Evaluation of the Australian Wage Subsidy Special Youth ...

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214 1 1 Fra ctio n .5 Fra ctio n .5 0 0 0 .5 1 104 observations, unweighted probit propensity score for treated(SYETP=1) 0 .5 1 1179 observations, unweighted probit propensity score for control(SYETP=0) with combined weight histograms of weighted estimated propensity scores prior to matching Figure 6.4 Propensity histogram with combined weight for attrition, non-response and survey design
215 Table 6.5 Summary statistics for distribution of weighted propensity scores, comparison group and SYETP SYETP Comparison Percentiles Smallest 1% 0.011806 0.008913 5% 0.025983 0.011806 10% 0.037321 0.014426 Obs 104 25% 0.080427 0.018845 Sum of Wgt. 104 50% 0.143067 Mean 0.167949 Largest Std. Dev. 0.119193 75% 0.22751 0.443881 90% 0.30302 0.525781 Variance 0.014207 95% 0.409976 0.565907 Skewness 1.225549 99% 0.565907 0.591027 Kurtosis 4.833109 Percentiles Smallest 1% 0.000322 1.08E-05 5% 0.002353 1.53E-05 10% 0.005012 4.85E-05 Obs 1179 25% 0.016947 5.74E-05 Sum of Wgt. 1179 50% 0.047517 Mean 0.074077 Largest Std. Dev. 0.080501 75% 0.104098 0.455594 90% 0.177439 0.473631 Variance 0.00648 95% 0.242457 0.491513 Skewness 2.004687 99% 0.376687 0.572013 Kurtosis 8.090501 Weighted with combined weight for attrition, non-response and survey design.
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i Evaluation of the Australian Wage
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v Declaration I hereby declare that
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in method and assumptions. The orth
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3.3 Data and variables used for est
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List of Tables and Figures Figure 1
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Table A2.0b Univariate Probit of pa
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xv Abstract The job subsidy Special
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1 1: Wage subsidy theory and evalua
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3 programs of providing benefits an
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5 The empirical methods used for th
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7 how the outcomes from these metho
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9 employment effect could be mainly
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11 Real Wage Employment Figure 1.1:
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13 are two types of unemployment, s
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15 Real wages are predetermined whe
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17 Vella (1998), Heckman, Lalonde a
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19 Each individual has two potentia
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21 this case, if there was no data
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23 correlation for the error of the
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25 Table 1.3 collects together some
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27 Table 1.3 Brief overview of rece
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29 necessarily brief. Then, the evi
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31 limited applications, such as fo
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33 who participated. It was conclud
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35 term unemployed for over 12 of t
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37 importance of the subsidy second
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39 differences in characteristics t
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41 Matching methods are theoretical
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43 2.2 SYETP implementation As SYET
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45 In July1978, the subsidy was cal
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47 In January 1979, variations were
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49 benefits were paid at a slightly
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51 2.2.3 SYETP operation Earlier re
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53 ceiling constraints’ applied t
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55 Award Conditions for employment
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57 Harris (2001) claims that during
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59 display boards listed details of
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61 restriction was used. If there w
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63 to the end of the 1980’s. An o
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65 for teens overall had risen, emp
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67 for Australia using data from th
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69 training, can provide a form of
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71 employer survey estimates were t
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73 provisions for SYETP and extende
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75 withdrawals occurred at similar
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77 Table 2.17 State usage of progra
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79 2.3.1 Stretton (1982, 1984) 53 S
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81 Stretton attributed the success
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83 included in the employment model
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85 completers. Their argument was t
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87 was an issue for the data. Unlik
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89 Table 2.21 Richardson (1998) Est
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91 2.3.5 General discussion Some ge
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93 Controlling for differences in i
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95 taken by a previous researcher a
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97 If employability is assumed to b
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99 suitability of the underlying as
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101 Heckman, Lalonde and Smith (199
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103 effect on employment relative t
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105 Table 3.1, Part A Employment eq
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107 (-1.80) (-1.80) Tradesperson -0
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109 duration of Pre-June 1984 unemp
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111 4: Study 2 Propensity score mat
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113 Propensity score matching provi
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115 4.2 Propensity score matching m
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117 covariates that influence the a
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119 (7) E(Y c | D=1) = E P(X) {E[Y
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121 For CIA to be plausible, a ‘r
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123 employment and programme partic
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Highest qualification in 1984 (1.56
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127 4.6 Distribution of the propens
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129 Figure 4.3 Histograms of estima
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131 Table 4.5 Summary statistics fo
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133 Table 4.5, that the variance of
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135 Table 4.6 Matching results, Sin
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137 Table 6.3 using Swedish data wi
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139 matching is the ability to weed
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141 Table 4.7 Matching results, All
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143 the unobserved component. If th
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145 5: Study 3 Attrition and non-re
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147 occur by design, because the mi
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149 (1990) extended and improved th
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151 (10) A* = δ 0 + δ 1 x +δ 2 z
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153 again from September to Novembe
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155 5.5.2 Univariate examination of
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157 lower, the job lengths are only
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159 Work limited by health 1984 0.1
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161 The characteristics of the SYET
Page 179 and 180: 163 para-professional Mother not em
Page 181 and 182: 165 comparison group where the shar
Page 183 and 184: 167 5.5.4 Attrition: natural attrit
Page 185 and 186: 169 both sources that impose change
Page 187 and 188: 171 para-professional Father not em
Page 189 and 190: 173 work in later sections, this su
Page 191 and 192: 175 Table 5.6: Effect of selection/
Page 193 and 194: 177 appropriate to discard these fr
Page 195 and 196: 179 Australia/Tasmania. Amongst tho
Page 197 and 198: 181 Table 5.5a Summary statistics b
Page 199 and 200: 183 5.6.1.2 Effects of the non-resp
Page 201 and 202: 185 3 years + -0.35 -0.47 -0.34 -0.
Page 203 and 204: 187 5.7 Multivariate analysis of ef
Page 205 and 206: 189 proportion of time spent unempl
Page 207 and 208: 191 post-school qualification, and
Page 209 and 210: 193 Generally, those variables foun
Page 211 and 212: 195 longj0 Longest job by 1984 < 1
Page 213 and 214: 197 adopted in order to maintain co
Page 215 and 216: 199 6: Study 4 Weighting to counter
Page 217 and 218: 201 Table 6.1, part A Employment eq
Page 219 and 220: 203 Methodist 0.133 0.261 (0.77) (1
Page 221 and 222: 205 CEP referrals 1984 0.143* 0.128
Page 223 and 224: 207 6.2 Results of weighting the PS
Page 225 and 226: 209 The distribution of the propens
Page 227 and 228: 211 Table 6.3 Weighted probit used
Page 229: 213 (0.76) Tradesperson mtrad 0.20
Page 233 and 234: 217 Table 6.7 Matching results, sin
Page 235 and 236: 219 6.3 Discussion The comparison o
Page 237 and 238: 221 the selection into SYETP and th
Page 239 and 240: 223 Heteroskedasticity is a violati
Page 241 and 242: 225 Table 7.1, Part A Employment eq
Page 243 and 244: 227 (1.26) (1.28) (1.16) Mothers oc
Page 245 and 246: 229 Other Post-School qualification
Page 247 and 248: 231 7.1.2 Exclusion restriction in
Page 249 and 250: 233 Finally, the third panel of new
Page 251 and 252: 235 Table 7.2 summary of changes to
Page 253 and 254: 237 schooling that was statisticall
Page 255 and 256: 239 (0.25) (0.21) 3 years + -0.50 -
Page 257 and 258: 241 Table 7.4 Summary of distributi
Page 259 and 260: 243 7.2.2 Propensity score matching
Page 261 and 262: 245 original model, but with the pe
Page 263 and 264: 247 maintained, then the Heckman bi
Page 265 and 266: 249 Table 7.6 Weighted Probit used
Page 267 and 268: 251 Table 7.7 Summary of distributi
Page 269 and 270: 253 8: Summary and Conclusions The
Page 271 and 272: 255 over which it ran, the review m
Page 273 and 274: 257 the Heckman and PSM methods wer
Page 275 and 276: 259 posited that that such sensitiv
Page 277 and 278: 261 Description Derivation and deta
Page 279 and 280: Appendix 2 Tables 263
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2 years 0.28 0.07 (1.70) (1.70) 3 y
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267 Table A2.0b Univariate Probit o
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269 Religion brought up in (1.52) (
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271 hq9_84 Year 9 of school or less
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273 Table A2.1 Continued Means and
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275 mtrad Tradesperson 0.04 0.04 0.
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277 Year 9 of school or less -0.19
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279 Table A2.3 Probit of SYETP part
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281 (0.22) (0.44) (0.67) (0.89) Tra
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283 Table A2.5a Univariate probit f
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285 Manager/professional/para-profe
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3 years + -0.04 (2.13)* CEP referra
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289 Table A2.6 Part A Employment eq
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291 Table A2.6 Part B Selection/par
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301
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BLMR Bureau of Labour Market Resear
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Fay, R.G. (1996) "Enhancing the eff
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Heckman J.J. and Smith, J. A. (1998
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Lewis, H.G. (1963) "Unionism and re
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Quandt, R. (1972) "A new approach t
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Stromback, M. and Dockery, A. (2000
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