Evaluation of the Australian Wage Subsidy Special Youth ...

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302 Bibliography AIMA (1985) "Reducing the risk: unemployed migrant youth and labour market programs, Report to the Minister for Immigration and Cultural Affairs", Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs, Melbourne Australia. Alderman, H.; Behrman, J.; Kohler, H.; Maluccio, J.; and Watkins, S. (2000) "Attrition in longitudinal household survey data: some tests for three developing country samples" World Bank Policy research working paper no. 2447, Washington. Ashenfelter, O., Harmon, C. and Oosterbeek, H. (1999) “A review of estimates of the schooling/earnings relationship, with tests for publication bias”, Labour Economics Vol. 6, pp453-470. Augurzky, B and Schmidt, C.M. (2001) “The propensity score: a means to an end” Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Discussion Paper no. 271, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn Aungles, P. and Stewart, B.P. (1986)"The duration of unemployment of CES registered jobseekers: an econometric analysis" Bureau of Labour Market Research Working Paper no. 66 Department of Employment and Industrial Relations, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Baird, C. E.; Gregory, R.H.; and Gruen, F. H. (eds.) (1981) "Youth employment, education and training" Conference Papers Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia, Centre for Economic Policy Research, Australian National University, Canberra. Baker, S. (1984) "A comparative evaluation of the impact on participants of selected youth labour force programs" Bureau of Labour Market Research Working Paper no. 50 Department of Employment and Industrial Relations, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. Baker, S.; Nicoll, P. and Yik, W.F. (1985) "Aboriginal participation in the Community Employment Program State/Territory element in the Northern Territory and Australia" Bureau of Labour Market Research Conference Paper no 56, Department of Employment and Industrial Relations, Commonwealth of Australia, Australian, Government Publishing Service Canberra. Becketti, S.; Gould, W.; Lillard, L. and Welch, F. (1988) "The panel study of Income Dynamics after 14 years: an evaluation", Journal of Labor Economics Vol. 6 (4) pp 473-492. BLMR Bureau of Labour Market Research (1983) "Employment and training programs for young people: analysis of assistance in 1980-81" Bureau of Labour Market Research Research Report no.2, Department of Employment and Industrial Relations, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. BLMR Bureau of Labour Market Research (1984) "The National Employment and Training System (NEAT): an evaluation" Bureau of Labour Market Research Monograph Series no.3, Department of Employment and Industrial Relations, Commonwealth of Australia, Australian, Government Publishing Service Canberra. BLMR Bureau of Labour Market Research (June 1984) "Submission to committee of enquiry into labour market programs", Bureau of Labour Market Research, Research Report no. 5 Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
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i Evaluation of the Australian Wage
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v Declaration I hereby declare that
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in method and assumptions. The orth
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3.3 Data and variables used for est
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List of Tables and Figures Figure 1
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Table A2.0b Univariate Probit of pa
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xv Abstract The job subsidy Special
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1 1: Wage subsidy theory and evalua
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3 programs of providing benefits an
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5 The empirical methods used for th
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7 how the outcomes from these metho
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9 employment effect could be mainly
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11 Real Wage Employment Figure 1.1:
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13 are two types of unemployment, s
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15 Real wages are predetermined whe
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17 Vella (1998), Heckman, Lalonde a
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19 Each individual has two potentia
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21 this case, if there was no data
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23 correlation for the error of the
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25 Table 1.3 collects together some
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27 Table 1.3 Brief overview of rece
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29 necessarily brief. Then, the evi
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31 limited applications, such as fo
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33 who participated. It was conclud
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35 term unemployed for over 12 of t
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37 importance of the subsidy second
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39 differences in characteristics t
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41 Matching methods are theoretical
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43 2.2 SYETP implementation As SYET
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45 In July1978, the subsidy was cal
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47 In January 1979, variations were
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49 benefits were paid at a slightly
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51 2.2.3 SYETP operation Earlier re
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53 ceiling constraints’ applied t
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55 Award Conditions for employment
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57 Harris (2001) claims that during
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59 display boards listed details of
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61 restriction was used. If there w
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63 to the end of the 1980’s. An o
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65 for teens overall had risen, emp
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67 for Australia using data from th
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69 training, can provide a form of
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71 employer survey estimates were t
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73 provisions for SYETP and extende
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75 withdrawals occurred at similar
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77 Table 2.17 State usage of progra
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79 2.3.1 Stretton (1982, 1984) 53 S
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81 Stretton attributed the success
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83 included in the employment model
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85 completers. Their argument was t
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87 was an issue for the data. Unlik
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89 Table 2.21 Richardson (1998) Est
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91 2.3.5 General discussion Some ge
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93 Controlling for differences in i
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95 taken by a previous researcher a
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97 If employability is assumed to b
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99 suitability of the underlying as
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101 Heckman, Lalonde and Smith (199
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103 effect on employment relative t
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105 Table 3.1, Part A Employment eq
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107 (-1.80) (-1.80) Tradesperson -0
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109 duration of Pre-June 1984 unemp
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111 4: Study 2 Propensity score mat
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113 Propensity score matching provi
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115 4.2 Propensity score matching m
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117 covariates that influence the a
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119 (7) E(Y c | D=1) = E P(X) {E[Y
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121 For CIA to be plausible, a ‘r
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123 employment and programme partic
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Highest qualification in 1984 (1.56
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127 4.6 Distribution of the propens
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129 Figure 4.3 Histograms of estima
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131 Table 4.5 Summary statistics fo
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133 Table 4.5, that the variance of
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135 Table 4.6 Matching results, Sin
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137 Table 6.3 using Swedish data wi
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139 matching is the ability to weed
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141 Table 4.7 Matching results, All
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143 the unobserved component. If th
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145 5: Study 3 Attrition and non-re
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147 occur by design, because the mi
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149 (1990) extended and improved th
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151 (10) A* = δ 0 + δ 1 x +δ 2 z
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153 again from September to Novembe
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155 5.5.2 Univariate examination of
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157 lower, the job lengths are only
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159 Work limited by health 1984 0.1
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161 The characteristics of the SYET
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163 para-professional Mother not em
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165 comparison group where the shar
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167 5.5.4 Attrition: natural attrit
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169 both sources that impose change
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171 para-professional Father not em
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173 work in later sections, this su
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175 Table 5.6: Effect of selection/
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177 appropriate to discard these fr
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179 Australia/Tasmania. Amongst tho
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181 Table 5.5a Summary statistics b
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183 5.6.1.2 Effects of the non-resp
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185 3 years + -0.35 -0.47 -0.34 -0.
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187 5.7 Multivariate analysis of ef
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189 proportion of time spent unempl
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191 post-school qualification, and
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193 Generally, those variables foun
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195 longj0 Longest job by 1984 < 1
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197 adopted in order to maintain co
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199 6: Study 4 Weighting to counter
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201 Table 6.1, part A Employment eq
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203 Methodist 0.133 0.261 (0.77) (1
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205 CEP referrals 1984 0.143* 0.128
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207 6.2 Results of weighting the PS
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209 The distribution of the propens
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211 Table 6.3 Weighted probit used
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213 (0.76) Tradesperson mtrad 0.20
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215 Table 6.5 Summary statistics fo
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217 Table 6.7 Matching results, sin
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219 6.3 Discussion The comparison o
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221 the selection into SYETP and th
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223 Heteroskedasticity is a violati
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225 Table 7.1, Part A Employment eq
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227 (1.26) (1.28) (1.16) Mothers oc
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229 Other Post-School qualification
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231 7.1.2 Exclusion restriction in
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233 Finally, the third panel of new
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235 Table 7.2 summary of changes to
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237 schooling that was statisticall
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239 (0.25) (0.21) 3 years + -0.50 -
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241 Table 7.4 Summary of distributi
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243 7.2.2 Propensity score matching
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245 original model, but with the pe
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247 maintained, then the Heckman bi
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249 Table 7.6 Weighted Probit used
Page 267 and 268: 251 Table 7.7 Summary of distributi
Page 269 and 270: 253 8: Summary and Conclusions The
Page 271 and 272: 255 over which it ran, the review m
Page 273 and 274: 257 the Heckman and PSM methods wer
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Page 277 and 278: 261 Description Derivation and deta
Page 279 and 280: Appendix 2 Tables 263
Page 281 and 282: 2 years 0.28 0.07 (1.70) (1.70) 3 y
Page 283 and 284: 267 Table A2.0b Univariate Probit o
Page 285 and 286: 269 Religion brought up in (1.52) (
Page 287 and 288: 271 hq9_84 Year 9 of school or less
Page 289 and 290: 273 Table A2.1 Continued Means and
Page 291 and 292: 275 mtrad Tradesperson 0.04 0.04 0.
Page 293 and 294: 277 Year 9 of school or less -0.19
Page 295 and 296: 279 Table A2.3 Probit of SYETP part
Page 297 and 298: 281 (0.22) (0.44) (0.67) (0.89) Tra
Page 299 and 300: 283 Table A2.5a Univariate probit f
Page 301 and 302: 285 Manager/professional/para-profe
Page 303 and 304: 3 years + -0.04 (2.13)* CEP referra
Page 305 and 306: 289 Table A2.6 Part A Employment eq
Page 307 and 308: 291 Table A2.6 Part B Selection/par
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Page 321 and 322: Fay, R.G. (1996) "Enhancing the eff
Page 323 and 324: Heckman J.J. and Smith, J. A. (1998
Page 325 and 326: Lewis, H.G. (1963) "Unionism and re
Page 327 and 328: Quandt, R. (1972) "A new approach t
Page 329 and 330: Stromback, M. and Dockery, A. (2000
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