F&N Bulletin Vol 23 No 1b - United Nations University

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62 S. K. Mann et al. TABLE 6. Exercise time, maximum work load, and blood pressure of subjects in the anemic but energy-adequate (AEA) and the anemic and energy-deficient (AED) groups (n = 15) a AEA Before iron After iron Before iron After iron After iron– supplemen- supplemen- t value supplemen- supplemen- energy supplep value Measurement tation (a) tation (b) (a vs b) tation (c) tation (d) mentation (e) (c vs d) (c vs e) Exercise time 9/57 ± 1.20 11/38 ± 0.94 3.81** 7/39 ± 1.31 10/15 ± 0.85 10/58 ± 0.66 < .01 < .01 (min/s) Maximum work 11.0 ± 1.19 12.66 ± 1.11 4.15** 8.80 ± 1.32 11.53 ± 1.24 11.80 ± 0.67 < .01 < .01 load (MET) Systolic BP (mm Hg) Before exercise 121 ± 9 118 ± 6 NS 120 ± 10 117 ± 7 117 ± 7 NS NS After exercise 156 ± 14 153 ± 9 NS 158 ± 7 157 ± 8 158 ± 7 NS NS a. Values are means ± SE. MET, Metabolic equivalents; BP, blood pressure; NS, nonsignificant. **p < .01. AED In the AEA group, there was no significant decrease in the heart rate after iron supplementation when the subjects were in the supine position, during exercise stages 2 and 3, and during peak exercise on the treadmill. However, a significant (p < .05) decrease was observed in heart rate after iron supplementation during exercise stage 1. Similarly, in the AED group, a nonsignificant decrease in maximum heart rate was observed during the supine position, during exercise stages 2 and 3, and during peak exercise on the treadmill after iron and iron–energy supplementation. However, the subjects were able to exercise for a longer time without any significant difference in heart rate, indicating an improvement in physical fitness after iron and iron–energy supplementation (fig. 1). In the AEA group, the ECG during the supine position, standing, and exercise was normal in 13 subjects before iron supplementation, but after iron supplementation, the number of subjects with a normal electrocardiogram increased to 14. Similarly, in the AED group, the number of subjects with a normal electrocardiogram increased after iron supplementation. Anemia is one of the causes for the ST change in the electrocardiogram (table 7). Severe iron and energy deficiency affected physical work capacity, and supplementation with iron or energy or with both improved physical work capacity in terms of exercise time, blood pressure, and heart rate. Combined energy and iron deficiencies had a worse effect on physical work capacity than energy or iron deficiency alone. Heart rate 250 200 150 100 50 Before supplementation After iron supplementation AEA Before supplementation After iron supplementation AED Peak ex. Ex. III Ex. II Ex. I Rec. period Supine After iron–energy supplementation FIG. 1. Heart rate during supine position, different exercises on treadmill, and recovery period of subjects References 1. Soares MJ, Kulkarni RN, Piers LS, Vaz M, Shetty PS. Energy supplementation reverses changes in the BMR of chronically undernourished individuals. Br J Nutr 1992;68:593–602. 2. Satyanarayana K. Growth and development and physical performance of men in undernutrition—social dimension. Proc Nutr Soc India 1998;34:23–34. 3. Malvilli MJ. Hemoglobin concentration and working capacity of non-pregnant rural women of Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Am J Hum Biol 1991;3:377–87. 4. Torun B, McGura J, Mendoza RD. Energy cost of activities and tasks of women from a rural region of Guatemala. Nutr Res 1982;2:127–36. 5. Spurr GB, Reina JC, Oroco BDE, Li SJ, Dufour DL. Body composition of Colombian women. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;6:279–85. 6. DeMaeyer EM. Preventing and controlling iron deficiency anaemia through primary health care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1989. 7. ICMR. Nutrient requirements and recommended
Iron and energy supplementation 63 TABLE 7. Electrocardiographic pattern of subjects in the anemic but energy-adequate (AEA) and the anemic and energy-deficient (AED) groups (n = 15) AEA AED Before iron After iron Before iron After iron After iron– supplemen- supplemen- supplemen- supplemen- energy suppletation tation tation tation mentation Electrocardiogram no. of subjects Supine position Normal 13 14 15 15 15 ST change a 2 1 0 0 0 Standing Normal 13 14 12 14 14 ST change 2 1 3 1 1 During exercise Normal 13 14 13 15 15 ST change 2 1 2 0 0 a. ST is the distance between the end of the T-wave and the beginning of the S-wave in the electrocardiogram. dietary allowances for Indians. A report of the Expert Group of the Indian Council of Medical Research. Hyderabad: ICMR, 1990. 8. Scholz BD, Gross R, Schultink W, Sustroanidjojo S. Anaemia is associated with reduced productivity of women workers even in the less physically strenuous tasks. Br J Nutr 1997;77:47–57. 9. Mann SK, Kawatra BL, Hira CK. Assessment of energy adequacy and work efficiency of rural population. Report of ad hoc Research Scheme of Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Ludhiana, Punjab, India: Punjab Agricultural University, 1997. 10. Fogelholm M, Suominen M, Rita H. Effect of low-dose iron supplementation in women with low serum ferritin concentration. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:753–6. 11. Li R, Chen X, Yan H, Deurenberg P, Garby L, Hautvast JGAJ. Functional consequences of iron supplementation in iron-deficient female cotton mill workers in Beijing, China. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:908–13. 12. Malkit K. Assessment of nutritional status of young Punjabi women. Doctoral Dissertation. Ludhiana, Punjab, India: Punjab Agricultural University, 1987. 13. Hunter I, Bomford VN. Clinical hematology. New York: Academic Press, 1967. 14. Jelliffe DB. The assessment of nutritional status of community. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1966. 15. Durnin JVGA, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 1974;32:77–97. 16. Garrow JS. Treat obesity seriously. A clinical Manual. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone, 1981. 17. AOAC. Official methods of analysis. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1980. 18. AOAC. Official methods of analysis. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1985. 19. Piper CS. Soil and plant analysis. New York: InterScience Publications, 1950. 20. Song WO, Mann SK, Shegal S, Devi PR, Gudaru S, Kakarala M. Nutriguide: Asian Indian foods. Nutritional analysis computer program. East Lansing, Mich, USA: Michigan State University, 1992. 21. Dacie JV, Lewis SM. Practical haematology. 5th ed. Edinburgh. Scotland: Churchill Livingstone, 1975:25–34. 22. Teitz NW. Fundamentals of clinical chemistry. Philadelphia, Pa, USA: W. B. Saunders, 1976. 23. Wintrobe MM, Lee GR, Boggs DR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Anthens JM, Luken JN. Clinical hematology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pa, USA: Lea and Febiger, 1981. 24. Bruce RA, Gey GO, Cooper MN. Seattle heart watch. Initial clinical circulatory and electro-cardiographic response to maximal exercise. Am J Cardiol 1979:32:459–63. 25. WHO. Nutritional anaemias. Technical Report Series No. 503. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1972. 26. Gupta JP, Saini SS. Introduction to statistical methods. 2nd ed. New Delhi-Ludhiana, India: Kalyani Publishers, 1988. 27. ICMR. Recommended daily allowance of nutrients and balanced diets. Hyderabad, India: National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, 1984. 28. Riumallo JA, Schoeller D, Barrera G, Gattas V, Uauy R. Energy expenditure in underweight free-living adults: impact of energy supplementation as determined by doubly labelled water and indirect calorimetry. Am J Clin Nutr 1989:49:239–46. 29. Naidu AN, Rao ND. Body mass index: a measure of the nutritional status in Indian populations. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:S131–40. 30. Randhawa R. A study of the dietary status of haemopoietic nutrients in the diets of the college going girls. M.Sc. Thesis. Ludhiana, Punjab, India: Punjab Agricultural University, 1984. 31. Rashmi W. A study on the nutritional adequacy of college hostel diets. M.Sc. Thesis. Ludhiana, Punjab, India: Punjab Agricultural University, 1986. 32. Bans K. Impact of energy and iron status on physical fitness of college girls. Doctoral Dissertation. Ludhiana, Punjab, India: Punjab Agricultural University, 1995.
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Contents Review articles Nuclear an
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Special Article Nuclear and isotopi
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Nuclear and isotopic techniques 5 T
Page 7 and 8:
Nuclear and isotopic techniques 7 T
Page 9 and 10:
Nuclear and isotopic techniques the
Page 11 and 12: Palm oil: A healthful and cost-effe
Page 13 and 14: Palm oil will be less absorbed and
Page 15 and 16: Palm oil oil at the present time is
Page 17 and 18: Palm oil crystal forms for the requ
Page 19 and 20: Palm oil myristic acid (14:0) is hi
Page 21 and 22: Palm oil 13. Kritchevsky D. Influen
Page 23 and 24: Introduction to three regional stud
Page 25 and 26: Nutritional status of urban primary
Page 31 and 32: Regional study of nutritional statu
Page 41 and 42: Regional study of nutritional statu
Page 49 and 50: Street food vendors their consumers
Page 51 and 52: Street food vendors whereas roasted
Page 53 and 54: Street food vendors Reardon [28] co
Page 55 and 56: Street food vendors so that bad pre
Page 57 and 58: Iron and energy supplementation imp
Page 59 and 60: Iron and energy supplementation the
Page 61: Iron and energy supplementation The
Page 65 and 66: Toward better compliance with iron-
Page 73 and 74: Development and validation of a sho
Page 83 and 84: Factors associated with successful
Page 89 and 90: Difference in goiter rates between
Page 91 and 92: Difference in goiter rates Methods
Page 93 and 94: Difference in goiter rates iodized
Page 95 and 96: Iron-deficiency anemia in young wor
Page 107 and 108: Discussion paper What care practice
Page 109 and 110: Letter to the Editor 109 iodized sa
Page 111 and 112: News and notes 2001 World Food Priz
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UNU Food and Nutrition Programme NU
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Note for contributors The editors o
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F&N Bulletin Vol 23 No 1b - United Nations University

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