Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere - WBGU

XIII
F
E 3.7.2
E 3.7.3
E 3.7.4
E 3.7.5
E 3.8
E 3.8.1
E 3.8.2
E 3.8.3
E 3.8.4
E 3.8.5
E 3.8.6
E 3.8.7
E 3.9
E 3.9.1
E 3.9.2
E 3.9.3
E 3.9.4
E 3.9.5
F 1
F 1.1
F 1.2
F 1.2.1
F 1.2.2
F 1.3
F 1.3.1
F 1.3.2
F 1.4
F 2
F 2.1
F 2.2
F 2.3
F 3
F 3.1
F 3.1.1
F 3.1.2
F 3.2
F 3.2.1
F 3.2.2
F 3.3
F 3.3.1
F 3.3.2
F 3.4
F 4
F 4.1
F 4.2
F 4.2.1
F 4.2.2
F 4.2.3
F 4.2.4
Current trends in global tourism 184
Political initiatives to promote sustainable tourism 186
Recommendations 188
Investigating the limits of carrying capacity for tourism 190
The role of sustainable urban development in biosphere conservation 190
The key role of towns and cities in sustainable development 190
Special features of urban ecosystems 190
Importance of a high quality biosphere for the urban environment 191
Function of cities for conserving the biosphere 192
System linkages – the biosphere, towns and global development 192
Models and concepts for sustainable urban development 194
International research programmes on urban ecology 195
Integrating conservation and use at the regional level 196
Experience and deficits 196
The proposal of bioregional management: principles and instruments 197
Case studies 201
Evaluation and application 201
Recommendations for action 206
The biosphere in the Earth System 207
From Biosphere I to Biosphere III 209
Life in the Earth System: Biosphere I 209
A constructed environment: Biosphere II 210
How much nature does a civilization need? 210
Constructing balance and its limitations 210
A closer look at Biosphere I 211
Homeostasis as a fundamental regulatory principle 211
The metabolism of the Earth System 212
Towards global control: Biosphere III 213
The global climate between forest and desert – two extreme scenarios 216
Interaction between biomes, atmosphere and climate 216
The biosphere between forest and desert: a simulation 218
Biospheric control over the climate system and the global hydrological
cycle 223
The biosphere in global transition 224
Global human impacts on the biosphere 224
Direct intervention in the biosphere: global trends 224
Intervention in biogeochemical cycles 225
The terrestrial biosphere in global transition 226
The terrestrial biosphere in the carbon cycle and the climate system 226
Scenarios for the future 228
The marine biosphere in the carbon cycle and the climate system 229
Interactions between marine biosphere, carbon cycle and climate system 229
Scenarios for the future 230
Research requirements 230
Human-induced climate change: consequences for ecosystems and species 231
Reaction of ecosystems to global climate change 231
Impact of global climate change on individual ecosystems 233
Forests 233
Tundra ecosystems 234
Coastal ecosystems 235
Coral reefs 235