BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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The building sector is one of the key consumers of energy in Europe where energy use in buildings has seen overall a rising trend over the past 20 years. In 2009, European households were responsible for 68% of the total final energy use in buildings 2 . Energy in households is mainly consumed by heating, cooling, hot water, cooking and appliances where the dominant energy end- use (responsible for around 70%) in homes is space heating. Gas is the most common fuel used in buildings while oil use is highest in North & West Europe. The highest use of coal in the residential sector is in Central & Eastern Europe where also district heating has the highest share of all regions. Renewable energy sources (solar heat, biomass, geothermal and wastes) have a share of 21%, 12% and 9% in total final consumption in Central & Eastern, South and North & West regions, respectively. Average final consumption levels for heating (kWh/(m 2 a)) of single family homes by construction year Source: BPIE survey Germany Portugal Bulgaria 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 250 246 225 187 176 156 159 94 1918 1948 1957 1968 1978 1983 1987 1995 80 53 2005 2010 250 200 150 100 50 0 200 200 195 Before 1950 1950-59 140 130 1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 120 110 68 1990-99 2000-05 2006-10 The average specific energy consumption in the non-residential sector is 280kWh/m 2 (covering all end-uses) which is at least 40% greater than the equivalent value for the residential sector. In the nonresidential sector, electricity use over the last 20 years has increased by a remarkable 74%. Source: Eurostat 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Energy mix in residential buildings by regio 228 237 255 230 167 1945 1946-60 1960-80 1981-90 1991-00 131 101 2001-04 2005-now South Biomass 27% Electricity 18% Oil 32% Central & East Biomass 20% Electricity 1% District Heat 29% Coal 41% North & West LPG, DH other RES 6% Biomass 21% Electricity 13% Coal 1% Oil 20% Gas 23% Oil 3% Gas 7% Gas 39% 2 Data extracted from Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu 10 | Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Buildings vary remarkably in terms of size where large variations are expected in the non-residential categories. From our data, we can see that policy measures applied only to non-residential buildings over 1,000 m 2 in floor area would miss a substantial portion of buildings in many countries, especially in educational buildings, hospitals and offices. The structure of ownership and occupancy has also a significant relevance on the ability to renovate. The largest share of the residential stock is held in private ownership while 20% is allocated to ‘pure’ public ownership. Social housing is typically fully owned by the public sector but there is an increasing trend towards private involvement as is the case in Ireland, England, Austria, France and Denmark while in the Netherlands social housing is fully owned by private sector. Moreover, at least 50% of residential buildings are occupied by the owner in all countries. Countries with the biggest share of private tenants are Switzerland, Greece and Czech Republic and countries with significant portions of public rented dwellings are Austria, the UK, Czech Republic, The Netherlands and France. The ownership profile in the non-residential sector is more heterogeneous and private ownership can span from as low as 20% to 90% from country to country. Source: BPIE survey Tenure of residential buildings in Europe South ES MT GR IT CY Owner-occupied Private rented Public rented Other North & West NO BE IE UK FR AT NL CH Central & East RO HU SK CZ 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% NOTES Units are in number of dwellings except France which is in m 2 . AT: Data up to 2001. CH: ‘Other’ consists of members of a building cooperative and others. CY: Data up to 2001. ‘Other’ consists of 13,9% of rented (mixed ownership) and 17,9 of other arrangements. CZ: Based on estimations. HU: Data up to 2005. ‘Other’ includes public and private empty dwellings and other IT: Data up to 2001 NL: ‘Other’ consists of social housing associations owned by private bodies for which conditions (e.g. rental prices) are heavily regulated by the government. MT: Other consists of dwellings held by emphyteusis (notarial contract) and other used free of charge. RO: Data up to 2002 SK: Based on 2001 data ES: Social housing is mainly delivered through the private sector and is controlled through subsidies, subsidized loans and grants for both developers and buyers UK: ‘Other’ consists of Registered Social Landlords (often referred to as housing associations) which are government-funded not-forprofit organisations that provide affordable housing. Europe’s buildings under the microscope | 11
Page 1 and 2: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 3 and 4: Foreword Buildings are at the pivot
Page 5 and 6: ContentS FOREWORD Acknowledgements
Page 7 and 8: ExEcutivE summAry From the emotiona
Page 9: Space standards (expressed through
Page 13 and 14: The absence of previous requirement
Page 15 and 16: It is, however, not sufficient to o
Page 17 and 18: In all the scenarios, the estimated
Page 19 and 20: Introduction A vital picture of the
Page 21 and 22: The Challenge Many experts agree th
Page 23 and 24: Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 25 and 26: areas. These factors were defined f
Page 27 and 28: A. building typology From large com
Page 29 and 30: The floor space breakdown per count
Page 31 and 32: IE UK GR NO NL MT SI DK IT SK FR FI
Page 33 and 34: Figure 1A8 - The non-residential se
Page 35 and 36: While the dataset of residential bu
Page 37 and 38: Size Information on the size of non
Page 39 and 40: Ownership and tenure The ownership
Page 41 and 42: Data availability on the ownership
Page 43 and 44: C. Energy Performance It is widely
Page 45 and 46: Mtoe Figure 1C3 - Historical final
Page 47 and 48: The performance of households depen
Page 49 and 50: Within the existing European stock,
Page 51 and 52: In addition to the lack of sufficie
Page 53 and 54: Specific energy use (kWh/m 2 a) in
Page 55 and 56: A. Barriers & Challenges Improving
Page 57 and 58: years, while many businesses will n
Page 59 and 60: Lack of advice/information Even wit
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 2A2 - Building owner’s dec
Page 63 and 64:
B. Regulatory and legislative frame
Page 65 and 66:
At the moment all countries have im
Page 67 and 68:
Although the certification schemes
Page 69 and 70:
Number of countries with penalties
Page 71 and 72:
IE IT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SI SK
Page 73 and 74:
Table 2B4 - Calculated impacts and
Page 75 and 76:
LV NL NO PL PT SI SK SE UK The Mini
Page 77 and 78:
Table 2B6 - Summary of building ene
Page 79 and 80:
egulated energy and total energy re
Page 81 and 82:
LT LV MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK Mi
Page 83 and 84:
Prescriptive-based requirements for
Page 85 and 86:
iii. Other requirements A number of
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Building code requirements for exis
Page 89 and 90:
Enforcement and Compliance Building
Page 91 and 92:
Financial programmes fall into the
Page 93 and 94:
Table 2C2 - A summary of selected f
Page 95 and 96:
D. Other Programmes The BPIE 2011 s
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Europe’s buildings under the micr
Page 99 and 100:
The previous chapters so far have g
Page 101 and 102:
Even when viewed purely in economic
Page 103 and 104:
At the other end of the scale, reno
Page 105 and 106:
New Member States from Central and
Page 107 and 108:
Determining the practical limit for
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3B1 - Cost reductions for di
Page 111 and 112:
projects to assess the viability of
Page 113 and 114:
C. Setting the scene This section e
Page 115 and 116:
An initially slow growth in the ann
Page 117 and 118:
Scenario 4 - Two-stage renovation T
Page 119 and 120:
Table 3C7 - Overall results to 2050
Page 121 and 122:
Figure 3C3 below compares the prese
Page 123 and 124:
Final remarks and policy recommenda
Page 125 and 126:
• Finally, the EU should support
Page 127 and 128:
• A reliable and continuous data
Page 129 and 130:
DEFINITIONS Air-conditioning system
Page 131 and 132:
U-Value: is the measure of the rate
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BPIE: Europe's buildings under the microscope - PU Europe

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