appendix b final 2008 biological surveys of los angeles and long ...

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7.0 Kelp and Macroalgae the laboratory. Some common algal species that could not be identified during dives were collected and subsequently identified by a qualified biologist using reference books such as Marine Algae of California (Abbott and Hollenberg 1976) and Seashore Plants of California (Dawson and Foster 1982). Two species of brown algae (Dictyota flabellata and Pachydictyon coriaceum) are not distinguished in this report due to microscopic taxonomic differences (Dawson and Foster 1982) and speciation that may be in question (Stewart 1991). Therefore, Dictyota and Pachydictyon identified in this survey are denoted as “Dictyota”, consistent with the 2000 baseline study. 7.2.3 Data Analysis Aerial imagery combined with vessel ground-truthing provided sub-meter accuracy data on the spatial extent of the kelp and macroalgae surface canopy. Polygons for dominant species (attached and unattached “drift” surface canopy) were delineated using aerial imagery based, and ground truthing surveys. The surface area coverage of E. menziesii was estimated based on its length of occurrence, in meters, along harbor structures (riprap and jetties) multiplied by three meters, representing the average width of canopy cover. Maps produced from aerial photographs and vessel surveys were used to delineate the kelp surface canopy. Kelp surface canopy area estimates were calculated based on the areas contained within developed boundaries (polygons) around individual kelp features. The kelp surface canopy is rarely comprised of a 100% cover within delineated areas. Accordingly, three density categories were developed to describe the relative density of each area for the 2008 baseline survey: “dense” describes a kelp bed containing greater than 75 percent surface coverage, “moderate” is 25-75 percent coverage, and “sparse” is less than 25 percent coverage. Drift canopy was common within several areas of both Ports, and its aerial extent was subtracted from overall estimates as appropriate. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed on macroalgae data collected during diver surveys to characterize spatial and temporal differences. 7.3 KELP BED DISTRIBUTION Aerial coverage of the kelp and other macroalgae surface canopy in the Ports is presented in Figures 7.3-1 and 7.3-2 for spring 2008 and Figures 7.3-3 and 7.3-4 for fall 2008. The primary macroalgae surface canopy species mapped during surveys were M. pyrifera and E. menziesii. The surface canopy of these species formed mostly linear kelp beds consistently associated with rocky substrate adjacent to shoreline structures and the outer breakwater jetties Figure 7.3- 1 and 7.3-2). No kelp was observed in the inner harbor areas of the Ports. 7.3.1 Spatial Distribution Almost all kelp forests occur on hard substrata (North 1971). The distribution of kelp and other surface-canopy-forming macroalgae is partially dependent on the extent of available hard substratum for suitable attachment and growth (Dayton and Oliver 1985). Within the Ports, the majority of kelp and macroalgae surface canopy is closely associated with the outer breakwaters and with riprap structures in the Outer Harbor facing the harbor entrances (Figures 7.3-1 through 7.3-4). These structures tend to be steeply sloped, so that they form only a limited amount of subtidal substrate suitable for kelp and macroalgae growth. The canopy thus forms essentially linear beds, with the exception of an area near the entrance to Fish Harbor, two areas off Cabrillo Beach, and an area near the entrance to the Port of Long Beach (Queens Gate). The largest and most robust kelp beds occur near the entrance of Fish Harbor and at Angels Gate in the Port of Los Angeles, and on the south-facing dikes and jetties of both Ports 2008 Biological Surveys of Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors 7–3 April 2010
7.0 Kelp and Macroalgae (Figure 7.3-1 through 7.3-4). The kelp bed near the entrance to Fish Harbor was moderately dense, with individual plants spaced approximately 1-2 meters apart. The surface canopy near the Fish Harbor kelp bed and adjacent to the Federal Penitentiary (the rectangular peninsula southwest of Fish Harbor) extended up to 30 meters away from the riprap in some places; M. pyrifera in these locations appeared to be mostly perennial adults. The macroalga Egregia menziesii occurred most commonly near the terminus of the outer breakwater and along the western portions of the breakwall near Cabrillo Beach and the entrance to the Port of Long Beach (Figure 7.3-1 and 7.3-2). Sargassum muticum, a non native species (Abbott and Hollenberg 1976) was intermittently observed under piers and areas of low wave exposure during vessel surveys. No spatial data for S. muticum was established because occurrences of this species was limited to very small areas and typically occurred in conjunction with the other dominant surface canopy species. Sedimentation and scour are highly detrimental to kelp plants (Dayton 1985). On the other hand, water movement is essential to kelp: motion resulting from tidal cycles, internal waves, and alongshore currents replenishes dissolved nutrients within kelp beds and removes waste products (North 1994). Kelp and macroalgae communities near the harbor entrances (outer harbor) likely benefit from increased water clarity, lower water temperatures, and less turbidity than stations farther into the harbors (inner stations) with lower water clarity and higher turbidity. The combination of proximity to the harbor entrance and the presence of extensive hard substratum likely explains the abundance of kelp and macroalgae associated with the Cabrillo Shallow Water Habitat (CSWH; Figures 7.3-1 and 7.3-3). 7.3.2 Temporal Variability Global distribution of kelp forests is physiologically constrained by light at high latitudes and by nutrients, warm temperatures, and other macrophytes at low latitudes (Steneck et al. 2002). Other important environmental factors influencing kelp communities include available substrata, sedimentation, water motion, and salinity. (Dayton 1985). Temporal unpredictability, especially episodic recruitment events, should be considered characteristic of kelp (Dayton and Tegner 1984). Annual variations in surface kelp canopy coverage area and density have important implications to the associated community within kelp beds. Temporal variability of surface kelp canopy was evident within the Ports during the 2008 spring and fall sampling events, similar to those noted during the 2000 baseline sampling. During the 2008 spring surveys, total surface canopy cover of M. pyrifera and E. menziesii was 77.8 acres and 2.33 acres, respectively (Figures 7.3-1 and 7.3-2). By fall, the cover of M. pyrifera had declined markedly, to 50.41 acres and E. menziesii decreased to approximately 2.12 acres (Figures 7.3-3 and 7.3-4). In addition to declines in the extent of canopy coverage, the density of the kelp beds declined between spring and fall (Table 7.3-1). Variations in the M. pyrifera surface canopy were especially dramatic between the spring and fall 2008 surveys throughout the CSWH: linear subtidal rock dikes installed to stabilize the soft 7–4 2008 Biological Surveys of Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors April 2010
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APPENDIX B FINAL 2008 BIOLOGICAL SU
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FINAL 2008 BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF LO
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Table of Contents 3.4.3 Summary of
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Table of Contents 8.2.1 Aerial Phot
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Table of Contents Table 3.4-2. Tabl
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Table of Contents Table 8.3-3. Tabl
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Table of Contents Figure 6.2-1. Rip
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Table of Contents This page intenti
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Executive Summary otter trawls to s
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Executive Summary Van Veen) and ana
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Executive Summary which was collect
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1.0 Introduction 1.0 INTRODUCTION T
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1.0 Introduction 1.4 STUDY OBJECTIV
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1.0 Introduction Historical compari
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1.0 Introduction Figure 1.1-2. Map
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CHAPTER 2 WATER QUALITY
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2.0 Water Quality The CTD was deplo
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2.0 Water Quality Outer Harbor area
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2.0 Water Quality Table 2.2-1. Wate
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2.0 Water Quality Figure 2.2-1. Wat
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2.0 Water Quality This page intenti
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes 3.0 A
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes speci
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes and b
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes sampl
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes No si
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes croak
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes gobie
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes Table
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3.0 Adult and Juvenile Fishes Figur
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CHAPTER 4 ICHTHYOPLANKTON
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton studies (Horn a
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton more likely to
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton The results of
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton Table 4.3-1. To
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton Table 4.3-2. To
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton Table 4.3-4. We
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton Table 4.3-5. We
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton Table 4.3-6. Se
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton Table 4.5-1. Ar
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4.0 Ichthyoplankton LA05 LA14 2D St
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5.0 Benthic and Epibenthic Inverteb
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9.0 Birds 9.0 BIRDS 9.1 INTRODUCTIO
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9.0 Birds changes in species number
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9.0 Birds the Brown Pelican populat
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9.0 Birds 9.4.2.10 9.4.2.11 9.4.2.1
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9.0 Birds 9.5.1 Distribution and Ab
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9.0 Birds discussed in Section 9.4.
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9.0 Birds Angeles Harbor. The relat
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9.0 Birds Table 9.4-1. Percent Comp
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9.0 Birds Table 9.4-3. Nest Numbers
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9.0 Birds Table 9.5-2. Species Comp
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9.0 Birds Table 9.5-4. Percent Comp
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9.0 Birds Table 9.6-1. Historical C
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9.0 Birds 70 12000 60 10000 50 40 3
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9.0 Birds 3500 shallow water sandy
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9.0 Birds 40 35 30 riprap aerial Nu
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9.0 Birds Number Observed 3500 3000
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9.0 Birds Figure 9.5-1. Total numbe
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9.0 Birds Number of Individuals 400
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9.0 Birds 7000 Mean Number of Indiv
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CHAPTER 10 MARINE MAMMALS
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10.0 Marine Mammals Gray whales dif
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10.0 Marine Mammals This page inten
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11.0 References 11.0 REFERENCES Abb
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11.0 References Dennison, W.C. and
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11.0 References Jacques, D.L., C.S.
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11.0 References North, W.J. 1983. S
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APPENDIX A STATION LOCATIONS
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Appendix A Station Coordinates (NAD
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Appendix B (A) Temperature (°C), S
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APPENDIX C FISHES
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Appendix C Table C-1. Combined Fish
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Appendix C LA01 LA02 LA03 LA04 LA05
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Appendix C Table C-3. Otter Trawl C
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Appendix C Table C-5. Otter Trawl B
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Appendix C Table C-7. Otter Trawl B
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Appendix C Table C-8. Lampara Catch
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Appendix C Table C-10. Lampara Catc
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Appendix C Scientific Name Table C-
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Appendix C Table C-14. Beach Seine
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Appendix D Table D-1. Ichthyoplankt
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Appendix D fish eggs (undeveloped)
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Appendix D fish eggs unid. unidenti
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fish eggs unid. unidentified fish e
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Appendix D Eggs Oligocottus / Clino
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Appendix D Eggs Rhinogobiops nichol
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Appendix D Juvenile Eggs Heterostic
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Appendix D Eggs Liparis spp. snailf
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Appendix D Juvenile Eggs Heterostic
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Appendix D Table D-11. Ichthyoplank
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APPENDIX E INFAUNA
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Appendix E Taxon LA-1 LA-10 LA-11 L
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Appendix E Protothaca laciniata Tax
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Appendix E Taxon LA1 LA2 LA3 LA4 LA
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Appendix E Table E-4. Otter Trawl,
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Appendix E Taxon LA1 LA2 LA3 LA4 LA
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Appendix E Octopus sp. 1 Philine sp
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Appendix E This page intentionally
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Appendix F Table F-1. Total Abundan
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Appendix F LARR-1 LARR-2 LARR-3 LAR
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APPENDIX G KELP AND MACROALGAE
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Appendix G Date Survey Site Observe
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Appendix G Species T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T
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Appendix H APPENDIX H-1 AVIAN ECOLO
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Appendix H Table H-1. Avian Ecologi
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Appendix H GUILD 8 - UPLAND BIRDS G
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Appendix H APPENDIX H-2 NUMBER OF I
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Appendix H Table H-2. December A 20
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Appendix H Table H-3. December B 20
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Appendix H Table H-4. January A 200
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Appendix H Table H-5. January B 200
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Appendix H Table H-6. February A 20
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Appendix H Table H-7. February B 20
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Appendix H Table H-8. March A 2008
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Appendix H Table H-9. March B 2008
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Appendix H Table H-10. April A 2008
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Appendix H Table H-11. May A 2008 S
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Appendix H Table H-13. July A 2008
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Appendix H Table H-15. August B 200
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Appendix H Table H-16. September A
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Appendix H Table H-17. September B
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Appendix H Species Totals Zones 1 2
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Appendix H Species Totals Zones 1 2
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Appendix H Zones Species Totals 1 2
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Appendix H Zones Species Totals 1 2
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Appendix H Date ELEGANT TERN — OB
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APPENDIX I MARINE MAMMALS
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Appendix I Common Survey Station/ N
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Appendix I Common Name Survey Type
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Appendix I This page intentionally
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