use in the non-residential sector in the EU27, Norway and Switzerland Source: Eurostat database 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1991 All fuels 1992 1993 1994 1995 Electricity 18 n 50 represents the total air change rate in a building caused by pressure difference of 50 Pa 19 As quoted in the ASIEPI project (www.asiepi.eu) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 51
Page 1 and 2: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 3 and 4: Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
Page 5 and 6: ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8: ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
Page 9 and 10: Space standards (expressed through
Page 11 and 12: Buildings vary remarkably in terms
Page 13 and 14: The absence of previous requirement
Page 15 and 16: It is, however, not sufficient to o
Page 17 and 18: In all the scenarios, the estimated
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A vital picture of the
Page 21 and 22: The Challenge Many experts agree th
Page 25 and 26: areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28: A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30: The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49: Within the existing European stock,
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64: B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66: At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68: Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70: Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72: IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74: Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76: LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78: Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84: Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85 and 86: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 87 and 88: Building code requirements for exis
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92: Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94: Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96: D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 99 and 100: The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102:
Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104:
At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106:
New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108:
Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112:
projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114:
C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116:
An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118:
Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124:
Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126:
• Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128:
• A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130:
DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132:
U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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