BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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x x x x x Table 1B1 – Share of non-residential buildings in each country (figures are shown in %) Source: BPIE survey Break down by function type Offices Area < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 BG 60 30 10 UK 26 27 47 NL 12 24 64 IT 5 28 67 SK 1 12 88 Number < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 IE 95 5 CZ 30 55 15 IT 33 50 17 LT 0 79 21 SE 4.7 25.9 69.4 Hospitals Area < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 BG 0 30 70 SK 0 4 96 UK 0 1 99 Number < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 LT 0 78 22 CZ 0 70 30 SE 4.4 28 67.5 IE 0 0 100 Sport facilities Area < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 UK 0 12 88 SK 0 10 90 Wholesale & retail Area < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 BG 35 55 10 UK 42 22 36 SK 1 12 86 Number < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 CZ 25 60 15 SE 3.7 37.4 68.9 Educational buildings Area < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 BG 0 40 60 NL 5 4 91 SK 0 6 93 UK 1 5 94 Number < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 IE 84.5 15.5 CZ 0 55 45 SE 5.3 37.3 57.4 Hotels & Restaurants Area < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 BG 10 50 40 UK 27 23 52 SK 0 4 95 Number < 200 m 2 200 - 1000 m 2 > 1000 m 2 CZ 5 65 30 SE 11.2 45 43.9 NOTES AT: Values based on registered certificates, accounting for 1007 data sets of non-residential buildings, most of which are office buildings. CY: Values refer to non-residential building permits issued from 2003- 2009 (and % refers to 900 m 2 of surface area) CZ: Estimations based on past official data, extrapolated to present time. IE: Office values concern buildings under the responsibility of the Office of Public Works. Educational values concern only public primary and secondary schools. Hospital values include publicly owned acute and non-acute hospitals and private nursing homes SI: The data refer to all real estate units in non-residential use SE: Values presented are based only on certified non-residential buildings. UK: All presented values refer only to England and Wales and the categories
Ownership and tenure The ownership of buildings have a bearing on the rate at which renovations are undertaken and the depth of the energy savings measures that may be included in renovation projects. Arguably, the public sector should be taking the lead in ‘deep renovations’ and its large portfolio of buildings provides many opportunities for economies of scale. Private owners may be reluctant to act early and may require encouragement, incentives and regulations to stimulate reasonable rates and depths of renovation. Data was sought on the division of ownership in residential and non-residential buildings between the public and the private sector of the EU27 together with Switzerland and Norway. Analysis of the data provided on the split between public and private ownership of residential buildings revealed that across the 23 countries from which data was available the largest share is held in private ownership while 20% is allocated to ‘pure’ public ownership. Figure 1B2 shows the country-by-country variations where only Austria reports more than 20% of residential dwellings held in public ownership. It should be noted that in many countries, social housing is fully owned by public bodies but there is an increasing trend toward private involvement. This trend is for instance found in Ireland, England, Austria, France, Denmark and The Netherlands where, in the case of The Netherlands, the social housing is fully owned by private bodies (housing association) 12 . Figure 1B2 – Ownership of residential buildings in Europe by number of dwellings (except France which is in m 2 ). Source: BPIE survey South North & West Central & East ES GR CY IT MT NO DK BE IE FR UK AT NL CH RO BG EE HU SI PL SK LV CZ 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% NOTES Private Public Other AT: Data until 2001. Mixed ownership is represented by non-profit building associations, other companies (e.g. AG, Bank, GmbH) and other owners (e.g. associations). CH: ‘Other’ consists of members of a building cooperative and others CY: Data for public and private sector dwellings constructed between 1998- 2008. CZ: Based on estimations. GR: Social housing units are owned by private bodies IT: Data until 2001 MT: Other consists of dwellings held by emphyteusis (notarial contract) and other used free of charge NL: ‘Other’ consists of social housing associations owned by private bodies for which conditions (e.g. rental prices) are heavily regulated by the government. RO: Based on 2006 estimations SK: Based on 2001 data ES: Social housing is mainly delivered through the private sector and is controlled through subsidies, subsidized loans and grants for both developers and buyers UK: ‘Other’ consists of Registered Social Landlords (often referred to as housing associations) that are government-funded not-for-profit organisations that provide affordable housing. 12 Social Housing in Europe, Christine Whitehead and Kathleen Scanlon, LSE London, London School of Economics and Political Science Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 39
Page 1 and 2: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 3 and 4: Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
Page 5 and 6: ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8: ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
Page 9 and 10: Space standards (expressed through
Page 11 and 12: Buildings vary remarkably in terms
Page 13 and 14: The absence of previous requirement
Page 15 and 16: It is, however, not sufficient to o
Page 17 and 18: In all the scenarios, the estimated
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A vital picture of the
Page 21 and 22: The Challenge Many experts agree th
Page 23 and 24: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 25 and 26: areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28: A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30: The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37: Size Information on the size of non
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64: B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66: At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68: Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70: Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72: IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74: Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76: LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78: Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84: Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85 and 86: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 87 and 88: Building code requirements for exis
Page 89 and 90:
Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92:
Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94:
Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96:
D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 97 and 98:
Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 99 and 100:
The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102:
Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104:
At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106:
New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108:
Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112:
projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114:
C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116:
An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118:
Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124:
Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126:
• Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128:
• A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130:
DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132:
U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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