BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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The European policy scene There are many reasons why investments in energy saving measures in buildings are often overlooked, rejected or only partially realised. Experience over several decades has identified numerous barriers that hinder energy saving investments. Financial, institutional and administrative, awareness/information and split incentives are the main categories of barriers identified by the BPIE survey which have a particular impact on existing buildings. Although financial barriers were one of the highest ranking barrier category among the country responses, alternative investments are in many cases preferred to energy saving measures due to the lack of awareness, interest or in fact, ‘attractiveness’ of energy efficiency as an investment option. For the market to work well, correct and appropriate information is essential. Ambitious renovations comprise a major decision and can only work if the right advice is available for the consumer. In addition, energy efficiency service industries should be fully capable of delivering those measures; and ultimately sufficient satisfaction levels should be guaranteed for the consumer. The split incentive is probably the most long-lasting barrier, particularly due to the complex structure of occupancy both in terms of the residential and non-residential sector. At the European level, the main policy driver related to the energy use in buildings is the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, 2002/91/EC). Implemented in 2002, the Directive has been recast in 2010 (EPBD recast, 2010/31/EU) with more ambitious provisions. Through the EPBD introduction, requirements for certification, inspections, training or renovation are now imposed in Member States prior to which there were very few. While all countries now have functional energy performance certification (EPC) schemes in place, five countries have not yet fully implemented the scheme for all requested types of buildings. Only eleven countries currently have national EPC register databases while ten countries have databases at regional/ local level or development plans underway. Data on the number of issued EPCs show that the current share of dwellings with an issued EPC in different countries can vary from under 1% to just above 24%. 30 Implementation timeline of EPC scheme (EPBD, 2002/91/EC) Number of countries 25 20 15 10 Countries with running schemes for some types of buildings (cumulative) Countries with running schemes for all required types of buildings (cumulative) Countries with running schemes for some types of buildings (implemented in that year) Countries with running schemes for all required types of buildings (implemented in that year) 5 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 12 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
The absence of previous requirements in most Member States meant that entirely new legislative vehicles were required and consequently that the first EPBD was typically implemented in stages over a number of years, from around 2006 to 2010. Despite the fact that significant developments happened over the last years, current EU legislation only partially covers the field of buildings renovation. The EPBD stipulates the implementation of energy saving measures only in case of deep renovation of the building without specifying the depth of renovation measures. It is clear that more targeted measures are required for fostering the deep renovation of the existing building stock. A key driver for implementing energy efficiency measures are the building energy codes, through which energy-related requirements are incorporated during the design or retrofit phase of a building. While several Member States had some form of minimum requirements for thermal performance of building envelopes in the 1970s, the EPBD was the first major attempt requiring all Member States to introduce a general framework for setting building energy code requirements based on a “whole building” approach. Examining the requirements set by each Member State, it is clear that large variations exist in terms of the approach each country has taken in applying building energy codes. In some countries two approaches exist in parallel, one based on the whole building approach and the other one on the performance of single elements. In others, the single element requirements act as supplementary demands to the whole building approach. In some cases the requirements for renovating buildings can be as ambitious as the new build requirements. Major changes are expected through the application of the cost-optimality concept in energy performance requirements as introduced by the recast EPBD which should also gradually converge to nearly zero energy standards, a requirement for new buildings from 2020 onwards. An appropriate level of enforcement compliance with building energy codes should also be of concern and a point of attention for policy makers as it is necessary to ensure that enough rigour and attention to detail are undertaken when applying energy efficiency measures. As Europe strives towards increasing building energy performance, the role of available financial programmes and innovative mechanisms become increasingly important. About 333 financial schemes have been screened through the BPIE survey. These cover a wide range of financial instruments from grants to VAT reduction and apply to a range of building types. The measures surveyed are encouraging, but many of them are only modest in their ambition. The major concern is that the use of financial instruments today only achieves the businessas-usual case in Europe with very few financial instruments providing enough funding for deep renovations, and ultimately do not correspond to Europe’s 2050 aspirations. Types of financial programmes and incentives on the energy performance of buildings min. requirements & penalties grants/ subsidies/ funds preferential loans audits Financial Programmes & Incentives in Europe tax/vat incentives levies supplier obligations and white certificate third party schemes financing/ energy service companies Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 13
Page 1 and 2: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 3 and 4: Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
Page 5 and 6: ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8: ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
Page 9 and 10: Space standards (expressed through
Page 11: Buildings vary remarkably in terms
Page 15 and 16: It is, however, not sufficient to o
Page 17 and 18: In all the scenarios, the estimated
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A vital picture of the
Page 21 and 22: The Challenge Many experts agree th
Page 23 and 24: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 25 and 26: areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28: A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30: The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62: Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64:
B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66:
At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68:
Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70:
Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72:
IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74:
Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76:
LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78:
Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80:
egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82:
LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84:
Prescriptive-based requirements for
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iii. Other requirements A number of
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Building code requirements for exis
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Enforcement and Compliance Building
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Financial programmes fall into the
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Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
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D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
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The previous chapters so far have g
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Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104:
At the other end of the scale, reno
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New Member States from Central and
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Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
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projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114:
C. Setting the scene This section e
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An initially slow growth in the ann
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Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
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Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
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Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
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Final remarks and policy recommenda
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• Finally, the EU should support
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• A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130:
DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132:
U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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