Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biosphere - WBGU

XI
E
E 1
E 1.1
E 1.2
E 1.3
E 2
E 2.1
E 2.1.1
E 2.1.2
E 2.2
E 2.2.1
E 2.2.2
E 2.2.3
E 2.2.4
E 2.3
E 2.3.1
E 2.3.2
E 2.3.3
E 2.3.4
E 2.3.5
E 2.4
E 2.4.1
E 2.4.2
E 2.4.3
E 2.4.4
E 2.4.5
E 3
E 3.1
E 3.1.1
E 3.1.2
E 3.1.3
E 3.1.4
E 3.1.4.1
E 3.1.4.2
E 3.1.5
E 3.2
E 3.2.1
E 3.2.2
E 3.2.3
E 3.2.4
E 3.2.5
E 3.2.6
E 3.3
E 3.3.1
Diversity of landscapes and ecosystems 87
Natural and cultivated landscapes 89
Classification of landscapes by geography and function 89
From natural to cultivated landscapes 90
Anthropogenic influence on the biosphere in terms of landscape –
case studies 92
Development of landscapes under human influence 93
Development of the cultivated landscape in Central Europe 93
Background 93
Human influence 95
Amazonia: Revolution in a fragile ecosystem 100
Geological and climatic features of the Amazon basin 100
Emergence of biological diversity in the Amazon basin 102
Human intervention 102
Comparison of intervention in tropical and temperate forests 104
Introduction of the Nile perch into Lake Victoria: a Pyrrhic victory in economic
terms? 104
The eutrophication of Lake Victoria 105
Formation of the tilapia species as a textbook example of the theory of
evolution 106
The changing face of Lake Victoria’s ecosystem 106
Is the transformation of Lake Victoria a blessing for the local population? 106
Loss of world natural heritage: destruction of native fish populations in favour of
a alien species 107
The Indonesian shallow sea: destruction of an ecosystem through overuse and
mismanagement 107
Coral reefs 108
Mangroves 110
Fisheries 110
Conflict between economic use and the preservation of biotopes and
species 110
The future 111
Focal issues 112
Perception and evaluation 112
Introduction 112
People-nature interfaces 112
Traditional societies (‘ecosystem people’) 113
Industrial societies (‘biosphere people’) 115
Pluralistic lifestyles and the perception of nature 115
Towards a ‘biospheric perspective’ 117
Summary 119
Spatial and temporal separation of biogeochemical turnover processes in
ecosystems 119
Biogeochemical cycles in ecosystems 119
Biogeochemical fluxes in the soil 120
Biogeochemical fluxes in water bodies 120
Biogeochemical fluxes in agro-ecosystems 122
Impact of settlement growth on biogeochemical fluxes 122
Spatial and temporal separation of biogeochemical turnover processes in
ecosystems: The future 123
Sustainable land use 124
Types of landscape use 124