BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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Figure 1C2 – CO 2 emission per useful floor area Source: BPIE survey, Eurostat database NO SE CH FR ES PT AT IT BG FI RO NL DK SI SK UK DE MT BE HU LV LT GR CY PL LU CZ IE 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 residentiAl buildings kgCO 2 /m 2 Residential buildings comprise the biggest segment of the EU’s building stock and are responsible for the majority of the sector’s energy consumption. In 2009, European households were responsible for 68% of the total final energy use in buildings 16 . Energy in households is mainly consumed by heating, cooling, hot water, cooking and appliances where the dominant energy end-use in homes is space heating. The final consumption of these end-uses is shown in Figure 1C3 divided between all fuels and electricity. The strong correlation between heating degreedays and fuel consumption emphasises the link between climatic conditions and use for heating as the year-to-year fluctuations in heating consumption largely depend on the climate of a particular year. The significant increase in use of appliances in households is also evident through the steady increase in electricity consumption (38% over the last 20 years), as shown in Figure 1C3. 16 Data extracted from Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu 44 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Mtoe Figure 1C3 – Historical final energy use in the residential sector in EU27, Norway and Switzerland Source: Eurostat database 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1990 1991 All fuels Actual Heating Degree Days Electricity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Figure 1C4 shows the energy product per region in 2009 and by end-use in the three regions. Gas is the most common fuel in all regions which stands at 41%, 39% and 26% in North & West, South and Central & East regions, respectively. The highest use of coal in the residential sector is found in Central & Eastern Europe where the largest share is used in Poland. Oil use is highest in North & West Europe where Germany and France are the biggest consumers (inevitably due to the size of these countries). District heating is most common in Central & Eastern Europe and least in Southern countries while renewable energy sources (solar heat, biomass, geothermal, wastes) have a share of 21%, 12% and 9% in the total final consumption of Central & Eastern, South and North & West regions, respectively. Space heating is the most energy intense end-use in EU homes and accounts for around 70% of our total final energy use. The percentage use for heating in Spain, Poland and France (a representative country per region), is indicated in Figure 1C6. This share is typically less in warmer climates (e.g. Spanish homes consumed 55% of the total final energy consumption in 2009 – see figure 1C6) and also fluctuates from year to year as indicated by figure 1C6. These examples shown in figure 1C6 signify the vast differences from country to country in terms of the corresponding energy mix. The energy mix for heating consumption is an indicator for the overall performance of a building and the breakdown of the heating energy for the examples given in Figure 1C6 reflect this (e.g. Poland depends on 41% coal use for covering the residential building stock’s heating needs, a fact which is also reflected by the high kgCO 2 /m 2 value corresponding to Poland in Figure 1C3). 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 4500 1000 Days Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 45
Page 1 and 2: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 3 and 4: Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
Page 5 and 6: ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8: ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
Page 9 and 10: Space standards (expressed through
Page 11 and 12: Buildings vary remarkably in terms
Page 13 and 14: The absence of previous requirement
Page 15 and 16: It is, however, not sufficient to o
Page 17 and 18: In all the scenarios, the estimated
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A vital picture of the
Page 21 and 22: The Challenge Many experts agree th
Page 23 and 24: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 25 and 26: areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28: A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30: The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64: B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66: At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68: Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70: Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72: IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74: Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76: LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78: Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84: Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85 and 86: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 87 and 88: Building code requirements for exis
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92: Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94: Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96:
D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 97 and 98:
Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 99 and 100:
The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102:
Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104:
At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106:
New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108:
Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112:
projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114:
C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116:
An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118:
Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124:
Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126:
• Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128:
• A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130:
DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132:
U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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