BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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Conclusions As this report shows, the building sector can contribute significantly to mitigating climate change while delivering many other societal benefits. Political courage and will, innovative investment tools and societal awareness are key factors for transforming the sector. Existing EU policies have to be implemented in a best practice manner to achieve the intended energy savings, while new instruments are needed to stimulate a deep renovation wave across Europe and its Member States. Good policy making requires good knowledge about the status quo of building performance. BPIE’s survey has shown that data gaps exist which make it difficult to develop targeted programmes, to monitor policy implementation and to evaluate progress. The EU and its Member States should make significant efforts to close these data gaps and to harmonize monitoring, reporting and evaluation. All actors in the European value chain of buildings should grab the renovation opportunity to innovate products and services, to build a well-functioning energy saving renovation market, to offer attractive solutions to private and commercial customers and to use their respective ingenuity to make highly efficient buildings a common standard of the European building stock. Essentially, what is needed is nothing less than a European energy saving renovation revolution. 128 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system: a combination of all components required to provide a form of air treatment in which temperature is controlled or can be lowered, possibly in combination with the control of ventilation, humidity and air cleanliness [EPBD, 2002/91/EC] Boiler: the combined boiler body and burner-unit designed to transmit to water the heat released from combustion [EPBD, 2002/91/EC] Building envelope: integrated elements of a building which separate its interior from the outdoor environment [IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry - Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2nd Edition (1997)]; Combined heat and power (CHP): the simultaneous conversion of primary fuels into mechanical or electrical and thermal energy, meeting certain quality criteria of energy efficiency [EPBD, 2002/91/EC] Commercial building: A commercial building is a building that is used for commercial use. Types can include office buildings, warehouses, or retail (i.e. convenience stores, ‘big box’ stores, shopping malls, etc.) Cost-optimal level: Cost-optimal level means the energy performance level which leads to the lowest cost during the estimated economic lifecycle [EPBD, recast, 2010/31/EC] Derived heat: Derived heat covers the total heat production in heating plants and in combined heat and power plants. It includes the heat used by the auxiliaries of the installation which use hot fluid (space heating, liquid fuel heating, etc.) and losses in the installation/network heat exchanges. For autoproducing entities (= entities generating electricity and/or heat wholly or partially for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity) the heat used by the undertaking for its own processes is not included. [Eurostat definition] District heating/cooling: means the distribution of thermal energy in the form of steam, hot water or chilled liquids, from a central source of production through a network to multiple buildings or sites, for the use of space or process heating or cooling [EPBD, 2010/31/EC] Energy audit: a systematic procedure to obtain adequate knowledge of the existing energy consumption profile of a building or group of buildings, of an industrial operation and/or installation or of a private or public service, identify and quantify cost-effective energy savings opportunities, and report the findings [ESD, 2006/32/EC] Energy consumption: The amount of energy consumed in the form in which it is acquired by the user. The term excludes electrical generation and distribution losses. Energy performance certificate: a certificate recognised by the Member State or a legal person designated by it, which includes the energy performance of a building calculated according to a methodology based on the general framework set out in the Annex of Directive 2002/91/EC [EPBD, 2002/91/EC] Energy performance of a building: the amount of energy actually consumed or estimated to meet the different needs associated with a standardised use of the building, which may include, inter alia, heating, hot water heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting. This amount shall be reflected in one or more numeric indicators which have been calculated, taking into account insulation, technical and installation characteristics, design and positioning in relation to climatic aspects, solar exposure and influence of neighbouring structures, own-energy generation and other factors, including indoor climate, that influence the energy demand [EPBD, 2002/91/EC] Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 129
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
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ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
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ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
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Space standards (expressed through
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Buildings vary remarkably in terms
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The absence of previous requirement
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It is, however, not sufficient to o
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In all the scenarios, the estimated
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Introduction A vital picture of the
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The Challenge Many experts agree th
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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areas. These factors were defined f
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A. building typology From large com
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The floor space breakdown per count
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IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
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Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
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While the dataset of residential bu
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Size Information on the size of non
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Ownership and tenure The ownership
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Data availability on the ownership
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C. Energy Performance It is widely
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Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
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The performance of households depen
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Within the existing European stock,
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In addition to the lack of sufficie
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Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
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A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
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years, while many businesses will n
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Lack of advice/information Even wit
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Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
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B. Regulatory and legislative frame
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At the moment all countries have im
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Although the certification schemes
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Number of countries with penalties
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IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
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Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
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LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78: Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80: egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82: LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84: Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85 and 86: iii. Other requirements A number of
Page 87 and 88: Building code requirements for exis
Page 89 and 90: Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92: Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94: Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96: D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
Page 97 and 98: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 99 and 100: The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102: Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104: At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106: New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108: Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112: projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114: C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116: An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118: Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120: Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122: Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124: Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126: • Finally, the EU should support
Page 127: • A reliable and continuous data
Page 131 and 132: U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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