Evaluation of the Australian Wage Subsidy Special Youth ...
Evaluation of the Australian Wage Subsidy Special Youth ... Evaluation of the Australian Wage Subsidy Special Youth ...
64 Table 2.10 Average duration of unemployment (number of weeks) by age, August 1981- 1990 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 15-19 25 23 32 29 29 30 33 28 26 23 20-24 32 32 42 46 46 43 41 46 34 33 25-34 31 28 40 45 50 43 45 53 37 40 35-44 38 40 44 55 50 57 52 54 56 57 45-54 56 52 56 61 73 85 82 71 80 60 55-59 69 46 63 79 86 89 86 115 84 99 60-64 83 58 60 67 123 98 121 91 107 126 Source: Sheen and Trethewey (1991) citing unpublished data ABS Cat 6203.0 Labour Force Australia. Analysis of unemployment by educational attainment in February 1991 also found that the unemployment rate was clearly higher for those with less formal education, especially young people. 40 It was noted that unemployment rates for those 20-24 who did not finish schooling to year 12 was 20 per cent, which was about twice that of those who did finish schooling. Overall, the observed youth unemployment rate was 23 per cent for those 15- 24 years without schooling to year 12. Ross (1988) usefully examined in detail the relative performance of teenagers in the labour force across the period 1983-1988. The distribution of labour force activities for teenagers and the total working age population for Australia can be seen in Table 2.11. Teenagers had different activity patterns to the rest of the working age population in general. Ross (1988) points out that for teens, while employment rose across the period, and unemployment fell, their labour force participation had changed. Particularly for male teens there was a rise in the school participation rate, and Ross (1988) made clear the change to the education and employment decision was an important aspect of the teen labour market over the period. A breakdown in employment showed that full-time employment for teens fell, due to a decline in female employment, and part-time employment rose around 60 per cent for teens (Ross (1988): 4). It was found that school student’s labour force participation had risen, and while employment 40 EPAC (1992) p 14 Chart 1.7 and citing ABS CAT 6235.0 Labour force states and educational attainment, Australia February 1991.
65 for teens overall had risen, employment rose most for school students, whose employment was mostly part time 41 averaging 4-6 hours a week – the Saturday job effect (Ross (1988): 11). Ross (1988) found the most suitable interpretation was that employers were placing greater reliance on casual and part-time labour while teens were aware of lack of experience and qualifications affecting employment chances. Thus, teens were remaining in school longer, and accepting part-time employment as a first-step to full-time employment, which gave work-experience. The growth in in-school employment was interpreted as an attempt to combine work experience with higher educational attainment. Stricker and Sheehan (1981) and Merrilees (1981), in commenting on the rise in schooling participation, noted that those who wanted a job but were unable to find one could remain in school, and the state of the youth labour market had thus affected schooling rates. 41 Fulltime employment was defined as 35 hours or more per week, with part-time less than 35 hours per week.
- Page 29 and 30: 13 are two types of unemployment, s
- Page 31 and 32: 15 Real wages are predetermined whe
- Page 33 and 34: 17 Vella (1998), Heckman, Lalonde a
- Page 35 and 36: 19 Each individual has two potentia
- Page 37 and 38: 21 this case, if there was no data
- Page 39 and 40: 23 correlation for the error of the
- Page 41 and 42: 25 Table 1.3 collects together some
- Page 43 and 44: 27 Table 1.3 Brief overview of rece
- Page 45 and 46: 29 necessarily brief. Then, the evi
- Page 47 and 48: 31 limited applications, such as fo
- Page 49 and 50: 33 who participated. It was conclud
- Page 51 and 52: 35 term unemployed for over 12 of t
- Page 53 and 54: 37 importance of the subsidy second
- Page 55 and 56: 39 differences in characteristics t
- Page 57 and 58: 41 Matching methods are theoretical
- Page 59 and 60: 43 2.2 SYETP implementation As SYET
- Page 61 and 62: 45 In July1978, the subsidy was cal
- Page 63 and 64: 47 In January 1979, variations were
- Page 65 and 66: 49 benefits were paid at a slightly
- Page 67 and 68: 51 2.2.3 SYETP operation Earlier re
- Page 69 and 70: 53 ceiling constraints’ applied t
- Page 71 and 72: 55 Award Conditions for employment
- Page 73 and 74: 57 Harris (2001) claims that during
- Page 75 and 76: 59 display boards listed details of
- Page 77 and 78: 61 restriction was used. If there w
- Page 79: 63 to the end of the 1980’s. An o
- Page 83 and 84: 67 for Australia using data from th
- Page 85 and 86: 69 training, can provide a form of
- Page 87 and 88: 71 employer survey estimates were t
- Page 89 and 90: 73 provisions for SYETP and extende
- Page 91 and 92: 75 withdrawals occurred at similar
- Page 93 and 94: 77 Table 2.17 State usage of progra
- Page 95 and 96: 79 2.3.1 Stretton (1982, 1984) 53 S
- Page 97 and 98: 81 Stretton attributed the success
- Page 99 and 100: 83 included in the employment model
- Page 101 and 102: 85 completers. Their argument was t
- Page 103 and 104: 87 was an issue for the data. Unlik
- Page 105 and 106: 89 Table 2.21 Richardson (1998) Est
- Page 107 and 108: 91 2.3.5 General discussion Some ge
- Page 109 and 110: 93 Controlling for differences in i
- Page 111 and 112: 95 taken by a previous researcher a
- Page 113 and 114: 97 If employability is assumed to b
- Page 115 and 116: 99 suitability of the underlying as
- Page 117 and 118: 101 Heckman, Lalonde and Smith (199
- Page 119 and 120: 103 effect on employment relative t
- Page 121 and 122: 105 Table 3.1, Part A Employment eq
- Page 123 and 124: 107 (-1.80) (-1.80) Tradesperson -0
- Page 125 and 126: 109 duration of Pre-June 1984 unemp
- Page 127 and 128: 111 4: Study 2 Propensity score mat
- Page 129 and 130: 113 Propensity score matching provi
64<br />
Table 2.10 Average duration <strong>of</strong> unemployment (number <strong>of</strong> weeks) by age, August 1981-<br />
1990<br />
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990<br />
15-19 25 23 32 29 29 30 33 28 26 23<br />
20-24 32 32 42 46 46 43 41 46 34 33<br />
25-34 31 28 40 45 50 43 45 53 37 40<br />
35-44 38 40 44 55 50 57 52 54 56 57<br />
45-54 56 52 56 61 73 85 82 71 80 60<br />
55-59 69 46 63 79 86 89 86 115 84 99<br />
60-64 83 58 60 67 123 98 121 91 107 126<br />
Source: Sheen and Tre<strong>the</strong>wey (1991) citing unpublished data ABS Cat 6203.0 Labour Force Australia.<br />
Analysis <strong>of</strong> unemployment by educational attainment in February 1991 also found that<br />
<strong>the</strong> unemployment rate was clearly higher for those with less formal education, especially<br />
young people. 40 It was noted that unemployment rates for those 20-24 who did not finish<br />
schooling to year 12 was 20 per cent, which was about twice that <strong>of</strong> those who did finish<br />
schooling. Overall, <strong>the</strong> observed youth unemployment rate was 23 per cent for those 15-<br />
24 years without schooling to year 12.<br />
Ross (1988) usefully examined in detail <strong>the</strong> relative performance <strong>of</strong> teenagers in <strong>the</strong><br />
labour force across <strong>the</strong> period 1983-1988. The distribution <strong>of</strong> labour force activities for<br />
teenagers and <strong>the</strong> total working age population for Australia can be seen in Table 2.11.<br />
Teenagers had different activity patterns to <strong>the</strong> rest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> working age population in<br />
general. Ross (1988) points out that for teens, while employment rose across <strong>the</strong> period,<br />
and unemployment fell, <strong>the</strong>ir labour force participation had changed.<br />
Particularly for male teens <strong>the</strong>re was a rise in <strong>the</strong> school participation rate, and Ross<br />
(1988) made clear <strong>the</strong> change to <strong>the</strong> education and employment decision was an<br />
important aspect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> teen labour market over <strong>the</strong> period. A breakdown in employment<br />
showed that full-time employment for teens fell, due to a decline in female employment,<br />
and part-time employment rose around 60 per cent for teens (Ross (1988): 4). It was<br />
found that school student’s labour force participation had risen, and while employment<br />
40 EPAC (1992) p 14 Chart 1.7 and citing ABS CAT 6235.0 Labour force states and educational attainment,<br />
Australia February 1991.
Change language