Eco-Profile of Aromatic Polyester Polyols (APP) - PU Europe
Eco-Profile of Aromatic Polyester Polyols (APP) - PU Europe
Eco-Profile of Aromatic Polyester Polyols (APP) - PU Europe
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Final Report<br />
<strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aromatic</strong><br />
<strong>Polyester</strong> <strong>Polyols</strong> (<strong>APP</strong>)<br />
Sponsored by<br />
<strong>PU</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>,<br />
Federation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>an rigid Polyurethane Foam Associations
Title <strong>of</strong> the Study: <strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong> <strong>Polyols</strong> (<strong>APP</strong>)<br />
Client:<br />
<strong>PU</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>, Federation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>an rigid Polyurethane Foam Associations<br />
March 2010<br />
Authors:<br />
Angela Schindler<br />
Fabian Haßel<br />
Dr. Martin Baitz<br />
PE INTERNATIONAL GmbH<br />
Hauptstraße 111 – 113<br />
70771 Leinfelden – Echterdingen<br />
Phone +49 711 341817 – 470<br />
Fax +49 711 341817 – 25<br />
E-Mail<br />
Internet<br />
a.schindler@pe-international.com<br />
www.pe-international.com
List <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Contents .................................................................................................................. 3<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Figures .................................................................................................................... 5<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables ..................................................................................................................... 6<br />
Nomenclature .................................................................................................................... 8<br />
Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 9<br />
1 Background and Introduction ......................................................................... 10<br />
2 Goal <strong>of</strong> the study ........................................................................................... 11<br />
3 System description ........................................................................................ 12<br />
3.1 Product description ........................................................................................ 12<br />
3.2 Functional unit ............................................................................................... 12<br />
3.3 System boundary conditions .......................................................................... 12<br />
3.4 Temporal, technological and geographical reference ..................................... 13<br />
3.5 Cut-<strong>of</strong>f rules ................................................................................................... 13<br />
3.6 Allocation ....................................................................................................... 14<br />
4 Data sources and quality ............................................................................... 15<br />
4.1 Data collection and source <strong>of</strong> data ................................................................. 15<br />
4.2 Data Quality ................................................................................................... 16<br />
4.2.1 Precision ........................................................................................................ 16<br />
4.2.2 Accuracy ........................................................................................................ 16<br />
4.2.3 Completeness ................................................................................................ 16<br />
4.2.4 Representativeness ....................................................................................... 17<br />
4.2.5 Consistency ................................................................................................... 17<br />
4.2.6 Reproducibility ............................................................................................... 17<br />
4.3 Data Validation .............................................................................................. 17<br />
5 Description <strong>of</strong> the System .............................................................................. 18<br />
6 Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant ...................................... 20<br />
6.1 Energy Data .................................................................................................. 20<br />
6.2 Raw Materials Input ....................................................................................... 22<br />
6.3 Water Consumption ....................................................................................... 24<br />
6.4 Air Emission Data .......................................................................................... 25<br />
6.5 Wastewater Emission Data ............................................................................ 29<br />
6.6 Solid Waste ................................................................................................... 29<br />
7 Life Cycle Impact Assessment for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant...................... 30<br />
8 Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants ..................................... 31<br />
8.1 Energy Data .................................................................................................. 31<br />
8.2 Raw Materials Input ....................................................................................... 33<br />
8.3 Water Consumption ....................................................................................... 35<br />
8.4 Air Emission Data .......................................................................................... 36<br />
3
List <strong>of</strong> Contents<br />
8.5 Wastewater Emission Data ............................................................................ 40<br />
8.6 Solid Waste ................................................................................................... 40<br />
9 Life Cycle Impact Assessment for <strong>APP</strong>s without Flame Retardant ................ 41<br />
10 Literature ....................................................................................................... 42<br />
Supplement A Description <strong>of</strong> result parameters ........................................................... 43<br />
Supplement A 1 Primary energy consumption ............................................................. 43<br />
Supplement A 2 Global Warming Potential (GWP)...................................................... 43<br />
Supplement A 3 Acidification Potential (AP)................................................................ 44<br />
Supplement A 4 Eutrophication Potential (EP) ............................................................ 45<br />
Supplement A 5 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)............................. 46<br />
Supplement A 6 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)...................................................... 46<br />
Supplement A 7 Abiotic Depletion Potential ................................................................ 47<br />
4
List <strong>of</strong> Figures<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Figures<br />
Figure 5-1:<br />
Esterification process for the production <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong><br />
<strong>Polyols</strong> ..................................................................................................18<br />
Figure A 1: Greenhouse effect (KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999) .....................................44<br />
Figure A 2: Acidification Potential (KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999) .................................44<br />
Figure A 3: Eutrophication Potential (KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999) .............................45<br />
Figure A 4:<br />
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (KREISSIG & KÜMMEL<br />
1999) ....................................................................................................46<br />
Figure A 5: Ozone Depletion Potential (KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999) .........................47<br />
5
List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
Table 3-1: Typical specific <strong>APP</strong> products ...............................................................12<br />
Table 5-1: Raw materials‟ list for <strong>APP</strong>-production ..................................................19<br />
Table 6-1:<br />
Table 6-2:<br />
Table 6-3:<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce<br />
1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (split into energy types) .....................................................20<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce<br />
1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (split into energy content) ..................................................20<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce<br />
1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (referring to primary energy resources) .............................21<br />
Table 6-4: Primary energy input (expressed as mass) ...........................................21<br />
Table 6-5: Raw material input to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> ...........................................22<br />
Table 6-6:<br />
Water consumption to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without circulated<br />
cooling water) .......................................................................................24<br />
Table 6-7: Air emissions associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> ................25<br />
Table 6-8:<br />
Wastewater emission associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> ......................................................................................................29<br />
Table 6-9: Waste associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> ...........................29<br />
Table 7-1:<br />
Table 8-1:<br />
Table 8-2:<br />
Table 8-3:<br />
Environmental impact associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> ......................................................................................................30<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce<br />
1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant), (split into energy types) .............31<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce<br />
1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant), (split into energy content) ..........31<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce<br />
1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant), (referring to primary energy<br />
resources) ............................................................................................32<br />
Table 8-4: Primary energy input (expressed as mass) ...........................................32<br />
Table 8-5:<br />
Table 8-6:<br />
Table 8-7:<br />
Table 8-8:<br />
Raw material input to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without flame<br />
retardant) ..............................................................................................33<br />
Water consumption to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without flame<br />
retardant), (without circulated cooling water) ........................................35<br />
Air emissions associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong><br />
(without flame retardant) .......................................................................36<br />
Wastewater emission associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant) ...............................................................40<br />
6
List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
Table 8-9:<br />
Table 9-1:<br />
Waste associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without<br />
flame retardant) ....................................................................................40<br />
Environmental impact associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant) ...............................................................41<br />
7
Nomenclature<br />
Nomenclature<br />
Abbreviation<br />
Explanation<br />
AP<br />
<strong>APP</strong><br />
ADP<br />
EP<br />
EPD<br />
GWP<br />
ODP<br />
POCP<br />
Acidification Potential<br />
<strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong> Polyol<br />
Abiotic Depletion Potential<br />
Eutrophication Potential<br />
Environmental Product Declaration<br />
Global Warming Potential<br />
Ozone Depletion Potential<br />
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential<br />
8
Executive Summary<br />
Executive Summary<br />
This report provides a <strong>Europe</strong>an average cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>Aromatic</strong><br />
<strong>Polyester</strong> Polyol (<strong>APP</strong>). <strong>APP</strong>s are used in the manufacture <strong>of</strong> polyisocyanurate (PIR) rigid<br />
insulation foam. Data for other components <strong>of</strong> PIR are available, especially polymeric<br />
MDI.<br />
There are two sets <strong>of</strong> results included in the report, one for <strong>APP</strong>s with flame retardant and<br />
one without.<br />
The report is created in compliance with the latest Plastics<strong>Europe</strong> methodology protocol<br />
for uncompounded Polymer Resins and Reactive Polymer Precursors, [PLASTICS EUROPE<br />
2009]. This document defines the methodology and scope <strong>of</strong> the data. The reference year<br />
<strong>of</strong> the data is 2008.<br />
In case <strong>of</strong> comparative assertions, the respective framework describing the study‟s system<br />
boundaries has to be considered. Differences <strong>of</strong> cut-<strong>of</strong>f criteria and geographical<br />
situations with regard to energy carriers and energy grid mixes may influence the results.<br />
<strong>APP</strong> may also be produced by varying technologies and so via different process chains<br />
and intermediate products. Depending on the study‟s participants and the number <strong>of</strong> participants<br />
a direct comparison <strong>of</strong> several studies may lead to wrong conclusions.<br />
The LCI is intended for public use as “cradle-to-gate” building blocks <strong>of</strong> life cycle assessment<br />
(LCA) studies <strong>of</strong> defined applications or products.<br />
The report is as detailed and specific as the circumstances in a multi-client project with<br />
highly confidential and competitive company data allows.<br />
The data <strong>of</strong> this report show the inventory <strong>of</strong> the aggregated process chain, i.e. the input<br />
and output flows <strong>of</strong> the Life Cycle as well as the Life Cycle Impact Assessment for the<br />
impact categories abiotic depletion potential, global warming potential, acidification potential,<br />
eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential and photochemical ozone creation<br />
potential according to the characterization factors <strong>of</strong> CML 2007.<br />
9
Background and Introduction<br />
1 Background and Introduction<br />
<strong>PU</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>, the Federation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Europe</strong>an rigid Polyurethane Foam Associations, supports<br />
the collection <strong>of</strong> detailed environmental data on the processes operated by its member<br />
companies with the intention <strong>of</strong> making this information available for public use. The <strong>Eco</strong>pr<strong>of</strong>ile<br />
initiative [Plastics <strong>Europe</strong> 2009] provides an industry specific methodology protocol<br />
for creating and reporting the <strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong>s. The <strong>Eco</strong>-pr<strong>of</strong>ile protocol is based on ISO standards<br />
for Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Product Declaration [ISO 14040:<br />
2006; and ISO 14021: 1999 et sqq.].<br />
<strong>Eco</strong>-pr<strong>of</strong>iles 1 are widely acknowledged among life cycle practitioners and other stakeholders<br />
worldwide as representative, objective and quantitative datasets. The average<br />
industry <strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong> datasets can be used for internal company benchmarking allowing<br />
individual process improvement. Furthermore, these data could be used as building<br />
blocks in the LCA <strong>of</strong> products where <strong>APP</strong> is used. This allows <strong>APP</strong> customers to improve<br />
their environmental management by:<br />
evaluating the plastics contribution relative to the overall product;<br />
enabling collaboration with recovery procedures to reduce collective impacts;<br />
drawing attention to poor environmental links in user chains, which can lead to<br />
subsequent improvement.<br />
providing data to investigate alternative solutions for regulatory compliance.<br />
Supporting the <strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong> initiative, this study aims to develop the Cradle-to-Gate Life<br />
Cycle Inventory (<strong>Eco</strong>-pr<strong>of</strong>ile) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment for the <strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong><br />
Polyol (<strong>APP</strong>). The <strong>APP</strong> cradle-to-gate lifecycle system is analyzed and the important<br />
aspects <strong>of</strong> the LCI and LCIA are described in this report, following the latest Plastics<strong>Europe</strong><br />
methodology protocol for uncompounded Polymer Resins and Reactive Polymer<br />
Precursors, [PLASTICS EUROPE 2009]. The content and format <strong>of</strong> the report is be based on<br />
the above mentioned methodology protocol.<br />
In accordance with <strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong> requirements [PLASTICS EUROPE 2009], the following structure<br />
is used for this study:<br />
In chapter 1 “Background and Introduction” the motivation for the background to this study<br />
is provided. Chapter 2 provides the goal <strong>of</strong> the study. The specific characteristics and<br />
boundaries <strong>of</strong> the considered production-process are presented in chapter 3; chapter 4<br />
discusses the data sources and quality. The respective process <strong>of</strong> the <strong>APP</strong>-production is<br />
described in chapter 5. The life cycle inventory results are listed in chapter 6 and 8. Results<br />
<strong>of</strong> the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) are reported in chapter 7 and 9.<br />
1<br />
The terms „<strong>Eco</strong>-pr<strong>of</strong>ile‟ and „Life cycle inventory‟ have the same meaning under the Plastics<strong>Europe</strong><br />
methodology protocol and thus are used interchangeably in this report.<br />
10
Goal <strong>of</strong> the study<br />
2 Goal <strong>of</strong> the study<br />
Goal <strong>of</strong> this study is to create an <strong>Europe</strong>an average cradle–to-gate Life Cycle Inventory<br />
(<strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong>) <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong> <strong>Polyols</strong> in compliance with Plastics<strong>Europe</strong> <strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong><br />
Guidlines [PLASTICS EUROPE 2009].<br />
Thus, the primary data from four <strong>APP</strong> producers were collected, the lifecycle system was<br />
modelled in the GaB 4 s<strong>of</strong>tware and the important aspects <strong>of</strong> the LCI and LCIA are reported<br />
here, following the latest Plastics<strong>Europe</strong> methodology protocol for uncompounded<br />
Polymer Resins and Reactive Polymer Precursors, [PLASTICS EUROPE 2009].<br />
The <strong>Eco</strong>-pr<strong>of</strong>iles (LCI) report is intended to be used as “cradle-to-gate” building blocks <strong>of</strong><br />
life cycle assessment (LCA) studies <strong>of</strong> defined applications or products.<br />
11
System description<br />
3 System description<br />
This chapter describes the different circumstances and boundary conditions <strong>of</strong> the study,<br />
which are vitally important to understand the system and allow the correct interpretation <strong>of</strong><br />
the results. A description <strong>of</strong> the LCI dataset and the underlying methodology is described<br />
in the chapter in compliance with the <strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong> requirements.<br />
The section includes the identification <strong>of</strong> the specific product, the supporting product system,<br />
the scope <strong>of</strong> the study, the boundaries, the data description, the allocation procedures<br />
and cut-<strong>of</strong>f criteria.<br />
3.1 Product description<br />
<strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong> <strong>Polyols</strong> comprises a group <strong>of</strong> products which are polymers. Therefore<br />
a CAS number, nor an IUPAC name, nor a chemical formula can be stated. The following<br />
products are considered:<br />
Table 3-1:<br />
Typical specific <strong>APP</strong> products<br />
Producer <strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong> <strong>Polyols</strong> Web-link<br />
COIM ISOEXTER ® 3061 – 3557 – 4404 www.coimgroup.com<br />
INVISTA TM TERATE ® polyols http://terate.invista.com/<br />
STEPAN Stepanpol ® www.stepan.com<br />
SYNTHESIA Hoopol ® F-1394/1396/3362/4361/4390 www.synte.es<br />
The data for the production process considered in this study is not split into different steps<br />
but comprises the overall procedure.<br />
<strong>Polyester</strong> <strong>Polyols</strong> are important intermediate products for many production chains. <strong>APP</strong>s<br />
are used to manufacture polyisocyanurate (PIR) and polyurethane rigid insulation foam,<br />
which finds extensive use in the automotive, construction, refrigeration and other industrial<br />
sectors. Other uses include flexible polyurethane foams, semi-rigid foams, and polyurethane<br />
coatings. A major part <strong>of</strong> the world‟s polyols production is shared by two groups <strong>of</strong><br />
polyols, namely polyether and polyester polyols.<br />
Both production and consumption <strong>of</strong> aromatic polyester polyols is strongest in Western<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>, where the market is the largest and most established, which gives a high value to<br />
the <strong>Europe</strong>an average LCI dataset.<br />
3.2 Functional unit<br />
The study uses the following functional unit: 1 kg <strong>of</strong> aromatic polyester polyol on production<br />
output, representing the average <strong>of</strong> the four participants‟ production lines. This implies<br />
that the functional unit does not include blending in <strong>PU</strong> systems.<br />
3.3 System boundary conditions<br />
The <strong>APP</strong> product was modelled in a cradle-to-gate LCI system. Thus, the cradle-to-gate<br />
LCI represents all life cycle processes from extraction <strong>of</strong> natural resources, up to the point<br />
12
System description<br />
where the product is ready for transportation to a customer. Packaging <strong>of</strong> the material is<br />
not included. The construction <strong>of</strong> the <strong>APP</strong>-plant and equipment as well as the maintenance<br />
<strong>of</strong> plants, vehicles and machinery is outside the LCI system boundaries <strong>of</strong> <strong>Eco</strong>-<br />
<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong>s.<br />
The primary data from four major <strong>APP</strong> suppliers were collected and vertical averaging<br />
was calculated, weighted by the yearly production tonnage <strong>of</strong> each chain. I.e. every single<br />
production line was calculated separately according to data collected from the participants<br />
<strong>of</strong> this study. The result <strong>of</strong> the Life Cycle Impact Assessment is then weighted according<br />
to the total production amount <strong>of</strong> 2008. Hence the figures reflect the average <strong>of</strong> four actual<br />
existing process chains.<br />
3.4 Temporal, technological and geographical reference<br />
Time related coverage: The LCI data for <strong>APP</strong> production are collected as 12 month averages<br />
representing the year 2008. Background data have reference years from 2002 to<br />
2008 although mostly coming from 2005 to 2008. If all data would be related to 2008, major<br />
changes in the result are not expected, as technological breakthrough is not known for<br />
refining, re-refining technology or one <strong>of</strong> the related up-stream technologies. The expected<br />
temporal validity <strong>of</strong> the dataset: the data is considered to be sufficiently valid, till<br />
the first significant change in the production chain will take place.<br />
Geographical coverage: Primary production data for the <strong>APP</strong> production comes from<br />
four different suppliers in the EU. Fuel and energy inputs in the system reflect the <strong>Europe</strong>an<br />
conditions, site specific to the extent possible. Therefore, the study results are intended<br />
to be applicable in EU boundaries and need adjustments in order to be applied in<br />
other regions.<br />
Technological coverage: The <strong>APP</strong> production processes are modelled using specific<br />
values, representing the specific technology for the four companies. The LCI data<br />
represent technology in use in the defined production region employed by participating<br />
producers. The considered participants cover 75-85 % <strong>of</strong> a total market <strong>of</strong> more than<br />
100,000 t, so the technological coverage is understood as representative.<br />
Primary data were used for all foreground processes (under operational control) complimented<br />
with secondary data from background processes (under indirect management<br />
control).<br />
3.5 Cut-<strong>of</strong>f rules<br />
The cut-<strong>of</strong>f criteria for the study include or exclude materials, energy and emissions data<br />
as follows:<br />
Mass – If a flow is less than 2 % <strong>of</strong> the cumulative mass <strong>of</strong> the model it may be excluded,<br />
provided that its environmental relevance is not a concern.<br />
Energy – If a flow is less than 2 % <strong>of</strong> the cumulative energy <strong>of</strong> the model it may be excluded,<br />
provided that its environmental relevance is not a concern.<br />
Environmental relevance – If a flow meets the above criteria for exclusion, yet is thought<br />
to potentially have a significant environmental impact, it will be included. Material flows<br />
which leave the system (emissions) and whose environmental impact is greater than 2 %<br />
13
System description<br />
<strong>of</strong> the whole impact <strong>of</strong> an impact category that has been considered in the assessment is<br />
covered.<br />
The sum <strong>of</strong> the neglected material flows does not exceed 5 % <strong>of</strong> mass, energy or environmental<br />
relevance.<br />
The average <strong>of</strong> the reported output mass flows <strong>of</strong> the four participants shows 97 % <strong>of</strong> the<br />
input mass flows. 100 % <strong>of</strong> the material end energy flows, provided by the participants as<br />
primary data, are integrated in the calculations.<br />
3.6 Allocation<br />
Allocation was applied for the production process <strong>of</strong> some participants, as minor byproducts<br />
result from their specific <strong>APP</strong>-processing. The by-products have lower values<br />
than the main product <strong>APP</strong>. The process intention is the production <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> only. Therefore<br />
an economic allocation was applied according to current market prices, stated by the<br />
relevant company.<br />
In the refinery operations, co-production was addressed by applying allocation based on<br />
mass and net calorific value [GaBi databases, 2006]. The chosen allocation in refinery is<br />
based on several sensitivity analyses, which was accompanied by petrochemical experts.<br />
The relevance and influence <strong>of</strong> possible other allocation keys in this context is small.<br />
In steam cracking allocation according to net calorific value is applied. Relevance <strong>of</strong> other<br />
allocation rules (mass) is below 2 %.<br />
14
Data sources and quality<br />
4 Data sources and quality<br />
4.1 Data collection and source <strong>of</strong> data<br />
Gate-to-gate <strong>APP</strong> production: primary data<br />
<strong>Europe</strong>an producers act as a main source <strong>of</strong> data for the production <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong><br />
<strong>Polyols</strong> on the basis <strong>of</strong> a direct questionnaire. Primary data on gate-to-gate <strong>APP</strong> production<br />
is derived from site specific information for processes under operational control supplied<br />
by the participating companies <strong>of</strong> this study. Four different <strong>APP</strong> producers are participating<br />
in the primary data collection.<br />
Upstream supply chain data:<br />
The data for the upstream supply chain until the precursors are taken from the database<br />
<strong>of</strong> the s<strong>of</strong>tware system GaBi 4. All relevant background data such as energy and auxiliary<br />
material are also taken from the GaBi 4 database. Most <strong>of</strong> the background data used is<br />
publicly available and public documentation exists [GABI 2006].<br />
Carbon dioxide, which has been sequestrated by biomass is included in the calculation <strong>of</strong><br />
the balance. The overall considered input-flow <strong>of</strong> CO 2 as sink is 0.134 kg/kg <strong>APP</strong>. The<br />
amount originates from biomass, directly used as raw material as well as from energy<br />
which is generated from biomass. Many different small contributors sum up to the<br />
0.134 kg/kg <strong>APP</strong>.<br />
Special attention was paid to the appropriate specifications <strong>of</strong> related energy supply.<br />
Based on the data from producers the following specific processes were modelled:<br />
Country specific import mixes <strong>of</strong> resources and precursors<br />
Country specific fuel mix and fuel import mixes<br />
Country specific energy supply (depending on location <strong>of</strong> precursors and <strong>APP</strong> site)<br />
After modelling the site-specific systems, the vertical average was calculated, weighted by<br />
the production tonnage <strong>of</strong> each company.<br />
The following companies participated in this study:<br />
COIM GROUP<br />
via A. Manzoni 28/32<br />
20019 Settimo Milanese, Italy<br />
www.coimgroup.com<br />
INVISTA TM<br />
Philipp Reis Str. 2<br />
65795 Hattersheim, Germany<br />
www.invista.com<br />
Production site The Netherlands<br />
15
Data sources and quality<br />
Stepan Company<br />
22 W. Frontage Rd<br />
Northfield, Illinois 60093, USA<br />
www.stepan.com<br />
Production site Germany<br />
SYNTHESIA INTERNACIONAL S.L.U.<br />
c/Coure, 6 Àrea Industrial del Llobregat<br />
08755 Castellbisbal (Barcelona), Spain<br />
www.synthesia.eu<br />
4.2 Data Quality<br />
Data quality is judged by its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness,<br />
consistency (degree <strong>of</strong> uniformity <strong>of</strong> the methodology applied on a study serving as a data<br />
source) and representativeness (geographical, time period, technology). To cover these<br />
requirements and to ensure reliable results, first-hand data in combination with consistent,<br />
background LCA information from the GaBi 4 database [GABI 2006] is used.<br />
All considered pre-products are integrated into the calculation with their respective environmental<br />
burden.<br />
The background database <strong>of</strong> GaBi was initially set-up in 1991 and since then is frequently<br />
updated and enlarged. A two-step quality assurance is applied. First, an internal expert<br />
check by PE is performed and as a second step, an expert-check by the University <strong>of</strong><br />
Stuttgart takes place.<br />
Additionally, an ongoing check by the users worldwide is done, comparing the GaBi data<br />
to other data supply sources. The data sets have been used in LCA-models worldwide for<br />
several years in industrial and scientific applications without any actual known negative<br />
feedback on shortcomings from users.<br />
4.2.1 Precision<br />
As the relevant foreground data is primary data or modelled based on primary information<br />
sources <strong>of</strong> the owner <strong>of</strong> the technology, better precision is not reachable within this goal<br />
and scope. All background data is consistently GaBi pr<strong>of</strong>essional data with the documented<br />
(high) precision.<br />
4.2.2 Accuracy<br />
Primary data is collected with an accuracy <strong>of</strong> 0.01 kg.<br />
4.2.3 Completeness<br />
Primary data used for the gate-to-gate production <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> covers all related flows <strong>of</strong> in<br />
accordance with the cut <strong>of</strong>f criteria. Other data in the model that is coming from the GaBi 4<br />
database covers all related flows accordingly to the system boundaries and cut <strong>of</strong>f criteria.<br />
There are not any missing data <strong>of</strong> known concern for the study.<br />
16
Data sources and quality<br />
4.2.4 Representativeness<br />
The considered participants cover 75-85 % <strong>of</strong> a total market <strong>of</strong> more than 100,000 t in<br />
2008. The selected background GaBi 4 data can be regarded as representative for the<br />
intended purpose, as it is average data and not in the focus <strong>of</strong> the analysis.<br />
4.2.5 Consistency<br />
To ensure consistency only primary data <strong>of</strong> the same level <strong>of</strong> detail and background data<br />
from the GaBi 4 databases are used. While building up the model cross-checks concerning<br />
the plausibility <strong>of</strong> mass and energy flows are continuously conducted. The provided<br />
primary data was checked by PE several times. Inconsistency could not be found.<br />
4.2.6 Reproducibility<br />
The study has been performed with the LCA s<strong>of</strong>tware PE GaBi 4. GaBi s<strong>of</strong>tware and associated<br />
database integrate ISO 14040/48 requirements. All data and information used<br />
are either documented in this report or they are available from the processes and process<br />
plans designed within the PE GaBi 4 s<strong>of</strong>tware. The reproducibility is given for internal use<br />
since the owners <strong>of</strong> the technology provided the data and the models are stored and<br />
available in a database. Sub-systems are modelled by ´state <strong>of</strong> art´ technology using data<br />
from a publicly available and internationally used database. For the external audience it is<br />
possible that full reproducibility in any degree <strong>of</strong> detail will not be available for confidentiality<br />
reasons.<br />
4.3 Data Validation<br />
The data on <strong>APP</strong> production collected from the project partners was validated at PE IN-<br />
TERNATIONAL and the data providing companies in an iterative process several times.<br />
The collected data are validated using existing data from published sources [e.g. EYERER<br />
1996, GABI 2006] or experts‟ knowledge from PE INTERNATIONAL and LBP.<br />
The background information from the GaBi 4 database is updated regularly and validated<br />
in principle daily by the various users worldwide.<br />
17
Description <strong>of</strong> the System<br />
5 Description <strong>of</strong> the System<br />
The production <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> can be done in different ways. The four participants start from diverse<br />
raw materials. The flow chart in Figure 5-1 shows the relevant materials. Primary<br />
data refer to the “black box” process <strong>of</strong> esterification; data <strong>of</strong> the manufacturers are stated<br />
as overall figures for the gate-to-gate process. Background data for the pre-products origins<br />
from the GaBi 4 data base and complement the process chain.<br />
Waste streams <strong>of</strong> the <strong>APP</strong>-process itself cross the system boundaries. Due to lack <strong>of</strong> further<br />
information on the waste streams as e.g. heating value or physical treatment, the<br />
waste treatment is not considered in this study.<br />
Figure 5-1:<br />
Esterification process for the production <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aromatic</strong> <strong>Polyester</strong> <strong>Polyols</strong><br />
The raw materials used for the production <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> are listed in Table 5-1.<br />
As the companies‟ processes require different raw materials according to the respective<br />
process version, only parts <strong>of</strong> the raw materials‟ list are used respectively.<br />
18
Description <strong>of</strong> the System<br />
Table 5-1:<br />
Raw materials’ list for <strong>APP</strong>-production<br />
Raw material<br />
Dimethyl terephtalate (DMT)<br />
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)<br />
Phthalic Anhydride (PA)<br />
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)<br />
Diethylene glycol (DEG)<br />
Catalyst<br />
Additives<br />
Flame retardants<br />
Functionality enhancers<br />
Due to confidentiality reasons details on s<strong>of</strong>tware modelling and methods used cannot be<br />
shown here. The calculation follows the vertical calculation methodology, i.e. that the averaging<br />
is done after modelling the specific processes. Restrictions on competition and<br />
confidentiality do not allow displaying and describing the systems and analysing details.<br />
19
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
6 Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
The Life Cycle Inventory shows the results <strong>of</strong> the cradle-to-gate process for the production<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>APP</strong> with flame retardant (see page 31 for <strong>APP</strong>s without flame retardant).<br />
6.1 Energy Data<br />
Table 6-1 lists data for the primary energy demand (gross calorific value) broken down to<br />
the types and areas the energy is used for.<br />
Table 6-1:<br />
Primary energy for<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> (split into energy types)<br />
[MJ]<br />
Electricity in <strong>APP</strong> production 1.6<br />
Thermal energy in <strong>APP</strong> production 2.8<br />
Pre-products as input in <strong>APP</strong> production 72.4<br />
Water / sewage treatment in <strong>APP</strong> production 0.2<br />
Total 77.0<br />
Table 6-2 shows the primary energy demand (gross calorific value) divided into energy<br />
content <strong>of</strong> the energy carrier, including the fuel production and delivery, and the feedstock<br />
energy, contained in the raw materials, used for the <strong>APP</strong> production.<br />
Transportation processes are not considered. Transport <strong>of</strong> pre-products cannot be standardized<br />
as industry sites may be manifold. Sensitivity analysis show, that transports contribute<br />
mainly only up to 2 %. Assuming a transport <strong>of</strong> 1000 km in the product chain (truck<br />
with 27 t payload, EURO 4) the emissions result in about 0.05 kg CO 2 -eq. (compared to<br />
2,77 kg CO 2 -eq. for <strong>APP</strong>, chapter 7).. The effort for data investigation is not commensurate<br />
with the increase <strong>of</strong> supposed accurateness <strong>of</strong> the results.<br />
Table 6-2:<br />
Primary energy<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> (split into energy content)<br />
[MJ]<br />
Energy content <strong>of</strong> fuel (incl. fuel production and delivery) 31.5<br />
Feedstock energy 45.6<br />
Total 77.0<br />
20
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
Table 6-3:<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> (referring to primary energy resources)<br />
Energy carrier<br />
Energy content<br />
<strong>of</strong> fuel [MJ]<br />
Feedstock<br />
energy [MJ]<br />
Total [MJ]<br />
Lignite 2.5 2.5<br />
Natural gas 2.6 12.6 15.2<br />
Crude oil 17.6 33.0 50.6<br />
Hard coal 2. 9 2.9<br />
Uranium 3.7 3.7<br />
Wood 2.3E-04 2.3E-04<br />
Renewable fuels 6.7E-08 6.7E-08<br />
Primary energy from geothermics 1.7E-02 1.7E-02<br />
Primary energy from solar energy 1.5 1.5<br />
Primary energy from hydro power 0.3 0.3<br />
Primary energy from wind power 0.2 0.2<br />
Total 31.5 45.6 77.0<br />
Table 6-4:<br />
Primary energy input (expressed as mass)<br />
Energy carrier<br />
[kg]<br />
Lignite 0.2<br />
Natural gas 0.3<br />
Crude oil 1.1<br />
Hard coal 0.1<br />
Uranium<br />
Wood<br />
Renewable fuels<br />
6.7E-06<br />
1.4E-05<br />
4.0E-09<br />
Total 1.8<br />
21
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
6.2 Raw Materials Input<br />
Table 6-5:<br />
Raw material input to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong><br />
Raw material<br />
Barium sulphate<br />
Basalt<br />
Bauxite<br />
Bentonite<br />
Calcium chloride<br />
Chromium ore<br />
Clay<br />
Colemanite ore<br />
Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1.0% Cu; 0.4 g/t Au; 66 g/t Ag)<br />
Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1.1% Cu; 0.01 g/t Au; 2.86 g/t Ag)<br />
Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1.16% Cu; 0.002 g/t Au; 1.06 g/t Ag)<br />
Copper - Molybdenum - Gold - Silver - ore (1.13% Cu; 0.02% Mo;<br />
0.01 g/t Au; 2.86 g/t Ag)<br />
Copper ore (0.14%)<br />
Copper ore (1.2%)<br />
Copper ore (4%)<br />
Copper ore (sulphidic)<br />
Dolomite<br />
Ferro manganese<br />
Fluorspar (calcium fluoride; fluorite)<br />
Gravel<br />
Gypsum (natural gypsum)<br />
Heavy spar (barytes)<br />
Imenite (titanium ore)<br />
Inert rock<br />
Iron<br />
Iron ore<br />
Iron ore (65%)<br />
Kaolin ore<br />
Lead<br />
Lead - zinc - ore (4.6%-0.6%)<br />
[kg]<br />
4.09E-14<br />
4.73E-05<br />
5.32E-05<br />
1.85E-03<br />
4.19E-12<br />
3.29E-06<br />
4.68E-04<br />
5.99E-07<br />
2.43E-06<br />
1.48E-06<br />
8.35E-07<br />
2.03E-06<br />
3.52E-04<br />
2.52E-07<br />
9.40E-16<br />
1.11E-12<br />
3.54E-08<br />
2.00E-16<br />
1.39E-05<br />
5.62E-03<br />
9.00E-05<br />
4.48E-03<br />
2.45E-06<br />
3.30E+00<br />
2.56E-07<br />
2.35E-03<br />
6.66E-07<br />
1.08E-06<br />
3.99E-16<br />
6.38E-04<br />
22
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
Lead - zinc - silver - ore (5.49% Pb; 12.15% Zn; 57.4 gpt Ag)<br />
Limestone (calcium carbonate)<br />
Magnesit (Magnesium carbonate)<br />
Magnesium chloride leach (40%)<br />
Manganese ore<br />
Manganese ore (R.O.M.)<br />
Molybdenite (Mo 0.24%)<br />
Nickel ore<br />
Nickel ore (1.6%)<br />
Olivine<br />
Ore (antimony and gold)<br />
Peat<br />
Phosphate ore<br />
Phosphorus minerals<br />
Phosphorus ore (29% P2O5)<br />
Potassium chloride<br />
Potassium salt<br />
Precious metal ore (R.O.M)<br />
Quartz sand (silica sand; silicon dioxide)<br />
Raw pumice<br />
Rhodium<br />
Rutil<br />
Silicon<br />
Slate<br />
Sodium chloride (rock salt)<br />
Sodium sulphate<br />
Soil<br />
Sulphur<br />
Sulphur (bonded)<br />
Talc<br />
Tin ore<br />
Titanium ore<br />
Zinc - copper ore (4.07%-2.59%)<br />
Zinc - lead - copper ore (12%-3%-2%)<br />
8.04E-11<br />
8.41E-02<br />
5.31E-09<br />
4.03E-03<br />
6.34E-07<br />
2.18E-03<br />
1.26E-06<br />
1.82E-07<br />
7.29E-05<br />
2.20E-15<br />
8.76E-07<br />
1.79E-04<br />
6.51E-03<br />
2.18E-09<br />
3.92E-02<br />
5.01E-04<br />
2.72E-02<br />
4.14E-08<br />
1.02E-02<br />
1.04E-07<br />
5.59E-13<br />
0.00E+00<br />
3.87E-12<br />
3.69E-15<br />
2.72E-02<br />
0.00E+00<br />
1.19E-02<br />
4.74E-10<br />
2.43E-10<br />
1.87E-08<br />
3.55E-15<br />
3.38E-07<br />
2.02E-04<br />
5.87E-05<br />
23
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
Zinc - lead ore (4.21%-4.96%)<br />
Zinc ore (sulphide)<br />
3.21E-16<br />
3.95E-15<br />
6.3 Water Consumption<br />
Table 6-6:<br />
Water source<br />
Water consumption to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without circulated cooling<br />
water)<br />
[kg]<br />
Water (unspecified)<br />
Water (river water)<br />
Water (ground water)<br />
Water (sea water)<br />
Water (surface water)<br />
Water (lake water)<br />
Water (potable water)<br />
Water (bank filtrate)<br />
Total<br />
8.41E-02<br />
0.00E+00<br />
6.36E+00<br />
4.62E-02<br />
5.92E+00<br />
1.16E-18<br />
5.34E-07<br />
7.08E-12<br />
1.24E+01<br />
24
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
6.4 Air Emission Data<br />
Table 6-7:<br />
Emission<br />
Air emissions associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong><br />
[kg]<br />
Inorganic emissions<br />
Ammonia<br />
Ammonium<br />
Ammonium nitrate<br />
Argon<br />
Barium<br />
Beryllium<br />
Born coumponds<br />
Boron<br />
Bromine<br />
Carbon dioxide<br />
Carbon disulphide<br />
Carbon monoxide<br />
Chloride (unspecified)<br />
Chlorine<br />
Cyanide (unspecified)<br />
Fluoride (unspecified)<br />
Fluorides<br />
Fluorine<br />
Helium<br />
Hydrogen<br />
Hydrogen chloride<br />
Hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid)<br />
Hydrogen fluoride<br />
Hydrogen iodide<br />
Hydrogen phosphorous<br />
Hydrogen sulphide<br />
Hydrogene Bromine<br />
Lead dioxide<br />
Nitrogen (atmospheric nitrogen)<br />
Nitrogen dioxide<br />
6.88E-05<br />
1.79E-11<br />
1.43E-12<br />
2.70E-14<br />
2.94E-06<br />
7.36E-10<br />
1.30E-06<br />
1.59E-18<br />
3.37E-07<br />
2.71E+00<br />
1.12E-11<br />
1.05E-03<br />
4.78E-06<br />
3.00E-05<br />
5.05E-08<br />
4.13E-07<br />
1.22E-06<br />
4.64E-10<br />
8.25E-09<br />
4.90E-05<br />
1.47E-05<br />
9.49E-10<br />
2.05E-06<br />
3.00E-12<br />
1.72E-13<br />
1.24E-05<br />
2.76E-09<br />
1.46E-13<br />
5.19E-03<br />
1.57E-06<br />
25
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
Nitrogen monoxide<br />
Nitrogen oxides<br />
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)<br />
Oxygen<br />
Scandium<br />
Strontium<br />
Sulphur dioxide<br />
Sulphur hexafluoride<br />
Sulphuric acid<br />
Tin oxide<br />
Water vapour<br />
Zinc oxide<br />
Zinc sulphate<br />
0.00E+00<br />
3.41E-03<br />
1.54E-04<br />
7.36E-04<br />
7.51E-13<br />
3.02E-11<br />
3.59E-03<br />
1.02E-11<br />
2.16E-09<br />
1.27E-14<br />
3.46E+00<br />
2.54E-14<br />
5.20E-10<br />
Organic emissions<br />
Group PAH<br />
Anthracene<br />
Benzo(a)anthracene<br />
Benzo(a)pyrene<br />
Benzo(ghi)perylene<br />
Benz<strong>of</strong>luorantene<br />
Chrysene<br />
Dibenz(a)anthracene<br />
Indenopyrene<br />
Naphthalene<br />
Penanthrene<br />
Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons<br />
7.49E-11<br />
3.77E-11<br />
3.66E-10<br />
3.36E-11<br />
6.72E-11<br />
9.25E-11<br />
2.09E-11<br />
2.50E-11<br />
7.86E-09<br />
2.47E-09<br />
1.54E-06<br />
Halogenated organic emissions<br />
Dichlormethane (methylene chlorid)<br />
Dioxins (unspec.)<br />
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)<br />
Organic chlorine compounds (unspecific)<br />
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB unspecified)<br />
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (2,3,7,8 - TCDD)<br />
R 11 (trichlor<strong>of</strong>luoroethane)<br />
1.62E-15<br />
2.01E-15<br />
7.99E-16<br />
7.16E-13<br />
4.67E-11<br />
7.47E-14<br />
4.85E-08<br />
26
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
R 114 (dichlorotetrafuoroethane)<br />
R116 (hecafluoroethane)<br />
R 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane)<br />
R 13 (chlorotrifluoromethane)<br />
R 22 (chlorodifluoromethane)<br />
Tetrafluoromethane (chlor<strong>of</strong>orm)<br />
Vinyl chloride (VCM)<br />
4.96E-08<br />
1.86E-14<br />
1.04E-08<br />
6.54E-09<br />
1.14E-08<br />
2.65E-10<br />
9.38E-09<br />
NMVOC<br />
Acetaldehyde (Ethanal)<br />
Acetic acid<br />
Acetone (dimethylcetone)<br />
Acrolein<br />
Aldehyde (unspecified)<br />
Alkane (unspecified)<br />
Alkene (unspecified)<br />
<strong>Aromatic</strong> hydrocarbons (unspecified)<br />
Benzene<br />
Butadiene<br />
Butane<br />
Butane (n-butane)<br />
Cumene<br />
Cyclohexane (hexahydro benzene)<br />
Diethyl amine (ethylene ethane amine)<br />
Ethane<br />
Ethanol<br />
Ethene (ethylene)<br />
Ethyl benzene<br />
Fluoranthene<br />
Fluorene<br />
Formaldehyde (methanal)<br />
Heptane (isomers)<br />
Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)<br />
Hexane (isomers)<br />
Mercaptan (unspecified)<br />
2.30E-06<br />
2.49E-04<br />
5.28E-10<br />
1.62E-08<br />
1.01E-05<br />
1.76E-06<br />
8.82E-07<br />
2.60E-06<br />
1.43E-11<br />
8.50E-05<br />
2.51E-06<br />
9.06E-18<br />
2.56E-10<br />
3.56E-16<br />
9.13E-06<br />
4.44E-06<br />
3.13E-08<br />
1.34E-06<br />
2.44E-10<br />
7.74E-10<br />
9.17E-06<br />
2.46E-06<br />
8.41E-13<br />
1.76E-05<br />
1.24E-07<br />
1.77E-03<br />
27
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
Methanol<br />
NMVOC (unspecified)<br />
Octane<br />
Pentane (n-pentane)<br />
Phenol (hydroxy benzene)<br />
Propane<br />
Propene (propylene)<br />
Propionic acid (propane acid)<br />
Styrene<br />
Toluene (methyl benzene)<br />
Trimethylbenzene<br />
Xylene (dimethyl benzene)<br />
1.72E-03<br />
1.35E-06<br />
3.47E-05<br />
1.34E-11<br />
3.81E-04<br />
1.20E-07<br />
1.23E-10<br />
2.83E-13<br />
6.45E-07<br />
1.24E-13<br />
5.57E-04<br />
6.02E-03<br />
Others<br />
Methane<br />
VOC (unspecified)<br />
6.02E-03<br />
7.45E-07<br />
Particles to air<br />
Dust (PM2.5)<br />
Dust (PM10)<br />
Dust (unspecified)<br />
Metals (unspecified)*<br />
Radioactive emissions to air<br />
Wood (dust)<br />
5.63E-05<br />
3.40E-05<br />
1.70E-04<br />
1.40E-12<br />
5.67E-08<br />
4.68E-12<br />
* The value for unspecified metals originates from a multitude number <strong>of</strong> upstreamprocesses<br />
(as energy generation). In the <strong>APP</strong> production metal dust is not emitted directly.<br />
The human toxicity potential (HTP) for this output-flow can be approximated by the<br />
value <strong>of</strong> PM10. The reported flow does not significantly contribute to the HTP (CML 2007).<br />
28
Life Cycle Inventory for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
6.5 Wastewater Emission Data<br />
Table 6-8:<br />
Emission<br />
Wastewater emission associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong><br />
[kg]<br />
Adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX)<br />
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)<br />
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)<br />
Total suspended solids (TSS)<br />
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC)<br />
Total organic carbon (TOC)<br />
1.21E-06<br />
5.24E-05<br />
4.35E-03<br />
9.48E-06<br />
3.65E-11<br />
2.00E-05<br />
6.6 Solid Waste<br />
Table 6-9:<br />
Waste<br />
Stockpile goods<br />
Waste associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong><br />
[kg]<br />
3.30E+00<br />
Waste for deposition<br />
Waste for recovery<br />
Municipal waste<br />
Hazardous waste for deposition<br />
Hazardous waste for recovery<br />
Radioactive waste<br />
Total<br />
3.62E-04<br />
6.15E-03<br />
8.44E-03<br />
2.93E-02<br />
1.29E-02<br />
1.32E-03<br />
3.36E+00<br />
29
Life Cycle Impact Assessment for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
7 Life Cycle Impact Assessment for <strong>APP</strong>s with Flame Retardant<br />
The Life Cycle Impact Assessment follows the methodology and characterisation factors<br />
<strong>of</strong> CML updated 2007.<br />
(see page 41 for <strong>APP</strong>s without flame retardant)<br />
Table 7-1:<br />
Environmental impact associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong><br />
Impact category<br />
Abiotic Depletion Potential<br />
Global Warming Potential<br />
Acidification Potential<br />
Eutrophication Potential<br />
Ozone Depletion Potential<br />
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential<br />
Primary Energy Demand (fossil) (gross cal. value)<br />
Primary Energy Demand (renewable) (gross cal. value)<br />
Primary Energy Demand (total) (gross cal. value)<br />
0.03 kg Sb-Eq.<br />
2.77 kg CO 2 -Eq.<br />
6.16E-03 kg SO 2 -Eq.<br />
1.09E-03 kg PO 3- 4 Eq.<br />
9.96E-08 kg R11-Eq.<br />
1.96E-03 kg C 2 H 2 -Eq.<br />
74.97 MJ<br />
2.06 MJ<br />
77.03 MJ<br />
30
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
8 Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
<strong>APP</strong> is available on the market with and without flame retardants. This part supplements<br />
the above shown data. The results cover the cradle-to-gate process for the production <strong>of</strong><br />
1 kg <strong>APP</strong> without flame retardants (see page 20 for <strong>APP</strong>s with flame retardant).<br />
The process chain <strong>of</strong> flame retardants also contains some credits. Therefore it may happen<br />
that specific values <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> without flame retardant are slightly higher than the respective<br />
values for <strong>APP</strong> with flame retardants.<br />
8.1 Energy Data<br />
Table 8-1 lists data for the primary energy demand (gross calorific value) broken down to<br />
the types and areas the energy is used for.<br />
Table 8-1:<br />
Primary energy for<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant), (split into energy types)<br />
[MJ]<br />
Electricity in <strong>APP</strong> production 1.6<br />
Thermal energy in <strong>APP</strong> production 2.8<br />
Pre-products as input in <strong>APP</strong> production 69.5<br />
Water / sewage treatment in <strong>APP</strong> production 0.2<br />
Total 74.1<br />
Table 8-2:<br />
Primary energy<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant), (split into energy content)<br />
[MJ]<br />
Energy content <strong>of</strong> fuel (incl. fuel production and delivery) 29.3<br />
Feedstock energy 44.8<br />
Total 74.1<br />
31
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
Table 8-3:<br />
Primary energy input (gross calorific value) required to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant), (referring to primary energy resources)<br />
Energy carrier<br />
Energy content<br />
<strong>of</strong> fuel [MJ]<br />
Feedstock<br />
energy [MJ]<br />
Total [MJ]<br />
Lignite 2.2 2.2<br />
Natural gas 1.9 12.3 14.3<br />
Crude oil 17.4 32.5 49.9<br />
Hard coal 2.5 2.5<br />
Uranium 3.3 3.3<br />
Wood 2.1E-04 2.1E-04<br />
Renewable fuels 7.8E-08* 7.8E-08*<br />
Primary energy from geothermics 1.7E-02 1.7E-02<br />
Primary energy from solar energy 1.5 1.5<br />
Primary energy from hydro power 0.3 0.3<br />
Primary energy from wind power 0.2 0.2<br />
Total 29.3 44.8 74.1<br />
Table 8-4:<br />
Primary energy input (expressed as mass)<br />
Energy carrier<br />
[kg]<br />
Lignite 0.2<br />
Natural gas 0.3<br />
Crude oil 1.1<br />
Hard coal 0.1<br />
Uranium<br />
Wood<br />
Renewable fuels<br />
6.0E-06<br />
1.3E-05<br />
4.7E-09*<br />
Total 1.7<br />
32
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
8.2 Raw Materials Input<br />
Table 8-5:<br />
Raw material<br />
Barium sulphate<br />
Basalt<br />
Bauxite<br />
Bentonite<br />
Calcium chloride<br />
Chromium ore<br />
Clay<br />
Colemanite ore<br />
Raw material input to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant)<br />
[kg]<br />
4.06E-14<br />
4.45E-05<br />
3.00E-05<br />
1.79E-03<br />
4.16E-12<br />
2.97E-06<br />
4.54E-04<br />
5.35E-07<br />
Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1,0% Cu; 0,4 g/t Au; 66 g/t Ag)<br />
Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1,1% Cu; 0,01 g/t Au; 2,86 g/t Ag)<br />
Copper - Gold - Silver - ore (1,16% Cu; 0,002 g/t Au; 1,06 g/t Ag)<br />
2.19E-06<br />
1.33E-06<br />
7.53E-07<br />
Copper - Molybdenum - Gold - Silver - ore (1,13% Cu; 0,02% Mo;<br />
0,01 g/t Au; 2,86 g/t Ag) 1.84E-06<br />
Copper ore (0.14%)<br />
Copper ore (1.2%)<br />
Copper ore (4%)<br />
Copper ore (sulphidic)<br />
Dolomite<br />
Ferro manganese<br />
Fluorspar (calcium fluoride; fluorite)<br />
Gravel<br />
Gypsum (natural gypsum)<br />
Heavy spar (barytes)<br />
Imenite (titanium ore)<br />
Inert rock<br />
Iron<br />
Iron ore<br />
Iron ore (65%)<br />
Kaolin ore<br />
Lead<br />
Lead - zinc - ore (4,6%-0,6%)<br />
2.76E-04<br />
2.27E-07<br />
8.97E-16<br />
1.06E-12<br />
3.26E-08<br />
1.98E-16<br />
1.39E-05<br />
5.26E-03<br />
8.63E-05<br />
4.33E-03<br />
1.15E-06<br />
2.82E+00<br />
1.35E-07<br />
2.09E-03<br />
9.86E-07<br />
9.60E-07<br />
3.96E-16<br />
5.50E-04<br />
33
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
Lead - zinc - silver - ore (5,49% Pb; 12,15% Zn; 57,4 gpt Ag)<br />
Limestone (calcium carbonate)<br />
Magnesit (Magnesium carbonate)<br />
Magnesium chloride leach (40%)<br />
Manganese ore<br />
Manganese ore (R.O.M.)<br />
Molybdenite (Mo 0,24%)<br />
Nickel ore<br />
Nickel ore (1.6%)<br />
Olivine<br />
Ore (antimony and gold)<br />
Peat<br />
Phosphate ore<br />
Phosphorus minerals<br />
Phosphorus ore (29% P2O5)<br />
Potassium chloride<br />
Potassium salt<br />
Precious metal ore (R.O.M)<br />
Quartz sand (silica sand; silicon dioxide)<br />
Raw pumice<br />
Rhodium<br />
Rutil<br />
Silicon<br />
Slate<br />
Sodium chloride (rock salt)<br />
Sodium sulphate<br />
Soil<br />
Sulphur<br />
Sulphur (bonded)<br />
Talc<br />
Tin ore<br />
Titanium ore<br />
Zinc - copper ore (4.07%-2.59%)<br />
Zinc - lead - copper ore (12%-3%-2%)<br />
8.04E-11<br />
5.32E-02<br />
5.24E-09<br />
3.09E-03<br />
5.71E-07<br />
1.36E-05<br />
1.14E-06<br />
1.82E-07<br />
6.51E-05<br />
2.18E-15<br />
8.76E-07<br />
1.70E-04<br />
6.51E-03<br />
2.08E-09<br />
7.35E-04<br />
5.01E-04<br />
2.32E-02<br />
2.26E-07<br />
1.35E-03<br />
9.32E-08<br />
5.59E-13<br />
0.00E+00<br />
3.87E-12<br />
3.67E-15<br />
1.46E-02<br />
0.00E+00<br />
5.47E-03<br />
4.67E-10<br />
2.40E-10<br />
1.67E-08<br />
3.52E-15<br />
0.00E+00<br />
1.63E-04<br />
4.94E-05<br />
34
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
Zinc - lead ore (4.21%-4.96%)<br />
Zinc ore (sulphide)<br />
3.06E-16<br />
1.05E-14<br />
8.3 Water Consumption<br />
Table 8-6:<br />
Water source<br />
Water consumption to produce 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant),<br />
(without circulated cooling water)<br />
[kg]<br />
Water (unspecified)<br />
Water (river water)<br />
Water (ground water)<br />
Water (sea water)<br />
Water (surface water)<br />
Water (lake water)<br />
Water (potable water)<br />
Water (bank filtrate)<br />
Total<br />
6.92E-02<br />
0.00E+00<br />
5.51E+00<br />
4.56E-02<br />
5.82E+00<br />
1.16E-18<br />
2.54E-07<br />
5.22E-12<br />
1.09E+01<br />
35
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
8.4 Air Emission Data<br />
Table 8-7:<br />
Emission<br />
Air emissions associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without<br />
flame retardant)<br />
[kg]<br />
Inorganic emissions<br />
Ammonia<br />
Ammonium<br />
Ammonium nitrate<br />
Argon<br />
Barium<br />
Beryllium<br />
Born coumponds<br />
Boron<br />
Bromine<br />
Carbon dioxide<br />
Carbon disulphide<br />
Carbon monoxide<br />
Chloride (unspecified)<br />
Chlorine<br />
Cyanide (unspecified)<br />
Fluoride (unspecified)<br />
Fluorides<br />
Fluorine<br />
Helium<br />
Hydrogen<br />
Hydrogen chloride<br />
Hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid)<br />
Hydrogen fluoride<br />
Hydrogen iodide<br />
Hydrogen phosphorous<br />
Hydrogen sulphide<br />
Hydrogene Bromine<br />
Lead dioxide<br />
Nitrogen (atmospheric nitrogen)<br />
6.82E-05<br />
1.65E-11<br />
1.41E-12<br />
2.70E-14<br />
2.84E-06<br />
6.53E-10<br />
1.15E-06<br />
1.59E-18<br />
2.98E-07<br />
2.53E+00<br />
7.78E-12<br />
8.29E-04<br />
3.55E-06<br />
1.42E-05<br />
4.98E-08<br />
3.95E-07<br />
1.20E-06<br />
3.42E-10<br />
9.20E-09<br />
4.46E-05<br />
1.33E-05<br />
5.27E-10<br />
1.82E-06<br />
2.73E-12<br />
1.58E-13<br />
1.23E-05<br />
2.51E-09<br />
1.35E-13<br />
4.99E-03<br />
36
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
Nitrogen dioxide<br />
Nitrogen monoxide<br />
Nitrogen oxides<br />
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)<br />
Oxygen<br />
Scandium<br />
Strontium<br />
Sulphur dioxide<br />
Sulphur hexafluoride<br />
Sulphuric acid<br />
Tin oxide<br />
Water vapour<br />
Zinc oxide<br />
Zinc sulphate<br />
1.57E-06<br />
0.00E+00<br />
3.17E-03<br />
1.49E-04<br />
7.02E-04<br />
8.14E-13<br />
3.24E-11<br />
3.40E-03<br />
9.40E-12<br />
1.91E-09<br />
1.17E-14<br />
3.69E+00<br />
2.34E-14<br />
5.03E-10<br />
Organic emissions<br />
Group PAH<br />
Anthracene<br />
Benzo(a)anthracene<br />
Benzo(a)pyrene<br />
Benzo(ghi)perylene<br />
Benz<strong>of</strong>luorantene<br />
Chrysene<br />
Dibenz(a)anthracene<br />
Indenopyrene<br />
Naphthalene<br />
Penanthrene<br />
Polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons<br />
7.25E-11<br />
3.65E-11<br />
3.61E-10<br />
3.25E-11<br />
6.51E-11<br />
8.96E-11<br />
2.03E-11<br />
2.42E-11<br />
7.61E-09<br />
2.39E-09<br />
1.53E-06<br />
Halogenated organic emissions<br />
Dichlormethane (methylene chlorid)<br />
Dioxins (unspec.)<br />
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)<br />
Organic chlorine compounds (unspecific)<br />
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB unspecified)<br />
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (2,3,7,8 - TCDD)<br />
1.61E-15<br />
1.95E-15<br />
7.94E-16<br />
7.05E-13<br />
4.45E-11<br />
6.31E-14<br />
37
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
R 11 (trichlor<strong>of</strong>luoroethane)<br />
R 114 (dichlorotetrafuoroethane)<br />
R116 (hecafluoroethane)<br />
R 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane)<br />
R 13 (chlorotrifluoromethane)<br />
R 22 (chlorodifluoromethane)<br />
Tetrafluoromethane (chlor<strong>of</strong>orm)<br />
Vinyl chloride (VCM)<br />
4.33E-08<br />
4.44E-08<br />
1.86E-14<br />
9.32E-09<br />
5.85E-09<br />
1.02E-08<br />
2.40E-10<br />
9.15E-09<br />
NMVOC<br />
Acetaldehyde (Ethanal)<br />
Acetic acid<br />
Acetone (dimethylcetone)<br />
Acrolein<br />
Aldehyde (unspecified)<br />
Alkane (unspecified)<br />
Alkene (unspecified)<br />
<strong>Aromatic</strong> hydrocarbons (unspecified)<br />
Benzene<br />
Butadiene<br />
Butane<br />
Butane (n-butane)<br />
Cumene<br />
Cyclohexane (hexahydro benzene)<br />
Diethyl amine (ethylene ethane amine)<br />
Ethane<br />
Ethanol<br />
Ethene (ethylene)<br />
Ethyl benzene<br />
Fluoranthene<br />
Fluorene<br />
Formaldehyde (methanal)<br />
Heptane (isomers)<br />
Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA)<br />
Hexane (isomers)<br />
2.29E-06<br />
2.27E-06<br />
5.11E-10<br />
1.51E-08<br />
9.89E-06<br />
1.61E-06<br />
8.72E-07<br />
2.49E-06<br />
1.28E-11<br />
8.26E-05<br />
2.29E-06<br />
9.06E-18<br />
1.78E-10<br />
3.22E-16<br />
9.00E-06<br />
2.41E-04<br />
4.39E-06<br />
3.07E-08<br />
1.19E-06<br />
2.36E-10<br />
7.49E-10<br />
8.86E-06<br />
2.42E-06<br />
7.51E-13<br />
1.76E-05<br />
38
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
Mercaptan (unspecified)<br />
Methanol<br />
NMVOC (unspecified)<br />
Octane<br />
Pentane (n-pentane)<br />
Phenol (hydroxy benzene)<br />
Propane<br />
Propene (propylene)<br />
Propionic acid (propane acid)<br />
Styrene<br />
Toluene (methyl benzene)<br />
Trimethylbenzene<br />
Xylene (dimethyl benzene)<br />
1.21E-07<br />
1.77E-03<br />
1.69E-03<br />
1.33E-06<br />
3.33E-05<br />
1.33E-11<br />
3.73E-04<br />
1.07E-07<br />
1.20E-10<br />
1.97E-13<br />
5.78E-07<br />
1.14E-13<br />
5.56E-04<br />
Others<br />
Methane<br />
VOC (unspecified)<br />
5.75E-03<br />
7.17E-07<br />
Particles to air<br />
Dust (PM2.5)<br />
Dust (PM10)<br />
Dust (unspecified)<br />
Metals (unspecified)*<br />
Radioactive emissions to air<br />
Wood (dust)<br />
5.07E-05<br />
3.28E-05<br />
8.70E-05<br />
1.38E-12<br />
5.08E-08<br />
4.32E-12<br />
* The value for unspecified metals originates from a multitude number <strong>of</strong> upstreamprocesses<br />
(as energy generation). In the <strong>APP</strong> production metal dust is not emitted directly.<br />
The human toxicity potential (HTP) for this output-flow can be approximated by the<br />
value <strong>of</strong> PM10. The reported flow does not significantly contribute to the HTP (CML 2007).<br />
39
Supplement Data for <strong>APP</strong> without Flame Retardants<br />
8.5 Wastewater Emission Data<br />
Table 8-8:<br />
Emission<br />
Wastewater emission associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong><br />
(without flame retardant)<br />
[kg]<br />
Adsorbable organic halogen compounds (AOX)<br />
Biological oxygen demand (BOD)<br />
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)<br />
Total suspended solids (TSS)<br />
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC)<br />
Total organic carbon (TOC)<br />
1.18E-06<br />
5.08E-05<br />
3.23E-03<br />
8.60E-06<br />
3.24E-11<br />
1.96E-05<br />
8.6 Solid Waste<br />
Table 8-9:<br />
Waste<br />
Stockpile goods<br />
Waste associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong> (without flame retardant)<br />
[kg]<br />
2.80E+00<br />
Waste for deposition<br />
Waste for recovery<br />
Municipal waste<br />
Hazardous waste for deposition<br />
Hazardous waste for recovery<br />
Radioactive waste<br />
Total<br />
2.89E-04<br />
4.89E-03<br />
8.22E-03<br />
4.57E-03<br />
1.11E-02<br />
1.18E-03<br />
2.83E+00<br />
40
Retardant<br />
Life Cycle Impact Assessment for <strong>APP</strong>s without Flame<br />
9 Life Cycle Impact Assessment for <strong>APP</strong>s without Flame<br />
Retardant<br />
The Life Cycle Impact Assessment follows the methodology and characterisation factors<br />
<strong>of</strong> CML updated 2007.<br />
(see page 30 for <strong>APP</strong>s with flame retardant)<br />
Table 9-1:<br />
Environmental impact associated with the production <strong>of</strong> 1 kg <strong>of</strong> <strong>APP</strong><br />
(without flame retardant)<br />
Impact category<br />
Abiotic Depletion Potential<br />
Global Warming Potential<br />
Acidification Potential<br />
Eutrophication Potential<br />
Ozone Depletion Potential<br />
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential<br />
Primary Energy Demand (fossil) (gross cal. value)<br />
Primary Energy Demand (renewable) (gross cal. value)<br />
Primary Energy Demand (total) (gross cal. value)<br />
0.03 kg Sb-Eq.<br />
2.58 kg CO 2 -Eq.<br />
5.79E-03 kg SO 2 -Eq.<br />
1.02E-03 kg PO 3- 4 Eq.<br />
8.91E-08 kg R11-Eq.<br />
1.93E-03 kg C 2 H 2 -Eq.<br />
72.14 MJ<br />
2.01 MJ<br />
74.15 MJ<br />
41
Literature<br />
10 Literature<br />
EYERER 1996<br />
GABI 2006<br />
GUINÉE ET AL. 1996<br />
Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung – Werkzeug zum Planen und Wirtschaften<br />
in Kreisläufen, 1996<br />
GaBi 4: S<strong>of</strong>tware und Datenbank zur Ganzheitlichen Bilanzierung.<br />
IKP, Universität Stuttgart und PE <strong>Europe</strong> GmbH, Leinfelden-<br />
Echterdingen, 2006.“<br />
LCA impact assessment <strong>of</strong> toxic releases; Generic modelling <strong>of</strong> fate,<br />
exposure and effect for ecosystems and human beings. (no. 1996/21)<br />
Centre <strong>of</strong> Environmental Science (CML) Leiden and National Institute<br />
<strong>of</strong> Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Bilthoven, May<br />
1996.<br />
GUINÈE ET AL. 2001<br />
GUINÉE ET AL. 2002<br />
IKP 2003<br />
ISO 14021: 1999<br />
ISO 14024: 1999<br />
ISO 14025: 2006<br />
Guinée, J. et. al. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment - Operational<br />
Guide to the ISO Standards. Centre <strong>of</strong> Environmental Science, Leiden<br />
University (CML); The Netherlands, 2001.<br />
Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: An operational Guide to the ISO<br />
Standards; Dordrecht: Kluvver Academic Publsihers, 2002.<br />
Institut für Kunstst<strong>of</strong>fprüfung und Kunstst<strong>of</strong>fkunde der Universität<br />
Stuttgart, Abteilung Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung, 2003<br />
ISO 14021 Environmental labels and declarations -- Self-declared<br />
environmental claims (Type II environmental labelling). Geneva,1999<br />
ISO 14024 Environmental labels and declarations -- Type I environmental<br />
labelling -- Principles and procedures. Geneva, 1999<br />
ISO 14025 Environmental labels and declarations -- Type III environmental<br />
declarations -- Principles and procedures. Geneva, 2006<br />
ISO 14040: 2006 ISO 14040 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment –<br />
Principles and Framework. Geneva, 2006<br />
ISO 14044: 2006 ISO 14044 Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment --<br />
Requirements and guidelines. Geneva, 2006<br />
ISO 14048: 2002 ISO 14048 Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment --<br />
Data documentation format. Geneva, 2002<br />
ISO 14049: 2000 ISO 14049 Environmental management -- Life cycle assessment --<br />
Examples <strong>of</strong> application <strong>of</strong> ISO 14041 to goal and scope definition<br />
and inventory analysis. Geneva, 2000<br />
KREISSIG & KÜMMEL<br />
1999<br />
PLASTICS EUROPE 2009<br />
Kreißig, J. und J. Kümmel (1999): Baust<strong>of</strong>f-Ökobilanzen. Wirkungsabschätzung<br />
und Auswertung in der Steine-Erden-Industrie. Hrsg.<br />
Bundesverband Baust<strong>of</strong>fe Steine + Erden e.V.<br />
Plastic <strong>Europe</strong> <strong>Eco</strong>-<strong>Pr<strong>of</strong>ile</strong>s and environmental Declarations. Life<br />
Cycle Inventory Methodology and Product Category Rules (PCR) for<br />
Uncoumpounded Polymer Precursors. March 2009.<br />
42
Supplement A<br />
Supplement A Description <strong>of</strong> result parameters<br />
Supplement A 1 Primary energy consumption<br />
Primary energy demand is <strong>of</strong>ten difficult to determine due to the various types <strong>of</strong> energy<br />
source. Primary energy demand is the quantity <strong>of</strong> energy directly withdrawn from the hydrosphere,<br />
atmosphere or geosphere or energy source without any anthropogenic<br />
change. For fossil fuels and uranium, this would be the amount <strong>of</strong> resource withdrawn<br />
expressed in its energy equivalent (i.e. the energy content <strong>of</strong> the raw material). For renewable<br />
resources, the energy-characterised amount <strong>of</strong> biomass consumed would be<br />
described. For hydropower, it would be based on the amount <strong>of</strong> energy that is gained from<br />
the change in the potential energy <strong>of</strong> the water (i.e. from the height difference). As aggregated<br />
values, the following primary energies are designated:<br />
The total “Primary energy consumption non-renewable”, given in MJ, essentially<br />
characterises the gain from the energy sources natural gas, crude oil, lignite, coal and<br />
uranium. Natural gas and crude oil will be used both for energy production and as material<br />
constituents e.g. in plastics. Coal will primarily be used for energy production. Uranium will<br />
only be used for electricity production in nuclear power stations.<br />
The total “Primary energy consumption renewable”, given in MJ, is generally accounted<br />
separately and comprises hydropower, wind power, solar energy and biomass.<br />
It is important that the end energy (e.g. 1 kWh <strong>of</strong> electricity) and the primary energy used<br />
are not miscalculated with each other; otherwise the efficiency for production or supply <strong>of</strong><br />
the end energy will not be accounted for.<br />
The energy content <strong>of</strong> the manufactured products will be considered as feedstock energy<br />
content. It will be characterised by the net calorific value <strong>of</strong> the product. It represents the<br />
still usable energy content.<br />
Supplement A 2 Global Warming Potential (GWP)<br />
The mechanism <strong>of</strong> the greenhouse effect can be observed on a small scale, as the name<br />
suggests, in a greenhouse. These effects are also occurring on a global scale. The occuring<br />
short-wave radiation from the sun comes into contact with the earth‟s surface and is<br />
partly absorbed (leading to direct warming) and partly reflected as infrared radiation. The<br />
reflected part is absorbed by so-called greenhouse gases in the troposphere and is reradiated<br />
in all directions, including back to earth. This results in a warming effect at the<br />
earth‟s surface.<br />
In addition to the natural mechanism, the greenhouse effect is enhanced by human activites.<br />
Greenhouse gases that are considered to be caused, or increased, anthropogenically<br />
are, for example, carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs. Figure A 1 shows the main<br />
processes <strong>of</strong> the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. An analysis <strong>of</strong> the greenhouse effect<br />
should consider the possible long term global effects.<br />
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Supplement A<br />
The global warming potential is calculated<br />
in carbon dioxide equivalents<br />
(CO 2 -Eq.). This means that the greenhouse<br />
potential <strong>of</strong> an emission is given<br />
in relation to CO 2 Since the residence<br />
time <strong>of</strong> the gases in the atmosphere is<br />
incorporated into the calculation, a<br />
time range for the assessment must<br />
also be specified. A period <strong>of</strong> 100<br />
years is customary.<br />
UV - radiation<br />
Infrared<br />
radiation<br />
Absorption<br />
Reflection<br />
CFCs<br />
CO 2<br />
CH 4<br />
Figure A 1: Greenhouse effect<br />
(KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999)<br />
Trace gases in the atmosphere<br />
Supplement A 3 Acidification Potential (AP)<br />
The acidification <strong>of</strong> soils and waters occurs predominantly through the transformation <strong>of</strong><br />
air pollutants into acids. This leads to a decrease in the pH-value <strong>of</strong> rainwater and fog<br />
from 5.6 to 4 and below. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide and their respective acids<br />
(H 2 SO 4 und HNO 3 ) produce relevant contributions. This damages ecosystems, whereby<br />
forest dieback is the most well-known impact.<br />
Acidification has direct and indirect damaging effects (such as nutrients being washed out<br />
<strong>of</strong> soils or an increased solubility <strong>of</strong> metals into soils). But even buildings and building materials<br />
can be damaged. Examples include metals and natural stones which are corroded<br />
or disintegrated at an increased rate.<br />
When analysing acidification, it should be considered that although it is a global problem,<br />
the regional effects <strong>of</strong> acidification can vary. Figure A 2 displays the primary impact pathways<br />
<strong>of</strong> acidification.<br />
The acidification potential is given in<br />
sulphur dioxide equivalents (SO 2 -Eq.).<br />
The acidification potential is described<br />
as the ability <strong>of</strong> certain substances to<br />
build and release H + - ions. Certain<br />
emissions can also be considered to<br />
have an acidification potential, if the<br />
given S-, N- and halogen atoms are<br />
set in proportion to the molecular<br />
mass <strong>of</strong> the emission. The reference<br />
substance is sulpher dioxide.<br />
H 2<br />
SO 44<br />
HNO 3<br />
SO 2<br />
Figure A 2: Acidification Potential<br />
(KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999)<br />
NO X<br />
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Supplement A<br />
Supplement A 4 Eutrophication Potential (EP)<br />
Eutrophication is the enrichment <strong>of</strong> nutrients in a certain place. Eutrophication can be<br />
aquatic or terrestrial. Air pollutants, waste water and fertilization in agriculture all contribute<br />
to eutrophication.<br />
The result in water is an accelerated algae growth, which in turn, prevents sunlight from<br />
reaching the lower depths. This leads to a decrease in photosynthesis and less oxygen<br />
production. In addition, oxygen is needed for the decomposition <strong>of</strong> dead algae. Both effects<br />
cause a decreased oxygen concentration in the water, which can eventually lead to<br />
fish dying and to anaerobic decomposition (decomposition without the presence <strong>of</strong> oxygen).<br />
Hydrogen sulphide and methane are thereby produced. This can lead, among others,<br />
to the destruction <strong>of</strong> the eco-system.<br />
On eutrophicated soils, an increased susceptibility <strong>of</strong> plants to diseases and pests is <strong>of</strong>ten<br />
observed, as is a degradation <strong>of</strong> plant stability. If the nutrification level exceeds the<br />
amounts <strong>of</strong> nitrogen necessary for a maximum harvest, it can lead to an enrichment <strong>of</strong><br />
nitrate. This can cause, by means <strong>of</strong> leaching, increased nitrate content in groundwater.<br />
Nitrate also ends up in drinking water.<br />
Nitrate at low levels is harmless from a<br />
toxicological point <strong>of</strong> view. However,<br />
nitrite, a reaction product <strong>of</strong> nitrate, is<br />
toxic to humans. The causes <strong>of</strong> eutrophication<br />
are displayed in Figure A 3.<br />
The eutrophication potential is calculated<br />
in phosphate equivalents<br />
(PO 4 -Eq). As with acidification potential,<br />
it‟s important to remember that the<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> eutrophication potential differ<br />
regionally.<br />
NOX<br />
Air pollution<br />
N2O<br />
NH3<br />
Waste water<br />
PO4<br />
Figure A 3: Eutrophication Potential<br />
(KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999)<br />
-3<br />
Fertilisation<br />
NO3 - NH4+<br />
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Supplement A<br />
Supplement A 5 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)<br />
Despite playing a protective role in the stratosphere, at ground-level ozone is classified as<br />
a damaging trace gas. Photochemical ozone production in the troposphere, also known as<br />
summer smog, is suspected to damage vegetation and material. High concentrations <strong>of</strong><br />
ozone are toxic to humans.<br />
Radiation from the sun and the presence <strong>of</strong> nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons incur complex<br />
chemical reactions, producing aggressive reaction products, one <strong>of</strong> which is ozone.<br />
Nitrogen oxides alone do not cause high ozone concentration levels.<br />
Hydrocarbon emissions occur from incomplete combustion, in conjunction with petrol<br />
(storage, turnover, refuelling etc.) or from solvents. High concentrations <strong>of</strong> ozone arise<br />
when the temperature is high, humidity is low, when air is relatively static and when there<br />
are high concentrations <strong>of</strong> hydrocarbons. Today it is assumed that the existance <strong>of</strong> NO<br />
and CO reduces the accumulated ozone to NO 2 , CO 2 and O 2 . This means, that high concentrations<br />
<strong>of</strong> ozone do not <strong>of</strong>ten occur near hydrocarbon emission sources. Higher ozone<br />
concentrations more commonly arise in areas <strong>of</strong> clean air, such as forests, where there is<br />
less NO and CO (Figure A 4).<br />
In Life Cycle Assessments, photochemical<br />
ozone creation potential<br />
(POCP) is referred to in ethyleneequivalents<br />
(C 2 H 4 -Äq.). When analyzing,<br />
it‟s important to remember that the<br />
actual ozone concentration is strongly<br />
influenced by the weather and by the<br />
characterristics <strong>of</strong> the local conditions.<br />
Hydrocarbons<br />
Nitrogen oxides<br />
Ozone<br />
Dry and warm<br />
climate<br />
Hydrocarbons<br />
Nitrogen oxides<br />
Figure A 4: Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential<br />
(KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999)<br />
Supplement A 6 Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)<br />
Ozone is created in the stratosphere by the disassociation <strong>of</strong> oxygen atoms that are exposed<br />
to short-wave UV-light. This leads to the formation <strong>of</strong> the so-called ozone layer in<br />
the stratosphere (15 - 50 km high). About 10 % <strong>of</strong> this ozone reaches the troposphere<br />
through mixing processes. In spite <strong>of</strong> its minimal concentration, the ozone layer is essential<br />
for life on earth. Ozone absorbs the short-wave UV-radiation and releases it in longer<br />
wavelengths. As a result, only a small part <strong>of</strong> the UV-radiation reaches the earth.<br />
Anthropogenic emissions deplete ozone. This is well-known from reports on the hole in<br />
the ozone layer. The hole is currently confined to the region above Antarctica, however<br />
another ozone depletion can be identified, albeit not to the same extent, over the midlatitudes<br />
(e.g. <strong>Europe</strong>). The substances which have a depleting effect on the ozone can<br />
essentially be divided into two groups; the fluorine-chlorine-hydrocarbons (CFCs) and the<br />
nitrogen oxides (NOX). Figure A 5 depicts the procedure <strong>of</strong> ozone depletion.<br />
One effect <strong>of</strong> ozone depletion is the warming <strong>of</strong> the earth's surface. The sensitivity <strong>of</strong> humans,<br />
animals and plants to UV-B and UV-A radiation is <strong>of</strong> particular importance. Possible<br />
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Supplement A<br />
effects are changes in growth or a decrease in harvest crops (disruption <strong>of</strong> photosynthesis),<br />
indications <strong>of</strong> tumors (skin cancer and eye diseases) and decrease <strong>of</strong> sea plankton,<br />
which would strongly affect the food chain. In calculating the ozone depletion potential, the<br />
anthropogenically released halogenated hydrocarbons, which can destroy many ozone<br />
molecules, are recorded first. The so-called Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) results from<br />
the calculation <strong>of</strong> the potential <strong>of</strong> different ozone relevant substances.<br />
This is done by calculating, first <strong>of</strong> all,<br />
a scenario for a fixed quantity <strong>of</strong><br />
emissions <strong>of</strong> a CFC reference (CFC<br />
11). This results in an equilibrium<br />
state <strong>of</strong> total ozone reduction. The<br />
same scenario is considered for each<br />
substance under study whereby CFC<br />
11 is replaced by the quantity <strong>of</strong> the<br />
substance. This leads to the ozone<br />
depletion potential for each respective<br />
substance, which is given in CFC 11<br />
equivalents. An evaluation <strong>of</strong> the<br />
ozone depletion potential should take<br />
into consideration the long term,<br />
global and partly irreversible effects.<br />
UV - radiation<br />
Stratosphere<br />
15 - 50 km Absorption Absorption<br />
CFCs<br />
Nitrogen oxide<br />
Figure A 5: Ozone Depletion Potential<br />
(KREISSIG & KÜMMEL 1999)<br />
Supplement A 7 Abiotic Depletion Potential<br />
The abiotic depletion potential covers all natural resources (incl. fossil energy carriers) as<br />
metal containing ores, crude oil and mineral raw materials. Abiotic resources include all<br />
raw materials from non-living resources that are non-renewable. This impact category<br />
describes the reduction <strong>of</strong> the global amount <strong>of</strong> non-renewable raw materials. Nonrenewable<br />
means a time frame <strong>of</strong> at least 500 years. This impact category covers an<br />
evaluation <strong>of</strong> the availability <strong>of</strong> natural elements in general, as well as the availability <strong>of</strong><br />
fossil energy carriers. The reference substance for the characterisation factors is antimony.<br />
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