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Helm (Glasgow 2000) James & James (Science Publ., London), ISBN 1 902916 19 0 [4] T. C. Larason, S. S. Bruce and A.C Parr, NIST Special Publication 250-41: Spectroradiometric Detector Measurements (1998). [5] A. Sperling, O. Larionov, U. Grusemann, and S. Winter: Stray-light correction of array spectroradiometers using tunable pulsed and cw lasers; in Proc. of NEWRAD Conference 2005, Davos, Sept. 2005, to be published. [6] Steven W. Brown, George P. Eppeldauer, Joseph P. Rice, Jun Zhang, Keith R. Lykke, Spectral Irradiance and Radiance responsivity Calibrations using Uniform Sources (SIRCUS) facility at NIST, Proceedings of the SPIE 49th Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, August 2004 244
A Comparison of Re-C, Pt-C, and Co-C fixed-point cells between NIST and NMIJ N. Sasajima*, F. Sakuma, Y. Yamada NMIJ/AIST, Tsukuba, Japan (* guest researcher at NIST) H. W. Yoon, C. E. Gibson, V. Khromchenko, NIST, Gaithersburg, USA Abstract. A comparison of Re-C, Pt-C, and Co-C eutectic fixed-point cells was conducted between NIST and NMIJ at NIST. In the comparison, two high temperature furnaces, two radiation thermometers and one gold-point blackbody were used. Nagano furnace and an LP-3 radiation thermometer were transferred from NMIJ and were used in conjunction with a Thermogauge furnace and an AP-1 radiation thermometer of NIST to check the differences in measurement equipment. Agreement of Re-C and Co-C between NMIJ and NIST cells was better than 100 mK. The melting temperature of NIST Pt-C cell was 270 mK lower than that of NMIJ cell due to the poor purity of Pt powder. Introduction Above the freezing temperature of silver (1234.93 K), the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) is defined using Planck’s law of blackbody radiation. The temperature is determined by ratio of its emitted radiance against the radiance from Ag, Au, or Cu freezing-point blackbody. Because the temperatures above these fixed points are extrapolated from these lower temperature blackbodies, the uncertainties increase dramatically with increasing temperatures. Recently, metal (carbide)-carbon (M(C)-C) eutectic blackbodies have been developed in several national laboratories to reduce the uncertainties of high temperature region of the ITS-90. Even if eutectic cells could be made and these cells showed good repeatability, their performance can only be confirmed by international comparison by use of high temperature furnaces with good temperature uniformity and stable radiation thermometers [1]. NIST has also started development of M(C)-C eutectic high-temperature fixed points. At NIST, absolute radiometry has already been used to determine the thermodynamic temperature of the freezing-temperatures of gold and silver. The NIST-determined values of the eutectic fixed-point temperatures would contribute for the discussion of the next ITS. The NIST has constructed three eutectic cells for the first time: Re-C, Pt-C, and Co-C. To confirm the performance of these cells, a comparison was conducted between NIST and NMIJ at NIST. Nagano M furnace (VR10-A23) and an LP-3 radiation thermometer were transferred from NMIJ and were used in conjunction with a Thermogauge (TG) furnace and an AP-1 radiation thermometer of NIST to check the differences in measurement equipment. Gold-point blackbody of NIST was also used to check the short term and long term stability of radiation thermometers during the comparison. A Cu-point cell that can be placed into Nagano furnace was also measured by LP-3 to check the stability during comparison and before and after transportation from NMIJ. This paper presents the preparation method of eutectic cells including information of metal sources and crucible materials, comparison results of three eutectic cells constructed by NIST and NMIJ, and stability of radiation thermometers. Filling of eutectic cells NIST: The crucibles containing M-C eutectics are same in size: outer diameter of 24 mm and a length of approximately 50 mm. The internal dimensions of the blackbody cavity are: aperture diameter: 4 mm; length: 33 mm; bottom shape: conical with an apex angle of 120°. Wall thickness of the cavity: 2 mm. The crucible with nominal purity of 99.9995% was machined and purified by Carbone of America. The NIST M-C cells were filled as follows: rhenium or cobalt powder and graphite powder were mixed at approximately 1% hypo-eutectic composition. For the Pt-C cell, graphite powder was not added. Purities and suppliers of metals and graphite powder are summarized in Table 1. The crucible was filled with the mixture and placed in the BB3200cc furnace for vertical operation. It was then heated under argon atmosphere to just above the eutectic temperature. For a complete filling the filling process was repeated approximately 10 to 15 times. Several Co-C cells were broken during filling at NIST. The possible origin is difference in density between liquid and solid of eutectic alloy and temperature nonuniformity of the furnace. To avoid freezing of the molten alloy from the surface of the crucible, which result in the cracking of crucible due to the expansion of the alloy during freezing, the furnace temperature was decreased quickly until the end of freezing. During the measurement of the Co-C, however, the NIST cell was again broken. The main reason might be the crucible material. NMIJ: The dimensions of crucibles containing M-C eutectics were the same in size: outer diameter of 24 mm and a length of 45 mm. The internal dimensions of the blackbody cavity are: aperture diameter: 3 mm; length: 34 mm; bottom shape: conical with an apex angle of 120°. Wall thickness of the cavity: 2 mm. For Co-C and Pt-C, crucible with a nominal purity of 99.9995% was supplied by Toyo Tanso KK. For Re-C, the crucible was supplied by SGL carbon in order to prevent cracking of crucible due to difference of thermal expansion between metal and Proceedings NEWRAD, 17-19 October 2005, Davos, Switzerland 245
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NEWRAD PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9 TH INTE
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NEWRAD 2005 Scientific Program Day
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14:50 Hiroshi Shitomi, AIST 5-3 Pho
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NEWRAD 2005 Scientific Program-Post
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33. Drift in the absolute responsiv
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Session 6 Novel Techniques 64. The
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Session 9 Realisation of scales 94.
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Absolute Accuracy of Total Solar Ir
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Low-uncertainty absolute radiometri
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NIST Reference Cryogenic Radiometer
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Measurement of the absorptance of a
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Grooves for Emissivity and Absorpti
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New apparatus for the spectral radi
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VUV and Soft X-ray metrology statio
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The metrology line on the SOLEIL sy
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Cryogenic radiometer developments a
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measured with BiTe thermopiles. Exp
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variations of the spectral sensitiv
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aperture area by I = π·L·F·A, w
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Table 1 Ratio of radiometric power
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Consistency of radiometric temperat
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Project of absolute measuring instr
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Session 2 UV, Vis, and IR Radiometr
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Table 1: Summary of the quality ass
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wavelength / nm U180 @ MLS band wid
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ight half is uncoated. Measurements
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Change [%] 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 PTFE d
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had been accommodated to industrial
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Relative Uncertainty 0.4% 0.3% 0.2%
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instrument differences or from diff
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3.00E-08 Nomalized radiant flux 2.5
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frequencies, the chopping frequency
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600 mA for each set. In both cases,
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Detailed and comparative results wi
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measurement to an independent spect
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The stability of silicon n-on-p jun
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applied. Reproducibility of measure
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Mutual comparison Mutual comparison
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A comparison of the performance of
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Stray-light correction of array spe
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Characterizing the performance of U
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Optical Radiation Action Spectra fo
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A newly developed double broadband
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On potential discrepancies between
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Correcting for bandwidth effects in
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Establishment of Fiber Optic Measur
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Detector-based NIST-traceable Valid
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Long-term calibration of a New Zeal
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Drift in the absolute responsivitie
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Radiance source for CCD low-uncerta
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Improved NIR spectral responsivity
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Characterization of a portable, fib
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Synchrotron radiation based irradia
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The Spectral Irradiance and Radianc
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NIST BXR I Calibration A. Smith, T.
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NIST BXR II Infrared Transfer Radio
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Proceedings NEWRAD, 17-19 October 2
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Spectral responsivity interpolation
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Monochromator Based Calibration of
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Study of the Infrared Emissivity of
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Radiometric Stability of a Calibrat
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Session 3 Photolithography and UV P
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NEWRAD 2005: Improvements in EUV re
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Measuring pulse energy with solid s
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Vacuum ultraviolet quantum efficien
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Spatial Anisotropy of the Exciton R
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Comparison of spectral irradiance r
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Session 4 Remote sensing Proceeding
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Solar Radiometry from SORCE G. Kopp
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Inter-comparison Study of Terra and
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The Solar Bolometric Imager - Recen
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On measuring the radiant properties
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A Model of the Spectral Irradiance
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Determination of Aerosol Optical De
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Procedures of absolute calibration
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Using a Blackbody to Determine the
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On the drifts exhibited by cryogeni
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On-orbit Characterization of Terra
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Space solar patrol mission for moni
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Multi-channel ground-based and airb
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Thermal Modelling and Digital Servo
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Calibration of Filter Radiometers f
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Radiometric Calibration of a Coasta
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A Verification of the Ozone Monitor
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Session 5 Photometry and Colorimetr
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Review on new developments in Photo
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Linking Fluorescence Measurements t
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Photoluminescence from White Refere
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A Simple Stray-light Correction Mat
Page 193 and 194: New robot-based gonioreflectometer
Page 195 and 196: Rotational radiance invariance of d
Page 197 and 198: Minimizing Uncertainty for Traceabl
Page 199 and 200: Development of a total luminous flu
Page 201 and 202: Determination of the diffuser refer
Page 203 and 204: DEVELOPMENT OF A LUMINANCE STANDARD
Page 205 and 206: Measuring photon quantities in the
Page 207 and 208: Session 6 Novel techniques Proceedi
Page 209 and 210: Characterization of germanium photo
Page 211 and 212: Determination of luminous intensity
Page 213 and 214: ËÒÐ¹ÔÓØÓÒ ×ÓÙÖ ÖÐÒ
Page 215 and 216: The Measurement of Surface and Volu
Page 217 and 218: The evaluation of a pyroelectric de
Page 219 and 220: UV detector calibration based on an
Page 221 and 222: NEWRAD 2005: Non selective thermal
Page 223 and 224: NEWRAD 2005 Calibration of Current-
Page 225 and 226: Simplified diffraction effects for
Page 227 and 228: Widely Tunable Twin-Beam Light Sour
Page 229 and 230: Measurement of quantum efficiency u
Page 231 and 232: Session 7 International Comparisons
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Page 235 and 236: Comparison of Measurements of Spect
Page 237 and 238: APMP PR-S1 comparison on irradiance
Page 239 and 240: Comparison Measurements of Spectral
Page 241 and 242: Comparison of mid-infrared absorpta
Page 243: Comparison of photometer calibratio
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Page 249 and 250: Application of Metal (Carbide)-Carb
Page 251 and 252: On Estimation of Distribution Tempe
Page 253 and 254: Hyperspectral Image Projectors for
Page 255 and 256: Reproducible Metal-Carbon Eutectic
Page 257 and 258: Thermodynamic temperature determina
Page 259 and 260: Spatial Light Modulator-based Advan
Page 261 and 262: Novel subtractive band-pass filters
Page 263 and 264: Analysis of the Uncertainty Propaga
Page 265 and 266: Absolute linearity measurements on
Page 267 and 268: Comparison of two methods for spect
Page 269 and 270: Precision Extended-Area Low Tempera
Page 271 and 272: Flash Measurement System for the 25
Page 273 and 274: A normal broadband irradiance (Heat
Page 275 and 276: A laser-based radiance source for c
Page 277 and 278: Furnace for High-Temperature Metal
Page 279 and 280: Investigations of Impurities in TiC
Page 281 and 282: Determining the temperature of a bl
Page 283 and 284: High-temperature fixed-point radiat
Page 285 and 286: Long-term experience in using deute
Page 287 and 288: High-temperature fixed-point radiat
Page 289 and 290: A comparison of Co-C, Pd-C, Pt-C, R
Page 291 and 292: Irradiance measurements of Re-C, Ti
Page 293 and 294: Evaluation and improvement of the p
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The Spectrally Tunable LED light So
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Session 9 Realisation of scales Pro
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The Realization and the Disseminati
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The establishment of the NPL infrar
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The PTB High-Accuracy Spectral Resp
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ÆÛ ÑØÓ ÓÖ Ø ÔÖÑÖÝ ÖÐ
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An integrated sphere radiometer as
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From X-rays to T-rays: Synchrotron
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Infrared Radiometry at LNE: charact
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Transfer standard pyrometers for ra
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Preliminary Realization of a Spectr
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New photometric standards developme
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Distribution temperature scale real
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Gloss standard calibration by spect
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Absolute cryogenic radiometry in th
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Detailed Comparison of Illuminance
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Radiometric Temperature Comparisons
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Characterization of Thermopile for
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Detector Based Traceability Chain E
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Comparison of the PTB Radiometric S
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Spectral Responsivity Scale between
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Realization of the NIST Total Spect
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Goniometric Realisation of Reflecta
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