F&N Bulletin Vol 23 No 1b - United Nations University

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Food and Nutrition Bulletin Editor: Dr. Nevin S. Scrimshaw Managing Editor: Ms. Edwina B. Murray Manuscripts Editor: Mr. Jonathan Harrington Associate Editor—Clinical and Human Nutrition: Dr. Irwin Rosenberg, Director, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Mass., USA Associate Editor—Food Policy and Agriculture: Dr. Suresh Babu, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA Editorial Board: Dr. Abraham Besrat, Senior Advisor, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan Dr. Ricardo Bressani, Institute de Investigaciones, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala Dr. Hernán Delgado, Director, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala Dr. Cutberto Garza, Professor, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., USA Dr. Joseph Hautvast, Secretary General, IUNS, Department of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands Dr. Peter Pellett, Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., USA Dr. Zewdie Wolde-Gabreil, Director, Ethiopian Nutrition Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Dr. Aree Valyasevi, Professor and Institute Consultant, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 23, no. 1 © The United Nations University, 2002 United Nations University Press The United Nations University 53-70 Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel.: (03) 3499-2811 Fax: (03) 3406-7345 E-mail: mbox@hq.unu.edu ISSN 0379-5721 Design and Production by Desktop Publishing & Design Co., Newton, MA USA Printed by Webcom Ltd., Toronto, ON Canada
Special Article Nuclear and isotopic techniques for addressing nutritional problems, with special reference to current applications in developing countries Venkatesh Iyengar Abstract Nuclear and isotopic techniques are valuable tools in human nutritional research studies. Isotopes, both radioactive and nonradioactive, enable detailed evaluations of nutrient intake, body composition, energy expenditure, status of micronutrients, and nutrient bioavailability. In recent times, isotopic methods have been widely used in a number of coordinated research projects and technical cooperation projects of the International Atomic Energy Agency’s Nutrition Programme. The doubly labeled water technique combines the use of the stable isotopes oxygen-18 and hydrogen-2 (deuterium) to measure total energy expenditure in free-living human subjects, and to investigate the magnitude and causes of both undernutrition and the emergence of obesity in developing countries. The deuterium dilution technique is a reliable tool to measure breastmilk intake and thereby infant growth and development. In collaboration with the World Health Organization’s Growth Monitoring Program, this technique is being used to generate new data on growth standards for children in developing countries. This technique is also used in the measurement of body composition by the estimation of lean body mass and fat mass in individuals. Stable isotopes of iron and zinc have been successfully used to assess the nutritional impact of several nationwide food supplementationprograms conducted on pregnant and lactating women and children in both industrialized and developing countries. Isotopic techniques are especially suitable for monitoring changes in body composition, energy metabolism, and mineral status (with particular reference to osteoporosis) in the elderly. Nuclear methods have also served to develop models for a physiological reference man in Asia in support of radiological health and safety issues, for establishing elemental composition of foods, and for measurement of pollutants in the environment. The author is the Head of Nutrition and Health Related Environmental Studies at the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria. Global nutritional challenges Hunger and undernutrition are among the most devastating problems facing the majority of the world’s poor and needy. Several United Nations conferences on food and nutrition have highlighted this situation and the need to eliminate poverty and undernutrition, especially among women and children [1–3]. Each year 30 million infants in the developing world are born with intrauterine growth retardation, leading to low weight at birth. This represents about 24% of the births in these countries. Nearly 200 million children (more than 150 million in Asia and about 27 million in Africa) under five years of age are moderately to severely undernourished, while 70 million are severely undernourished. There are projections that about one billion children will be growing up by 2020 with impaired mental development [4, 5]. Around 243 million adults in developing countries are reportedly undernourished (body mass index of less than 18.5 kg/m 2 ), resulting in lowering of their work capacity and resistance to infection. Maternal anemia is pandemic, with a prevalence over 80% in some countries, and is associated with very high rates of maternal mortality. Evidence from both developing and industrialized countries links maternal and early childhood undernutrition to increased susceptibility to diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension in adult life. A fundamental link is emerging between maternal and childhood malnutrition and the child’s subsequent marked sensitivity to abdominal obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease [6]. Added to this is the burden of overnutrition and obesity that is rapidly emerging in the same developing countries, affecting both children and adults. Since the early 1990s, there has been a shift in concern from overt clinical nutritional deficiencies (e.g., protein and energy malnutrition or extremely severe vitamin deficiencies) to so-called hidden or silent hunger or micronutrient malnutrition, a symbol of persistent undernutrition [7]). According to global estimates, some two billion people in more than 100 Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 23, no. 1 © 2002, The United Nations University. 3
Page 1: Contents Review articles Nuclear an
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Page 11 and 12: Palm oil: A healthful and cost-effe
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Street food vendors Reardon [28] co
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Street food vendors so that bad pre
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Iron and energy supplementation imp
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Iron and energy supplementation the
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Iron and energy supplementation The
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Iron and energy supplementation 63
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Toward better compliance with iron-
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Development and validation of a sho
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Factors associated with successful
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Difference in goiter rates Methods
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Difference in goiter rates iodized
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Iron-deficiency anemia in young wor
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Discussion paper What care practice
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Letter to the Editor 109 iodized sa
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News and notes 2001 World Food Priz
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UNU Food and Nutrition Programme NU
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Note for contributors The editors o
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F&N Bulletin Vol 23 No 1b - United Nations University

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