POLJOPRIVREDA - Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku

UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142 

POLJOPRIVREDA 

znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis 

Svezak 9; Broj 1; Lipanj, 2003. 

SADR@AJ 

Z. Zduni}, D. [imi}, I. Brki}, A. Jambrovi}, Renata Zduni}, Tatjana Leden~an 

PROCJENA GENETSKIH EFEKATA ZA VISINU BILJKE NA DVA SPECIFI^NA PARA INBRED 

LINIJA KUKURUZA I [EST GENERACIJA KRI@ANJA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Manda Antunovi}, V. Kova~evi}, Mirta Rastija, Z. Zduni} 

UTJECAJ TLA I GENOTIPA NA SADR@AJ MIKROELEMENATA U KUKURUZU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

V. Kova~evi}, I. Brki} 

UTJECAJ KALIJEVA KLORIDA NA PRINOS I STANJE ISHRANE U DVA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 

B. [imi}, V. Kova~evi}, Zorica Jurkovi} 

REAKCIJA GENOTIPOVA KUKURUZA NA GNOJIDBU NA HIDROMORFNOM TLU POSAVINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 

Mira Kneèvi}, Marija \urki}, I. Kneèvi}, K. Hajba 

UTJECAJ OBRADE TLA I NISKIH HERBICIDNIH DOZA NA KOROVNU POPULACIJU I PRINOS JAROG JE^MA . . . 25 

A. Kristek, Zvjezdana Magud, Manda Antunovi}, Suzana Kristek 

PRODUKTIVNOST MONOGERMNIH LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE U ZAVISNOSTI OD 

OSJETLJIVOSTI NA CERKOSPORU (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

T. ûpi}, S. Popovi}, Marijana Tucak, M. Stjepanovi}, Sonja Grlju{i} 

PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRA[KA (Pisum sativum L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

T. Karadeniz, A. Kazankaya, T. Yarilgaç 

ODRE\IVANJE POMOLO[KIH ZNAÂJKI BADEMA (Prunus amygdalus Batsh) U MALATYI (TURSKA) . . . . . . . . 42 

M.Yercan, S. Engindeniz 

PROFITABILNOST PROIZVODNJE SUHIH SMOKAVA (PRIMJER U TURSKOJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 

P. Miji}, I. Kneèvi} 

NOVI NAÎN VREDNOVANJA KRAVLJEG MLIJEKA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

\. Sen~i}, Marcela [peranda, Z. Antunovi}, T. [peranda 

TOVNOST I MESNATOST SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRI@ANACA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Mandi} 

RAZVIJENOST I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST SEDMODNEVNE I [ESTOMJESE^NE LIPICANSKE @DREBADI . . 60 

1 OSIJEK 

2003. 

Sv. 9

Glavni i odgovorni urednik 

Editor-in-Chief 

Draènka Jurkovi} 

Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Hrvatska 

Ure|iva~ki odbor 

Editorial Board 

Franc Habe, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical 

Faculty, Domàle, Slovenia 

Viktor Jej~i}, Agricultural Institute, Ljubljana, 

Slovenia 

Geza Kuroli, University of West Hungary Faculty of 

Agricultural and Food Sciences, Mosonmagyarovar, 

Hungary 

Istvan Rajcan, University of Guelph, Ontario, 

Canada 

Zdenko Rengel, University of Western Australia 

Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 

Crawley, Australia 

Jon Tollefson, Iowa State University, Ames, USA 

Ivan Brki}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Hrvatska 

Marija Ivezi}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja 

Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u 

Osijeku, Hrvatska 

Sonja Jovanovac, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja 



Zorica Jurkovi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek 

Goran Ku{ec, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja 



Alojzije Lali}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Hrvatska 

Svetislav Popovi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, 

Hrvatska 

Tihana Tekli}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja 



Marija Vratari}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, 

Hrvatska 

Mate Vuj~i}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera 

u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Hrvatska 

Tehni~ki urednici 

Technical Editors 

Manda Antunovi} 

Danica Hanèk 

Lektura 

Language Editing 

Branka Horvat 

Anica Perkovi} 

Prijevodi 

Translation 

Anica Perkovi} 

Tisak 

Print 

Grafika d.o.o. Osijek

UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142 

POLJOPRIVREDA 

znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis 

Svezak 9; Broj 1; Lipanj, 2003. 

Izdava~i 

Published by 

Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku 

The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek 

31000 Osijek, Trg Sv.Trojstva 3 

Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of Croatia 

Tel. ++385 31 224 200 

Fax: ++385 31 207 017 

Poljoprivredni institut Osijek 

Agricultural Institute Osijek 

31000 Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 17 

Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of Croatia 

Tel. ++385 31 500 685 

Fax: ++385 31 503 404 

Osijek, 2003.

"POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis" je sljedbenik ~asopisa »ZNANOST I PRAKSA U POLJOPRIVREDI 

I PREHRAMBENOJ TEHNOLOGIJI«, koji je izlazio od 1975. do 1994. godine / The Journal of «AGRICULTURE 

Scientific and Professional Review» is continuator the Journal of «RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN AGRICULTURE AND 

FOOD TECHNOLOGY» that has been published from 1975 to 1994 year. 

âsopis izlazi dva puta godi{nje u nakladi od 300 primjeraka / The Review is published twice a year in 300 copies. 

"POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis" citira se u sljede}im bazama podataka / "AGRICULTURE Scientific 

and Professional Review" is cited by the database: 

1. CAB International 

3. Nacionalna i sveu~ili{na hrvatska biblioteka / National and University Croatian Library 

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 631.524.5+631.527.5:633.15 

PROCJENA GENETSKIH EFEKATA ZA VISINU BILJKE NA DVA 

SPECIFI^NA PARA INBRED LINIJA KUKURUZA I [EST 

GENERACIJA KRI@ANJA 

Z. Zduni} (1) , D. [imi} (1) , I. Brki} (1) , A. Jambrovi} (1) , 

Renata Zduni} (2) , Tatjana Leden~an (1) 

SA@ETAK 

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak 

Original scientific paper 

Procjena genetskih efekata za svojstva od interesa sastavni je dio ve}ine oplemenjiva~kih 

programa na Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek. Ovaj se rad bavi procjenom prihvatljivosti 

(adequacy) aditivno/dominantnog modela naslje|ivanja te procjenom i usporedbom 

genetskih efekata za visinu biljke na dva odabrana specifi~na para inbred linija 

(A672´Va99 i A672Ós6-2) i njihovih {est osnovnih generacija kriànja (P1, P2, F1, F2, 

BCP1 i BCP2). Provedena su dvogodi{nja istraìvanja na dva lokaliteta u isto~noj 

Hrvatskoj. Pokusi su se sastojali od 121 ~lana razli~itog stupnja inbridinga dobivenih 

parcijalnim dialelnim kriànjem, zatim samooplodnjom i povratnim kriànjem. U obje 

godine istraìvanja kori{ten je nepotpuni blokni (jednostavni latis - lattice) raspored. 

Rezultati goodnes of fit testa ukazali su da aditivno/dominantni model nije mogao objasniti 

sva variranja me|u srednjim vrijednostima istraìvanih generacija. Digeni epistatski 

model pokazao se prihvatljivim kod oba para barem u jednoj godini istraìvanja. 

Procjene i usporedbe genetskih efekata za izdvojene specifi~ne parove i {est generacija 

kriànja otkrili su prevladavaju}e dominantne u~inke gena u odnosu na aditivne. 

Klju~ne rije~i: kukuruz, visina biljke, analiza srednjih vrijednosti generacija, genetski efekti 

UVOD 

U oplemenjivanju sila`nog kukuruza visina biljke 

predstavlja va`no kvantitativno svojstvo, ~ija je ekspresija 

uvjetovana razli~itim djelovanjem poligena, njihovom 

interakcijom s okolinom i okolinskim utjecajem. 

Melchinger, Geiger i Schnell (1986.) opisuju kako poznavanje 

prirode aktivnosti gena otvara mogu}nost oplemenjiva~ima 

kukuruza za bolje optimiziranje oplemenjiva~kih 

programa. 

Procjena genetskih efekata koji su uklju~eni u kontroliranje 

visine biljke moè se izvr{iti pomo}u analize 

srednjih vrijednosti generacija (generation means analysis), 

Hayman (1958.). Budu}i da se ta analiza zasniva 

na srednjim vrijednostima svojstva od interesa, a ne 

varijancama, njezina osjetljivost i preciznost mogu imati 

izvjestan utjecaj na oplemenjiva~ke programe. Za detektiranje 

epistati~kih efekata, me|utim, ta analiza predstavlja 

bolji test od ispitivanja komponenata varijanci 

(Fenster i sur., 1997.). Kumar i Gangashetti (1998.) 

utvrdili su kod pet prou~avanih genotipova zna~ajne aditivne 

i neaditivne genetske efekte za visinu biljke. Mahto 

i Ganguli (2001.) procijenili su zna~ajne i ve}e dominantne 

nego aditivne efekte, kao i zna~ajne aditivneaditivne 

i dominantnedominantne digenetske epistatske 

interakcije. Procjena aditivnihaditivnih i dominantnihdominantnih 

interakcija bila je ve}a nego aditivnihdominantnih 

interakcija. 

Nedostatak genetskih informacija o visini biljke u 

doma}oj literaturi bio je dodatni motiv za to istraìvanje. 

Cilj ovog istraìvanja bio je procijeniti i usporediti genetske 

efekte uklju~uju}i i digenetske nealelne interakcije 

(epistaze) za visinu biljke kod dva specifi~na para inbred 

linija i njihovih {est osnovnih generacija. 

(1) Dr.sc. Zvonimir Zduni}, dr.sc. Domagoj [imi}, dr.sc. Ivan Brki}, dr.sc. 

Antun Jambrovi} i dr.sc. Tatjana Leden~an – Odjel za oplemenjivanje i 

genetiku kukuruza, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 17, 

31000 Osijek, (2) Renata Zduni}, dipl. ing., zn. novak – Sveu~ili{te 

Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, 

Zavod za za{titu bilja, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek 


6 

Z. Zduni} i sur.: PROCJENA GENETSKIH EFEKATA ZA VISINU BILJKE NA DVA SPECIFIÈNA PARA ... 

MATERIJAL I METODE 

Provedeno je dvogodi{nje istraìvanje na dva lokaliteta 

u isto~noj Hrvatskoj. Kriànci uklju~eni u 

istraìvanje izabrani su iz seta od ukupno 28 kriànaca, 

stvorenih 88 polovi~nim dialelnim planom kriànja 

(Zduni}, 2001.). Oni predstavljaju najvi{e kori{ten heteroti~ni 

koncept BSSS × Lancaster u klasi~nom oplemenjivanju 

kukuruza. [est osnovnih generacija kriànja 

(P1, P2, F 1 

, F 2 

, BCP1 i BCP2) posijane su prema jednostavnom 

latis (lattice) planu pokusa. Za sve generacije 

i na svakom lokalitetu podaci su uzimani na individualnoj 

osnovi (po biljci), s veli~inom uzorka od najmanje 

80 biljaka za uniformne generacije i 240 biljaka 

za segregiraju}e generacije kriànja. Da bi se izbjegao 

efekt kompeticije redova me|u generacijama s 

razli~itim stupnjem inbridinga, podaci nisu uzimani iz 

dva rubna reda svake parcelice. Za odabrane kriànce 

provedena je analiza srednjih vrijednosti generacijâ, 

koriste}i model koji su detaljno opisali Mather i Jinks 

(1982.). Notacija genetskih efekata m, a, d, aa, dd, i ad 

preuzeta je od Gamblea (1962.). Prikladnost (adequacy) 

additivno/dominantnog modela naslje|ivanja 

testirana je 2 testom (goodness of fit test), a 

zna~ajnost genetskih parametara t-testom. 

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA 

Srednje vrijednosti visine biljke sa standardnim 

pogre{kama (SE) kroz {est generacija kriànja za dva 

kriànca i dvije godine istraìvanja prikazani su u Tablici 

1. Roditeljske generacije razlikovale su se u visini biljke 

kod oba istraìvana kriànca i u obje godine. F 1 

generacija 

kriànja je zbog ekspresije heterozisa o~ekivano 

ostvarila najvi{e prosjeke kod oba kriànca u obje godine 

istraìvanja. Promatraju}i segregiraju}e generacije, 

F 2 

generacija je ostvarila najvi{e prosjeke kod 

A672×Va99 kriànca u obje godine, dok je kod 

A672×Os6-2 kriànca F 2 

generacija bila najvi{a u 

1998., a BCP2 generacija u 1999. godini istraìvanja. 

Kod procjene prikladnosti odre|enog modela naslje|ivanja, 

2 test pokazao se signifikantnim kod oba 

kriànca u najmanje jednoj godini istraìvanja, {to ukazuje 

da glavni efekti nisu mogli u potpunosti objasniti 

variranja me|u prosjecima generacija kriànja (podaci 

nisu prikazani). Lamkey et al. (1995.) nagla{avaju da 

uvo|enje digenih epistatskih efekata u nekim slu~ajevima 

moè pobolj{ati fit modela za odre|ena svojstva ~ak 

i kada c2 ostaje signifikantan. Prema rezultatima goodnes 

of fit testa u ovom istraìvanju, kod prvog istraìvanog 

kriànca A672×Va99 aditivno/dominantni model 

naslje|ivanja nije uspio objasniti variranja u visini biljke 

kod razli~itih generacija kriànja u 1998. godini. 

Me|utim, model se pokazao adekvatnim u 1999. godini. 

Nasuprot tomu, kod A672×Os6-2 kriànca additivno/dominantni 

model nije bio zadovoljavaju}i niti u jednoj 

godini istraìvanja. 

U 1998. godini rezultati procjene glavnih i interakcijskih 

(epistatskih) efekata kod prvog istraìvanog 

kriànca A672×Va99 ukazuju na pozitivne signifikantne 

aditivne efekte, dok su dominantni efekti bili pozitivni i 

nesignifikantni (Tablica 2.). Procjenjeni su i negativni 

signifikantni dominantnidominantni interakcijski efekti 

(epistaze), kao i negativni nesignifikantni additivniadditivni 

i additivnidominantni efekti (Tablica 2.). Takvi 

rezultati ukazuju da su ovdje interalelne interakcije (epistaze) 

odigrale va`nu ulogu u naslje|ivanju visine biljke. 

Pozitivne odnosno negativne procjene dominantnih i 

aditivno×dominantnih efekata nisu bile zna~ajne. U 

1999. godini procijenjeni su pozitivni nesignifikantni aditivni 

te signifikantni dominantni efekti (Tablica 3.). 

Kod A672×Os6-2 kriànca u obje godine 

istraìvanja procjenjeni su pozitivni signifikantni aditivni 

efekti (Tablice 2 i 3). Procjene additivnih additivnih, kao 

i dominantnih ×dominantnih interakcijskih efekata bile 

su negativne i signifikantne u 1998. godini (Tablica 2.). U 

1999. godini procjenjeni su i pozitivni dominantni efekti, 

dok su kod samo dominantni ×dominantni interakcijski 

efekti bili zna~ajni i negativni (Tablica 3.). Iz navedenih je 

rezultata vidljivo da su kod oba istraìvana specifi~na 

Tablica 1. Srednje vrijednosti i standardne pogre{ke (cm) u 1998. i 1999. godini 

Table 1. Means and standard errors for plant height (cm) in 1998 and 1999 



7 

Tablica 2. Procjene genetskih efekata i njihove standardne pogre{ke u 1998. godini 

Table 2. Estimates of genetic effects with their standard errors for plant height in 1998 

ns = nesignifikantno - no significant, ** signifikantno na razini vjerojatnosti 0,01 

*, ** t-test significant at P

8 


7. Lamkey, K.R., Schnicker, B.J., Melchinger, A.E. (1995): 

Epistasis in an Elite Maize Hybrid and Choice of 

Generation for Inbred Line Development. Crop Sci. 35: 

1272-1281. 

8. Lübberstedt, T., Melchinger, A.E., Schön, C.C., Utz, H.F., 

Klein, D. (1997): QTL mapping in testcrosses of 

European flint lines of maize .1. Comparison of different 

testers for forage yield traits Crop Sci. 37(3):921-931. 

9. Mahto, R.N., Ganguli, D.K. (2001): Generation means 

analysis for grain yield and its components in maize. 

Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 

61(2):165-166. 

10. Mather, K., Jinks, J.L. (1982): Biometrical Genetics. 

Chapman Hall, London. 

11. Melchinger, A.E., Geiger, H.H., Schnell, F.W. (1986): 

Epistasis in maize. 2. Genetic effects in crosses among 

early flint and dent inbred lines determined by three 

methods. Theor. Appl. Genet. 72: 231-239. 

12. Zduni}, Z. (2001.): Optimalna procjena oplemenjiva~ke 

vrijednosti linija kukuruza (Zea mays L.). Doktorska 

disertacija. Agronomski fakultet Sveu~ili{ta u Zagrebu. 

ESTIMATION OF GENETIC EFFECTS ON PLANT HEIGHT IN TWO SPECIFIC 

PAIRS OF INBRED LINES AND ITS SIX BASIC GENERATIONS 

SUMMARY 

Estimation of genetic effects on economically important traits is a common procedure in the most breeding programmes 

at Agricultural Institute Osijek. This paper deals with estimation of adequacy over additive/dominance 

model of inheritance as well as estimation and comparison of genetic effects on plant height for two specific pairs 

of inbreds (A672Va99; A672Os6-2), and its six basic generations (P2, F 1 

, F 2 

, BCP1 and BCP2). Two year investigation 

was carried out at two locations in eastern Croatia. The trails consisted of 121 entries of different inbreeding 

level derived by partial diallel mating design followed by selfing and back crossing. Simple lattice experimental 

design was used in both investigated years. Goodness of fit test results indicated the additive/dominance model failed 

to explain all differences among generation means. Digenic epistatic model appeared to be adequate in both 

investigated pairs of inbreds at least in one of the investigated years. Estimations and comparisons of genetic effects 

for selected pairs of inbreds and basic generations revealed prevailing dominance effects when compared to additive. 

Key words: maize, plant height, Generation mean analysis, genetic effects 

(Primljeno 9. travnja 2003.; prihva}eno 16. svibnja 2003. - Received on 9 April 2003; accepted on 16 May 2003) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 633.15:631.524.6 

INFLUENCES OF SOIL AND GENOTYPES ON 

MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS IN MAIZE PLANTS 

Manda Antunovi} (1) , V. Kova~evi} (1) , Mirta Rastija (1) , Z. Zduni} (2) 



SUMMARY 

Ten corn hybrids were grown on two soil types of Drava Valley in Slatina area (alluvial 

soil and pseudogley) during two growing seasons (1998 and 1999). The ear-leaf at the 

beginning of silking stage was taken for chemical analysis. Micronutrient concentrations 

in corn leave samples were measured by ICP-AES after their microwave digestion using 

concentrated HNO 3 

+H 2 

O 2 

. Mobile fraction of these elements in soils was also determined 

by ICP-AES after their extraction by ammonium acetate-EDTA. In both year of the 

testing, corn yields on acid soil were about 25% lower in comparison with alluvial soil. 

Mean concentrations of tested elements in corn leaves found in our investigations (mg 

kg -1 ) were 30.4 (Zn), 129.4 (Mn) and 190.0 (Fe), respectively. In general, significant 

influences of growing season, soil type and genotype on Zn, Mn and Fe status in corn 

were found. For example, in the first year of testing higher Zn and Mn were found, as 

well as lower Fe concentrations in comparison with the second year. Corn growing on 

alluvial soil occurred due to lower Zn and Mn as well as higher Fe concentrations in 

plants compared to growing on pseudogley. However, these findings are not in coincidence 

with status of mobile fractions of Zn and Mn in the experimental plots. We presume 

that pH value near to neutral on alluvial soil could be responsible factor because low 

availability of Zn and Mn for plants occured under these conditions. An important role of 

heredity factors on Zn, Mn and Fe status in corn was found in our study because differences 

among the hybrids (mean values for two growing seasons and two soil types) 

under identical environmental conditions were in ranges (mg kg -1 ) from 26.8 to 36.0 

(Zn), from 98.6 to 150.4 (Mn) and from 168.2 to 222.4 (Fe), respectively. It is very indicative 

that the first-ranged hybrid concerning grain yield (OsSK458exp: 12.34 t ha -1 ) is 

in the group characterizing low concentrations of Zn, Mn and Fe in leaves. 

Key-words: corn hybrid, zinc, manganese, iron, pseudogley, alluvial soil, yield 

INTRODUCTION 

Soils in the Eastern Croatia have very different properties 

including nutritional status. Calcaric chernozem 

and eutric cambisol are major soil types in Vukovar and 

Osijek area, while pseudogley prevails in Donji Miholjac 

and Slatina area, near the Drava bank, the Sava and the 

Danube river have more fertile alluvial soils (Kova~evi} 

and Ba{i}, 1997). In general, usual fertilization practice 

includes application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium 

fertilizers, while micronutrients supplies are mainly 

adequate for normal growth of field crops although its 

availability is related to soil pH reaction. However, under 

conditions of the Eastern Croatia sporadically have been 

found examples of zinc (Zn) deficiencies in maize 

(Kova~evi} et al. 1986, 1988, 1989, 1998). Zn availability 

was reduced affected by liming (Mu{ac et al., 1974, 

1976, 1982). Effects of Zn fertilization on corn yields 

were different depending on soil and growing season 

characteristics (Josipovi} et al., 1998; Kova~evi} et al., 

1998; Rastija, 2001). Also considerable influences of 

inheritance on Zn status in corn were found. General 

aspects of factors promoting micronutrient deficiencies 

were reported by Lucas and Knezek (1972), Bergmann 

(1992), Mengel and Kirkby (2001). As micronutrient problems 

could become a limiting factor of some field crops 

growing, we tested zinc, manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) 

status in ten maize hybrids grown on two soil types. 

(1) Ph.D Manda Antunovi}, Associate Professor, Ph.D Vlado Kova~evi}, 

Full Professor, MSc Mirta Rastija - Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of 

Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek; (2) Ph.D. 

Zvonimir Zduni} - Agricultural Institute, Ju`no predgra|e 17, 31000 

Osijek 


10 

M. Antunoviæ et al.: INFLUENCES OF SOIL AND GENOTYPES ON MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS ... 

MATERIAL AND METHODS 

The field experiments 

Ten corn hybrids were grown on two soil types of 

Drava Valley in Slatina area during two growing seasons 

(1998 and 1999). The field trials were sown by pneumatic 

sowing machine in four replicates (exp. plot 14 

m 2 ). Planned plant density (PPD) depended on the 

hybrids and it was 71428, 63493 or 58310 plants ha -1 

(seed distance in row: 20.0, 22.5, or 24.5 cm: inter-row 

spacing 70 cm). The remaining soil crop management 

practices were in competency of own choice of farmer. 

Fertilisation was the same on both localities: 120 kg ha - 

1 N, 80 kg ha -1 P 2 

O 5 

, 120 kg ha -1 K 2 

O (200 kg ha -1 UREA 

and 400 kg ha -1 NPK- 10:20:30). For this reason, 

results of these trials are reflection of the real status in 

fields. Corn was harvested by hand in the first decade 

of October. Grain yields were calculated for 14% moisture 

and 90% realization of PPD basis. 

The ear-leaf at the beginning of silking stage (the 

second decade of July) was taken for chemical analysis 

(about 25 leaves in the mean sample) from each plot. 

Mean soil sample was taken by auger to 30 cm depth 

from each experimental plot in autumn 1997. The total 

amount of Zn, Mn and Fe in corn leaves and soil samples 

was measured by ICP-AES technique after their 

microwave digestion using concentrated HNO 3 

+H 2 

O 2 

. 

Mobile fraction of these elements in soils was also 

determined by ICP-AES technique after their extraction 

by ammonium acetate-EDTA (pH 4.65) solution by 

Lakanen and Ervio method (1971). Plant and soil analysis 

was made in the laboratory of Research Institute for 

Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC), 

Budapest. 

Table 1. Some soil properties of the Sopje experimental fields 

Tablica 1. Svojstva tla pokusnih parcela u Sopju 

Table 2. Weather data for Slatina 

Tablica 2. Vremenske prilike u Slatini 

1 approx. air - distance from Sopje: 10 km toward south – zra~ne linije od Sopja: 10 km ju`no 



11 

Characteristics of the Experimental Fields 

Choice of two typical soils of the Slatina area was 

made for experimentation. Alluvial soils are mainly 

situated near the river Drava bank, while pseudogley is 

dominant soil type in the remaining part of the area. In 

general, alluvial soil is more fertile in comparison with 

pseudogley. Both soils are near Sopje village and they 

are about 2 km apart from each other. Alluvial soil reaction 

is neutral and contains considerable higher levels of 

total and mobile fractions of calcium (Ca), magnesium 

(Mg) and phosphorus (P), as well as lower levels of 

potassium in comparison with pseudogley (Table 1). 

Weather Characteristics 

The growing seasons 1998 and 1999 were favourable 

for corn growing under Eastern Croatia conditions 

(Table 2). 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Considerable influences of the growing season, 

soil and heredity on yields and ear-leaf composition of 

maize were found by our investigations (Table 3 and 4). 

Mean grain yield was 11.71 and 10.86 t ha -1 , for 

the 1998 and 1999 growing season, respectively. In 

both year of testing, corn yields on acid soil were 

about 25% lower in comparison with alluvial soil. 

Table 3. Influences of the growing season, soil and hybrids on corn properties 

Tablica 3. Utjecaj godine, tla i hibrida na svojstva kukuruza 


12 


Table 4. Influences of the growing season, soil and hybrids on corn properties - AC and BC interactions 

Tablica 4. Utjecaj godine, tla i hibrida na svojstva kukuruza – interakcije AC i BC 

Higher yields (2-year means) on alluvial soil were 

obtained by 3 hybrids (OsSK554, OsSK458 and 

OsSK568exp.: mean 14,01 t ha -1 ), while OsSK444 

yielded only 11,31 t ha -1 . The high yields (above 10 t 

ha -1 ) on acid soil were obtain by four corn hybrids 

(OsSK 332, OsSK 444, OsSK458 and OsSK490exp. 

(mean 10,84 t ha -1 ), while under 9 t ha -1 yielded 

OsSK413, OsSK382, OsSK425exp. and OsS425exp. 

(mean 8,76 t ha -1 ). 

Mean concentrations of tested elements in corn 

leaves found in our investigations (mg kg -1 ) were 30.4 

(Zn), 129.4 (Mn) and 190.0 (Fe), respectively. In general, 

significant influences of growing season, soil type 

and genotype on Zn, Mn and Fe status in corn were 

found (Tables 3 and 4). For example, in the first year of 

testing higher Zn and Mn, as well as lower Fe concentrations 

were found in comparison with the second year. 

Growing of maize on pseudogley soil resulted in 

56% higher ear-leaf Zn concentrations and more than 

double higher Mn concentrations in comparison with 

plants on alluvial soil. At the same time, differences in 

ear-leaf Fe concentrations were only about 10%. 

However, these findings were not in accordance with 

status of total and mobile fractions of these elements in 

tested soils. We presume that acid reaction and lower 

Ca and Mg in pseudogley (Table 1) could be responsible 

factors for these differences. 

In our study an important role of heredity factors 

was found on Zn, Mn and Fe status in corn because differences 

among the hybrids (mean values for two growing 

seasons and two soil types) under identical environmental 

conditions were in ranges (mg kg -1 ) from 

26.8 to 36.0 (Zn), from 98.6 to 150.4 (Mn) and from 

168.2 to 222.4 (Fe), respectively (Table 3). It is very 

indicative that the first-ranged hybrid concerning grain 

yield (OsSK458exp: 12.34 t ha -1 ) is in the group characterizing 

low concentrations of Zn, Mn and Fe in leaves 

(Table 3). 

Mengel and Kirkby (2001) cited data concerning 

appraisal of the nutrient status of the ear-leaf at flowering 

stage of corn: adequate status (mg kg -1 ) are from 

20 to 70 (zinc), from 20 to 200 (manganese) and from 

10 to 300 (iron), respectively. Bergmann (1992) reported 

adequate nutritional status (mg kg -1 ) of corn (leaves 



13 

opposite ear) from 25 to 70 (zinc) and from 40 to 200 

(manganese). Based on these criterions normal status 

of zinc, manganese and iron were found in our investigations 

in corn. 

Zn deficiency mainly occurs on soils with high pH, 

especially calcareous soils (Kova~evi} et al., 1986; 

Rastija et al., 2002). Also, cultivars of the same species 

may differ markedly in their potential to exploit soil Zn 

(Cakmak et al., 1996). Similar findings are achieved for 

Mn and Fe availabilities (Bergmann, 1992; Mangel and 

Kirkby, 2001). 

CONCLUSION 

Mainly considerable influences of growing season, 

soil type and inheritance on corn yields and the ear-leaf 

micronutrients (Zn, Mn and Fe) status were found by our 

study. However, low connection was found between yields 

and nutritional status of corn probably because concentrations 

of these elements in corn leaves were in an adequate 

range. The first-ranged hybrid concerning grain yield 

(OsSK458exp: 12.34 t ha -1 ) is in the group characterised 

by low concentrations of Zn, Mn and Fe in leaves. 

REFERENCES 

1. Bergmann, W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plants - 

development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav 

Fischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, New York. 

2. Cakmak, I., Sari, N., Marschner, H., Ekiz, H., Kalayci, M., 

Yilmaz, A., Braun, H.J. (1996): Phytosiderofore release 

in bread wheat and durum wheat genotypes differing in 

zinc efficiency. Plant and Soil 180,183-189. 

3. Josipovi}, M., Kova~evi}, V., Bavec, F. (1998): 

Response of maize genotypes to foliar fertilization with 

zinc sulphate. In “Fertilization for Sustainable Plant 

Production and Soil Fertility” (Editors: O. van Cleemput, 

S. Haneklaus, G. Hofman, E. Schnug and A. 

Vermoesen), Proceedings of the 11 th World Fertilizer 

Congress of CIEC (International Scientific Centre of 

Fertilizers), 7-13 September 1997, Ghent, Belgium , 

Volume I, p. 270-276. 

4. Kova~evi}, V., @ugec I., Berti}, B. (1986.): Poreme}aji 

mineralne ishrane biljaka na tlima Slavonije. Savremena 

poljoprivreda 34(3-4):133-150. 

5. Kova~evi}, V., @ugec, I., Berti}, B., Katu{i}, V. (1988): 

Growth retardation and chlorosis due to zinc deficiency 

under the conditions of Eastern Croatia. Tagungsbericht 

- Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der 

DDR, No. 267, p.379-386. 

6. Kova~evi}, V. (1989.): Pregled poreme}aja mineralne 

ishrane kukuruza na tlima Slavonije i njihovo rje{avanje. 

Zbornik referata XXIII seminara agronoma, Kupari, 10.- 

18.02., Poljoprivredni fakultet, Institut za ratarstvo i 

povrtlarstvo Novi Sad, str. 181.-189. 

7. Kova~evi}, V., Ba{i}, F. (1997): The soil potassium 

resources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers in 

Croatia (Country Report 10). International Potash 

Institute, Coordinator Central/Eastern Europe, CH-4001 

Basel/Switzerland. 

8. Kova~evi}, V., Kadar, I., Brki}, I., Marketi}, M. (1998): 

Influence of inheritance and potash fertilization on zinc, 

manganese and iron status in corn (Zea mays L.). In: 

“Fifth Congress of ESA (European Society for 

Agronomy), 28 June - 2 July, 1998, Nitra, The Slovak 

Republic. Short Communications, Volume I (M. Zima 

and M. L. Bartosova, Editors), p. 191-192. 

9. Mengel, K., Kirkby, E.A. (1987): Principles of plant nutrition. 

Publ. International Potash Institute Bern, Schweiz, 

4. Auflage. 

10. Mu{ac, I., Juri}, I., Kova~evi}, V. (1974.): Utjecaj zahvata 

melioracijske obrade na promjene kemijskih svojstava 

sekundarnog pseudogleja isto~ne Slavonije. Zbornik 

radova Poljopr.inst.Osijek IV (1):101.-114. 

11. Mu{ac, I., Juri}, I., Kova~evi}, V., @ugec I. (1976.): 

Utjecaj agromeliorativne obrade tla Slavonije s nereguliranim 

vodozra~nim reìmom na kemijske promjene 

povr{inskog sloja i prinos kukuruza. Simpozij “Ure|enje 

zemlji{ta - osnova za intenzivnu proizvodnju kukuruza”, 

Osijek 18. i 19.10.1976, str. 227.-234. 

12. Mu{ac, I., Juri}, I., Kova~evi}, V., @ugec, I., Ma|ar, S. 

(1982): The productivity of pseudoglay in Slavonia and 

the chemical changes which occur in the surface layer 

after meliorative tillage. In: “Proceedings ISTRO” Ninth 

Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research 

Organization, Osijek, June 21, p. 26-32. 

13. Lucas, R.E., Knezek, B.D. (1972): Climatic and soil conditions 

promoting micronutrient deficiencies in plants. 

In: Micronutrients in Agriculture (Mortvedt J. J., 

Giordano P. M. anf Lindsay W. L. editors). Soil Scie. Soc. 

America, Madison, p. 265-288. 

14. Rastija, M. (2001.): Reakcija samooplodnihg linija kukuruza 

na gnojidbu cinkovim sulfatom (magistarski rad). 

Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ili{ta J. J. Strossmayera u 

Osijeku, Osijek. 

15. Rastija, M., Bukvi}, G., Josipovi}, M. (2002): Response 

of corn to zinc fertzilization. International Scientific 

Conference “Energy efficiency and agricultural engineering” 

4-6 April 2002, Rousse, Bulgaria (Conference 

Proceedings, Volume 1). p. 131-136. 


14 


UTJECAJ TLA I GENOTIPA NA SADR@AJ 

MIKROELEMENATA U KUKURUZU 

SA@ETAK 

Deset hibrida kukuruza uzgajano je na dva tipa tla (aluvijalno tlo i pseudoglej) slatinske Podravine tijekom dvije godine 

(1998. i 1999.). List ispod klipa u fazi svilanja uzet je za kemijske analize. Pristupa~na frakcija elemenata u tlu 

odre|ena je, tako|er, pomo}u ICP-AES nakon ekstrakcije otopinom amonijevog acetata-EDTA. Godine 1998. i 1999. 

bile su povoljne za uzgoj kukuruza u isto~noj Hrvatskoj. U obje godine istraìvanja prinosi kukuruza na pseudogleju 

bili su za oko 25% niì od prinosa na aluvijalnom tlu. Prosje~ne koncentracije analiziranih elemenata u listu kukuruza 

dobivene na{im istraìvanjima (mg kg -1 ) bile su 30,4 (Zn), 129,4 (Mn), odnosno 190,0 (Fe). Op}enito, ustanovljen 

je signifikantan utjecaj godine, tipa tla i genotipa na koncentracije Zn, Mn i Fe u listu. Tako su u prvoj godini 

istraìvanja ustanovljene ve}e koncentracije Zn i Mn, a manje koncentracije Fe nego u sljede}oj godini. Uzgoj kukuruza 

na aluvijalnom tlu rezultirao je manjim koncentracijama Zn i Mn te ve}im koncentracijama Fe nego na kiselom 

tlu. Me|utim, takvo stanje nije u skladu s razinama mobilne frakcije tih elemenata u ta dva tla. Pretpostavljamo da 

bi reakcija tla blizu neutralne vrijednosti mogla biti odgovorna za slabije primanje Zn i Mn. Tako|er, u na{im 

istraìvanjima ustanovljena je zna~ajna uloga nasljednih faktora na stanje tih elemenata, jer su razlike izme|u hibrida 

uzgajanih u identi~nim uvjetima u rasponima (mg kg -1 ) od 26,8 do 36,0 (Zn), od 98,6 do 150,4 (Mn), odnosno od 

168,2 do 222,4 (Fe). Vrlo je indikativno da je hibrid s najvi{im ostvarenim prinosom (OsSK458 exp.: 12,34 t ha -1 ) u 

grupi hibrida s niskim koncentracijama Zn, Mn i Fe u listu. 

Klju~ne rije~i: hibridi kukuruza, cink, mangan, èljezo, pseudoglej, aluvijalno tlo, prinos 

(Received on 20 March 2003; accepted on 21 May 2003 – Primljeno 20. oùjka 2003.; prihva}eno 21. svibnja 2003.) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 631.526.325:633.15:631.832 

INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND 

NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CORN HYBRIDS 

V. Kova~evi} (1) , I. Brki} (2) Preliminary communication 

Prethodno priop}enje 

ABSTRACT 

Six corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids (OsSK 377; OsSK 382; OsSK 407; OsSK 552; OsSK 644 

and Bc 66-61) were grown on strong K-fixing soil during the growing season 1993. 

Increased K fertilization in KCl form was applied in spring of 1990 to level of 3250 kg 

K 2 

O ha -1 . Four rates were used for testing corn hybrids response (150, 1000, 1900 and 

3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 ). Response of corn to K fertilization was very pronounced: grain yields 

were in range from 1.83 t h -1 (150 kg K 2 

O ha -1 ) to 7.04 t ha -1 (3250 K 2 

O ha -1 ). Differences 

of grain yields among corn hybrids were from 4.35 t ha -1 (Bc 66-61) to 5.31 t ha -1 (OsSK 

407). Significant differences of nutritional status among the hybrids were found as follows 

(mg kg -1 ): 18.9-26.5 (zinc), 14.4-17.4 (manganese), 120-144 (iron) and 18.2-23.2 

(copper), respectively. Zinc status in corn leaves was independent on applied fertilization, 

while the concentration of manganese, iron and copper was significantly decreased 

by application of the highest KCl rate (mg kg -1 : 17.4 and 12.6 Mn, 150 and 120 Fe, 21.5 

and 18.5 Cu, for the control and 3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 , respectively). As affected by KCl fertilization 

there were found considerable differences in K and Mg status of corn leaves as 

follows: 0.31% K (acute K deficiency) and 1.18% K, as well as 1.08% Mg and 0.47% Mg, 

for the control and 3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 , respectively. 

Key- words: corn, yield, hybrids, fertilization, potassium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, 

iron, copper, ear-leaf status 

INTRODUCTION 

Potassium deficiency in connections with K-fixation 

and magnesium excess are main reasons for reduced 

soil fertility of some gleysols of Croatia concerning 

corn growth (Kova~evi} and Ba{i}, 1997). Similar phenomenon 

is found in Hungary (Kadar et al., 1991). 

Fertilization by the enormous quantities of K was shown 

as acceptable solution, but by choice of more tolerant 

genotypes it is possible to contribute to overcoming of 

this problem (Kova~evi} and Vujevi}, 1994). Influenc of 

this fertilization on yield, potassium (K) and magnesium 

(Mg) status were elaborated in the previous study 

(Kova~evi} et al., 1996). As nutritional unbalances are 

possible due to ameliorative fertilization, we tested zinc 

(Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) status 

in six corn hybrids affected by KCl application on strong 

K-fixing soil. General aspects of Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu nutrition 

of plants were showed by Bergmann (1992), 

Mengel and Kirkby (2001), etc. 


The field trial with increased K fertilization (in KCl 

form up to level of 3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 ) was conducted on 

strong K-fixing soil in spring of 1990. It was conducted 

by randomized block design in four replications. In the 

next three years, the trial was fertilized uniformly (ordinary 

fertilization related to soil nutrient status). In the 

fourth year of testing (the growing season of 1993) in 

total 12 corn hybrids grown on this field ordinary fertilization 

practice was applied as follows (kg ha -1 ): 240 N 

+ 125 P 2 

O 5 

+ 150 K 2 

O. Six corn hybrids (OsSK377, 

OsSK382, OsSK407, OsSK552, OsSK644 and Bc66- 

61) and four rates of KCl fertilization (150, 1000, 1900 

and 3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 ) were chosen for leaf analyses 

(the ear-leaf at the beginning of silking stage: 30 leaves 

(1) Ph.D Vlado Kova~evi}, Full Professor – J.J. Strossmayer University of 

Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 

Osijek Croatia, (2) Ph.D Ivan Brki} - Agricultural Institute in Osijek, Ju`no 

predgra|e 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia 


16 

V. Kovaèevi} et al.: INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL ... 

in mean sample, total 96 samples). Corn was sown in 

April 28, and it was harvested in September 24, 1993. 

Grain yields were expressed on the realized plant density 

with corrections for contribution of the female-sterile 

plants and 14 % moisture basis. 

Chemical analyses were made by ICP technique in 

the Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural 

Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 

Budapest, Hungary. 

Soil was classified as drained gleysol on calcareous 

loess substrate. By the soil analyses (0-30 cm of 

depth) of the control treatment (ordinary K fertilization) 

values were found as follows: pH in 0.1 m KCl = 7.3; 

organic matter content = 2.4 %; carbonate content = 

14.9 %; exchangeable K by 1n NH 4 

-Acetate (pH = 7.0) 

solution = 5.6 mg K 100 g -1 ; lightly exchangeable Mg 

(CaCl 2 

-method) = 37.6 mg Mg 100 g -1 ; exchangeable 

calcium (NH 4 

-Acetate) = 603 mg Ca 100 g -1 . 

Micronutrient status in the soil sample was determined 

by extraction with NH 4 

-Acetate +EDTA (pH 4,65) 

according to Lakanen-Ervio (1971) method (mg kg -1 : 

0.57 Zn, 57 Mn, 305 Fe and 5.2 Cu, respectively). 

Weather conditions in the growing season of 1993 

were less favourable for corn growing mainly because 

of drought stress during the two-month period (July and 

August). 


Mean concentrations of tested nutrients found by 

our study were as follows (mg kg -1 ): 23.4 (zinc), 16.0 

(manganese), 131 (iron) and 19.8 (copper), respectively 

(Table 1). Golmick et al. (1970) reported appraisal 

of the nutrient status in the ear-leaf of corn at flowering 

stage and ranges (mg kg -1 ) from 20 to 70 (zinc), from 

20 to 200 (manganese) from 10 to 300 (iron) and from 

6 to 50 (copper) as adequate for normal growth of corn. 

According to this criterion low concentrations of Mn and 

moderate concentrations of Zn were found by our 

testing. 

As affected by applied KCl fertilization, the concentrations 

of Mn, Fe and Cu decreased in comparison to 

the control by 28%, 20% and 14%, respectively, while 

Zn concentrations were independent on applied fertiliza- 

Table 1. Residual effects of ameliorative fertilization with KCl (spring 1990) on Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu status in corn for 

the growing season 1993 

Tablica 1. Naknadni u~inci melioracijske gnojidbe s KCl (prolje}e 1990.) na sadràj Zn, Mn, Fe i Cu u kukuruzu vegetacije 

1993. 



17 

tion treatments (Table 1). We presume that foliar spraying 

of corn with manganese and zinc (for example, two 

time application 0.75% solution of manganese- and zinc 

sulphate in early growth stage and about ten-day interval) 

could be a contribution to normalization of corn 

supplies with these elements. 

Also, considerable role of genotype on Zn, Mn, Fe 

and Cu status in corn was found by our study because 

the significant differences (mg kg -1 ) were found among 

the hybrids under identical environmental conditions: 

18.9-26.5 (zinc), 14.4-17.4 (manganese), 120-144 

(iron) and 18.2-23.2 (copper), respectively (Table 1). 

Table 2. Residual effects of ameliorative fertilization with KCl (spring 1990) on corn properties for the growing season 

1993 (Kova~evi} et al., 1996) 

Tablica 2. Naknadni u~inci melioracijske gnojidbe s KCl (prolje}e 1990.g) na svojstva kukuruza u vegetaciji 1993. 

(Kova~evi} i sur., 1996.) 

*100% (plants ha -1 ) = 68027 (OsSK377); 63492 (OsSK382, OsSK407 and OsSK552) and 54945 (OsSK644 and Bc66-61) 

* 100% (biljaka ha -1 ) = 68027 (OsSK377); 63492 (OsSK382, OsSK407 i OsSK552) i 54945 (OsSK644 i Bc66-61) 


18 


Three hybrids had considerably lower Zn concentrations 

(OsSK377, OsSK382 and OsSK407: mean 

21.0 mg Zn kg -1 ) in comparison with remaining three 

tested hybrids (mean 25.6 mg Zn kg -1 ). Especially low 

Mn concentrations were found in two hybrids 

(OsSK407 and OsSK552: mean 14.8 mg Zn kg -1 ), 

while in the other four hybrids they were higher (mean 

16.5 mg Zn kg -1 ). The hybrids Os377, Os382 and 

Bc66-61 had higher Fe concentrations (mean 140 mg 

Fe kg -1 ) than remaining three tested hybrids (mean 122 

mg Fe kg -1 ). Two hybrids (Os382 and OsSK552) were 

separated by higher Cu concentrations (mean 21.8 mg 

Cu kg -1 ) from the remaining hybrids (mean 18.7 mg Cu 

kg -1 ). 

However, K deficiency in corn was the main reason 

for application ameliorative rates of KCl in this experiment. 

As affected by ameliorative K fertilization, grain 

yield increased near fourfold in comparison with ordinary 

fertilization (Table 2). Differences of grain yields 

among the hybrids were in range from 4.35 t ha -1 (Bc 

66-61) to 5.31 t ha -1 (OsSK407). Degree of tolerance to 

soil stress conditions was estimated throughout grain 

yields achieved on the control. Corn hybrids OsSK377 

and OsSK382 could be designated as something more 

tolerant because their yield (on the average 2.31 t ha -1 ) 

is on the average 44% higher compared to the other four 

tested hybrids (on the average 1.60 t ha -1 ). Potassium 

fertilization has been a factor of stabilization of grain 

yield in genotype function. For example, yield differences 

among corn hybrids were relatively higher when 

grown on the control treatment (range from 1.54 t ha -1 

to 2.47 t ha -1 ) compared to the highest rate of K fertilization 

(range from 6.56 t ha -1 to 7.73 t ha -1 ). 

Normalization of K nutrition was a considerable 

factor of plant density realization. For example, under 

soil stress conditions (the control treatment) plant density 

realization was on the average 32% lower in comparison 

with plan (theoretical plant density), while under 

normal conditions this reduction was on the average 

about 6% only (Table 2). We presume that dynamics of 

the early growth (especially root development) and 

overcoming of drought stress at the beginning of the 

plant development could be in connection with differences 

of plant density realization under different K supplies 

degrees. Connection between drought resistance and K 

nutrition was also found in corn by Mukherje (1982). 

Lodging at maturity stage is in close connection 

with soil K status. For example, it was on the average 

27% and 4% under soil stress and normal soil condition, 

respectively. However, considerable differences of 

lodging incidences were found among tested corn 

hybrids. Hybrids OsSK644 and Bc66-61 are more tolerant 

to lodging under soil stress conditions compared to 

OsSK382 and OsSK377 ones (Table 2). Also, grain moisture 

was 34% on the average at harvest time under soil 

stress conditions, while under normal conditions about 

25% only. Close relationship between corn status and 

lodging tolerance (disease resistance) was also found 

by other studies (Liebhardt and Murdock, 1965; 

Kova~evi} and Vukadinovi}, 1992). 

Acute K deficiency and oversupply of Mg 

(Bergmann, 1992) were found in corn under soil stress 

conditions. Also, antagonism between K and Mg (Ca) 

uptake was very expressed. Influences of KCl fertilization 

on K and Mg status in corn were elaborated in detail 

by Kova~evi} et al. (1996). 

CONCLUSIONS 

Ameliorative fertilization with KCl influenced considerably 

decreasing Mn, Fe and Cu concentrations in 

corn leaves, while Zn concentrations were similar to the 

control. Also, considerable differences in Zn, Mn, Fe and 

Cu status in corn were found among the hybrids. In 

general, under soil stress conditions induced by K deficiency 

and Mg oversupply, corn grain yields were on the 

average 75% lower. Relations between K and Mg uptake 

by plants were normalized by the ameliorative K fertilization. 

As Mn concentrations in corn leaves were low, 

while concentrations of Zn were moderate, we presume 

that foliar application of these nutrients could be contribution 

to the higher efficiency of applied KCl fertilizer. 

REFERENCES 

1. Bergmann, W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plants - 

Development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav 

Fischer Verlag Jena. 

2. Golmick, F., Neubert P., Vielemayer H. P. (1970): 

Possibilities and limitations of plant analysis in estimating 

the nutrient requirement of crops. 

Fortschrittsberichte f. d. Landw. U. 

Nahrungsguterwirtschaft 8, H. 4, Berlin. 

3. Kadar, I., Csatho, P., Sarkadi, J. (1991): Potassium fertilization 

in Hungary - responses in maize and other 

crops. Acta Agron. Hung. 40, 295-317. 

4. Kova~evi}, V., Ba{i}, F. (1997): The soil potassium 

resources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers in 

Croatia (Country Report 10). International Potash 

Institute, Coordinator Central/Eastern Europe, CH-4001 

Basel/Switzerland. 

5. Kova~evi}, V., Kadar, I., Brki}, I., Josipovi}, M. (1996): 

Response of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to potassium 

fertilization on strong K-fixing soil. In: Proceedings of the 

IX Intern. Coll. for Optimization of Plant nutrition 

(IAOPN), Prague, Czech Republic, 8-15 September 

1996, p. 458-461. 

6. Kova~evi}, V., Vukadinovi}, V. (1992): The potassium 

requirements of maize and soybean on a high K-fixing 

soil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 9, 10-13. 

7. Lakanen, E., Ervio, R. (1971): A comparison of eight 

extractans for the determination of plant available micronutrients 

in soils. Acta Agr. Fenn. 123:223-232. 

8. Liebhardt, W.C., Murdock, J.T. (1965): Effect of potassium 

on morphology and lodging of corn. Agronomy 

Journal. 57, 325-328. 



19 

9. Mengel, K., Kirkby, E.A. (2001): Principles of plant nutrition. 

Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht/Boston/ 

London. 

10. Mukherjee, I. (1982.): Genotipische Unterschiede in der 

Reaktion auf Kalium und in der Anreicherung von Prolin 

in Mais im Verlauf des Welkens. Inter. Kali-Briefe, Fachg. 

9, Folge 49, 1.-5. 

UTJECAJ KALIJEVA KLORIDA NA PRINOS I STANJE ISHRANE U 

DVA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA 

SA@ETAK 

[est hibrida kukuruza (Zea mays L.: OsSK 377; OsSK 382; OsSK 407; OsSK 552; OsSK 644 i Bc 66-61) uzgajano je 

na tlu sa sna`nom fiksacijom kalija tijekom vegetacije 1993. godine. Rastu}e koli~ine kalijevog klorida (KCl) dodane 

su u prolje}e 1990. do razine 3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 . êtiri varijante (150, 1000, 1900 i 3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 ) kori{tene su 

za testiranje reakcije kukuruza na gnojidbu. Reakcija hibrida kukuruza na gnojidbu bila je vrlo izraèna, jer su prinosi 

zrna bili u rasponu od 1,83 t ha -1 (150 kg K 2 

O ha -1 ) do 7,04 t ha -1 (3250 K 2 

O ha -1 ). Razlike prinosa izme|u hibrida 

bile su od 4,35 t ha -1 (Bc 66-61) do 5,31 t ha -1 (OsSK 407). Utvr|ene su i signifikantne razlike izme|u hibrida u 

koncentracijama mikroelemenata (mg kg -1 ): od 18,9 do 26,5 (cink), od 14,4 do 17,4 (mangan), od 120 do 144 (èljezo) 

i od 18,2 do 23,2 (bakar). Koncentracije cinka u listu kukuruza bile su neovisne o primijenjenoj gnojidbi, dok su 

koncentracije mangana, èljeza i bakra zna~ajno smanjene primjenom najve}e koli~ine gnojiva (mg kg -1 : 17,4 i 12,6 

Mn, 150 i 120 Fe, 21,5 i 18,5 Cu, za kontrolu, odnosno 3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 ). Tako|er, utvr|en je zna~ajan utjecaj KCl 

gnojidbe na koncentracije kalija i magnezija: 0,31% K (akutan nedostatak kalija) i 1,18% K, 1,08% Mg i 0,47% Mg 

na kontroli, odnosno varijanti s 3250 kg K 2 

O ha -1 ). 

Klju~ne rije~i: kukuruz, prinos, gnojidba, kalij, magnezij, cink, mangan, èljezo, bakar, list ispod klipa 

(Received on 4 April 2003; accepted on 19 May 2003 - Primljeno 4. travnja 2003.; prihva}eno 19. svibnja 2003.) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 631.524.01:633.15:631.811+631.445.1 

RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ON 

HYDROMORPHIC SOIL OF SAVA VALLEY 

B. Šimiæ (1) , V. Kovaèeviæ (2) , Zorica Jurkoviæ (1) Original scientific paper 

Izvorni znanstveni èlanak 

ABSTRACT 

Growing seed-maize is more profitable than mercantile maize, but also riskier, especially 

under less favourable soil conditions because parents of maize hybrids are less 

tolerant than their progeny to environmental stress, including plant nutrition problems. 

For this reason, we conducted the field experiment with P and K fertilization and a range 

of maize genotypes (parents of seed-maize) on soil with moderate P and K supplies. 

Following application of 382 kg P and 726 kg K ha -1 , maize grain yields increased from 

1.93 t ha -1 to 2.86 t ha -1 (3-year means). High correlations were found between grain 

yields of maize genotypes and nutrient concentrations in ear-leaf at silking stage (r = 

0.82** for P and r = 0.90** for K). Based on these results, we could recommend the 

higher P and K fertilization of seed-maize crops on soils of similar chemical properties. 

Key-words: fertilization, maize, nutritional status, phosphorus, potassium, yield 

INTRODUCTION 

Environmental conditions for maize growing in 

Croatia, especially in the Eastern Croatia, are generally 

favourable. Possible problems in some growing seasons 

are connected with water shortage (Kovaèeviæ and 

Josipoviæ, 1998). In addition, low phosphorus and 

potassium supplies are limiting maize growth on some 

gleysols of Sava valley area (Kovaèeviæ and 

Vukadinoviæ, 1992; Kovaèeviæ et al., 1996). In general, 

it is more profitable to grow seed-maize than mercantile 

maize. However, growing seed-maize is accompanied 

by more risks in comparison with growing mercantile 

maize (hybrids) since parents of maize hybrids compared 

to their progenies are less tolerant to environmental 

stresses, including drought and unfavourable soil properties, 

mainly low pH and nutritional disorders. For this 

reason, we conducted the field experiment with 

increased rates of P and K fertilization and different 

maize genotypes (parents of seed-maize) on soil characterized 

by moderate K and P supplies. Country needs 

for maize seed stock has been covered by own seedmaize 

production. For example, seed-maize production 

in Croatia (Pucariæ, 1992) for the 10-year period (1981- 

1990) was 14 894 t annually (domestic consumption 

8503 t and export 6391 t). 


The field experiment 

Seven maize (Zea mays L.) parents of hybrids 

(inbred lines: Os36-16, Os2-48, Os84-44, Os138-9, 

Os89-9 Os84-49 and Os86-39) were grown under field 

conditions for three growing seasons (1993, 1994 and 

1995) on Orubica eutric gleysol. Fertilization treatments 

were as follows: a) control (standard fertilization: 180 

kg N + 52 kg P and 133 kg K ha -1 ), b) a + 382 kg P 

ha -1 as monoammonium phosphate (MAP: 23% P and 

12% N), c) a + 726 kg K ha -1 as KCl (50% K), d) a + 

382 kg P ha -1 + 726 kg K ha -1 . Ameliorative fertilization 

with phosphorus and potassium was made before 

maize was sown in the first trial year (March 22, 1993), 

while for the second and third year at the field trial the 

standard fertilization was applied (kg ha -1 ): 180 kg N + 

52 P + 133 K ha -1 (before sowing 200 kg ha -1 urea 

and 400 kg ha -1 NPK 10:20:30; top dressing with 200 

kg ha -1 calcium ammonium nitrate). 

(1) Ph.D Branimir [imi} and Ph.D Zorica Jurkovi} - Agricultural Institute, 

Ju`no predgra|e 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, (2) Ph.D Vlado Kova~evi}, 

Full Professor - J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of 

Agriculture, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia 


B. Šimi} et al.: RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ON HYDROMORPHIC SOIL ... 

21 

Additional quantities of urea (192 kg N ha -1 ) were 

used during ameliorative fertilization for the a and c treatments 

for equalization of nitrogen application. For this 

reason, total N quantity for ordinary fertilization in the first 

year of testing was 372 kg N ha -1 . The field experiment 

was set up in the split-plot design with four replicates 

then main plot (fertilization treatment) 300 m 2 and subplot 

(genotypes) 40 m 2 . Maize was sown at the end of 

April/beginning of May. Grain yields were calculated on 

theoretical plant density (66,027 plant ha -1 ) reduced by 

25% (49,520 plants ha -1 = share of mother parent in the 

seed-maize crop) and 14% grain moisture basis. 

50.6 K content for extraction at 20 and 80 o C, respectively 

(Table 1). The soil contain in the large proportion of 

clay (51.3%) is highly compacted. Lowland position in 

the landscape was disadvantageous during the period of 

water excess. 

Weather conditions 

In general, weather conditions during the three growing 

seasons were favourable for maize, with exception 

of 1995 when excess of water occurred at the early 

growth stage (194 mm in the May/June period). Rainfall 

Table 1. Chemical and physical properties of the Orubica soil 

Tablica 1. Kemijska i fizikalna svojstva tla kod Orubice 

Comment: very compacted clay soil - Komentar: jako zbijeno glinasto tlo 

Sampling and sample analysis 

Maize ear-leaf samples were collected at the start 

of silking (the middle of July) from each plot (25 leaves 

per sample). They were prepared for chemical analysis 

by drying (70 o C) and grinding. Plant material was digested 

using the wet-ashing procedure by concentrated 

sulfuric acid and catalyst Se (Holz, 1973). Potassium 

was determined by flame emission spectrometry, and P 

spectrophometricaly by molybdenum-vanadium complex. 

For soil analysis we used the surface soil layer (30 

cm deep) (soil sampling before ameliorative fertilization 

- March 10, 1993). Soil test was done by the EUFmethod 

(Nemeth, 1982). 

Soil properties 

Orubica eutric gleysol (before the trial: pH 1 N KCl 

= 5.30; humus 1.75% g) is located near Nova 

Gradiška, Eastern Croatia. Soil test (EUF method) showed 

low plant available phosphorus and potassium (mg 

kg -1 ) as follows: 5.28 and 4.18 P content; and 40.4 and 

in the 7-month period April-October (Nova Gradiška 

Weather Bureau) was 490 mm, 752 mm and 486 mm, 

for the growing seasons 1993, 1994 and 1995, respectively. 

Rainfall and mean air-temperatures in the critical 

period for maize (July + August) were adequate (total 

190 mm, 282 mm and 143 mm, as well as 22.7 o C, 

22.6 o C and 22.5 o C, for the 1993, 1994 and 1995, 

respectively). Excess rainfall in June and July 1994 

(total 390 mm) was useful for maize because of its 

increased needs for water in this period. 


Our results confirmed considerable influences of the 

growing season, fertilization and genotype on maize yields 

and its nutritional status (Table 2). For example, depending 

on the growing season mean grain yields ranged from 

1.33 t ha -1 to 3.40 t ha -1 . Especially low yields in the 1995 

growing season could be in connection with lowland position 

of the soil and excess of rainfall the beginning of 

maize growth (May and June rainfall 194 mm). In the pre- 


22 


vious years of testing, grain yields were similar and considerably 

higher (2-year mean 3.29 t ha -1 ). 

In general, ear-leaf P and K status were considerably 

different among the growing seasons, applied fertilization 

and genotype (Table 2) 

As affected by ameliorative fertilization, maize 

grain yields were almost increased by 50% (3-year 

means: 1.93 t ha -1 and 2.86 t ha -1 , for the control and 

ameliorative fertilization, respectively). Analogous 

values for maize nutritional status (ear-leaf P and K concentrations 

at beginning of silking stage) were as follows: 

0.29% P and .43% P, 0.86% K and 2.04% K, 

respectively. Application of both elements in ameliorative 

quantities resulted by 56% increase of maize yield, 

while by individual addition of these elements yield 

increases were similar (for 45%). 

Table 2. Influences of the growing seasons, fertilization and genotype on maize properties 

Tablica 2. Utjecaj godine, gnojidbe i genotipa na svojstva kukuruza 

*for the 1993 growing season: a = control (372 kg N + 52 kg P and 133 kg K ha -1 ), b = a + 382 kg P ha -1 , c = a + 

726 kg K ha -1 , d = a + 382 kg P ha -1 + 726 kg K ha -1 . For the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons all treatments were fertilized uniformly 

in range of the control (nitrogen 180 kg N ha -1 ). 

** za 1993. godinu: a = kontrola (372 kg N + 52 kg P i 133 kg K ha -1 ), b = a + 382 kg P ha -1 , c = a + 726 kg K ha -1 , d = a + 382 

kg P ha -1 + 726 kg K ha -1 . Za 1994. i 1995. godinu svi tretmani gnojeni su jednako na razini kontrole (dušik 180 kg N ha -1 ). 



23 

For estimation of nutritional status of maize plants, 

as reliable criterion is nutrient concentrations in ear-leaf 

at the beginning of silking stage. For example, critical 

concentrations (on dry matter basis) for high yields of 

maize are 0.25% P and 1.90% K (Melsted et al., 1969), 

while adequate ranges are from 0.25% to 0.35% P and 

from 1.75% to 2.25% K (Barber and Olson, 1968). By 

the other study, adequate ranges (leaf situated opposite 

the cob at the beginning of silking stage) are as follows: 

from 0.25% to 0.50% P and from 3.00 % to 4.50% K 

(Bergmann, 1992). In general, according to these criteria, 

potassium status of maize in our testing could be 

designated as moderate and phosphorus as adequate 

for maize growth. Also, acute K deficiency (less than 

1.0% K) and low P contents (less than 0.30% P) were 

found by maize growing on the control treatment, while 

ameliorative fertilization considerably improved both P 

and K status to normal levels. 

Nutritional status of maize is also under considerable 

influences of heredity because under identical environmental 

conditions differences were found among 

cultivars and hybrids (3, 7, 8). By our testing differences 

were found concerning genotype influences (3-year 

means) from 0.38 to 0.42% P and from 1.72 to 1.80% 

K and being highly significant. The highest concentrations 

of tested elements were found in the genotypes as 

follows: Os86-39 (phosphorus), Os84-44 and Os89-9 

(potassium). 

Considerably higher yields (mean 2.86 t ha -1 ) were 

found by the Os84-44 and Os138-9 genotypes compared 

to Os2-48 and Os84-49 (mean 2.42 t ha -1 ). 

Three year means of maize properties (genotype x 

fertilization) were tested by correlations (total 28 pairs) 

whereas very high connections between grain yields 

and ear-leaf composition were found as follows: r = 

0.82** (phosphorus) and r = 0.90** (potassium). 

Residual effects of application of high levels of fertilizer 

were also found by other investigations. For example, 

application of 130 kg P ha -1 in form of calcium 

superphosphate on calcareous soils resulted in wheat 

yield increase for 16% in the fourth testing year 

(Shaoling, 2000). 

CONCLUSION 

Although environmental conditions in the eastern 

Croatia are mainly favourable for seed-maize growing, 

phosphorus and potassium nutritional problems could 

be a limiting factor of profitable yields. Considerable differences 

of maize yields depending on the growing season, 

applied fertilization and tested genotypes were 

found by our testing. As nutritional status of maize (earleaf 

P and K status) were in close connection with grain 

yields, based on our investigations, we could recommend 

application of more P and K fertilizers for seedmaize 

growing, especially on less favourable soils. 

Increased inputs as affected by recommend fertilization 

are covered by the higher yields of seed. 

REFERENCES 

1. Barber, S.A, Olson, R.A. (1968): Fertilizer use in corn. In 

Changing patterns in fertilizer use (Nelson L.B. Ed.). Soil 

Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin 

pp.163-188. 

2. Bergmann, W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plants – 

development, visual and analytical diagnosis. Gustav 

Fischer Verlag Jena – Stuttgart – New York pp.343-362. 

3. Brkiæ, I., Kovaèeviæ, V., Vujeviæ, S., Kozumplik, V. 

(1997): Inheritance of potassium, calcium and magnesium 

status in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. In Plant 

Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and 

Environment (Ando T., Fujita K., Mae T., Matsumoto H., 

Mori S. and Sekiya J. Eds). Developments in Plant and 

Soil Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Printed in 

Japan, Vol. 78, pp.163-164. 

4. Holz, F. (1973): Die automatische Bestimmung des 

Stickstoffs als Indophenolgrun in Boden und Pflanzen. 

Landwirtsch. Forsch. 26:177.-192. 

5. Kovaèeviæ, V., Vukadinoviæ, V. (1992): The potassium 

requirements of maize and soyabeans on a high K-fixing 

soil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 9(1):10-13. 

6. Kovaèeviæ, V. (1994): Investigation of genetic aspects of 

corn mineral nutrition in Agricultural Institute Osijek 

(1971-1992). Sjemenarstvo, 5: 327-349. 

7. Kovaèeviæ, V., Kadar, I., Brkiæ, I., Josipoviæ, M. (1996): 

Response of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to potassium 

fertilization on strong K-fixing soil, IX th International 

Colloquium for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 

Prague, Czech Republic, Sept 8-15, 1996, Prague, 

Czech Republic, pp.458-461. 

8. Kovaèeviæ, V., Josipoviæ, M. (1998): Weather and soil 

limitations for maize growing in the Eastern Croatia, In: 

Fifth Congress of European Society for Agronomy (ESA) 

Nitra, The Slovak Republic, June 28 – July 2, 1998; M. 

Zima and Bartosova M.L. Eds.; Short Communications, 

Volume II, pp.157-158. 

9. Melsted, S.W., Motto, H.L., Peck, T.R. (1969): Critical 

nutrient composition values useful in interpretation plant 

analysis data. Agronomy J. 61:17-20. 

10. Nemeth, K. (1982): Odreðivanje stvarne i potencijalne 

raspoloìvosti hranjivih elemenata u zemljištu pomoæu 

metode elektroultrafiltracije (EUF). Jugoslavenski poljoprivredno 

šumarski centar Beograd. 

11. Pucariæ, A. (1992): Proizvodnja sjemena hibrida kukuruza, 

Institut za oplemenjivanje i proizvodnju bilja, Zagreb. 

12. Shaoling, J. (2000): Study on the residual effects of 

phosphatic fertilizer on calacareous soils. Volume of 

Abstracts, International Symposium on Phosphorus in 

the Soil-Plant Continuum, Beijing, China, Sept 17-23, 

2000; Fusuo Zhang, Ed., pp.37. 


24 


REAKCIJA GENOTIPOVA KUKURUZA NA GNOJIDBU 

NA HIDROMORFNOM TLU POSAVINE 

SA@ETAK 

Uzgoj sjemenskog kukuruza profitabilniji je od uzgoja merkantilnoga kukuruza, ali i više riskantan, osobito na tlima 

slabije plodnosti. Razlog tome je u èinjenici da su roditelji hibrida kukuruza manje tolerantni od svoga potomstva 

prema stresu izazvanog okolišem, ukljuèujuæi i probleme s ishranom. Zato smo postavili poljski pokus gnojidbe fosforom 

(P) i kalijem (K) i genotipovima kukuruza (roditelji sjemenskog kukuruza) na tlu umjereno opskrbljenom s P i K. 

Primjenom 382 kg P i 726 kg K ha-1, prinos kukuruza je poveæan od 1,93 t ha-1 do 2,86 t ha-1 (3-god. prosjeci). 

Visoke su korelacije ustanovljene izmeðu prinosa zrna genotipova kukuruza i koncentracija P i K u listu ispod klipa 

u fazi svilanja (r = 0,82** za P and r = 0,90** za K). Na osnovu takvih rezultat, mogli bismo predloìti jaèe naglašenu 

gnojidbu fosforom i kalijem od uobièajene za sjemenski kukuruz na tlima sliènih kemijskih svojstava. 

Kljuène rijeèi: gnojidba, kukuruz, stanje hraniva, fosfor, kalij, prinos 

(Received on 25 February 2003; accepted on 7 April 2003 – Primljeno 25. veljaèe 2003.; prihvaæeno 7. travnja 2003.) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 631.51.023+632.954:632.51:633.16 

INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE AND LOW HERBICIDE DOSES 

ON WEED POPULATIONS AND SPRING BARLEY YIELD 

Mira Kneèvi} (1) , Marija \urki} (1) , I. Kneèvi} (1) , K. Hajba (2) 



SUMMARY 

The influence of different tillage variants and low herbicide doses of triasulfuron & 

chlortoluron mixture (Dicuran forte 80 WP) on weed populations and crop yield were 

studied in spring barley on lessive pseudogley soil in North-Eastern Croatia at the 

â~inci locality in 1999. Tillage had no significant influence on annual broad-leaved 

weed biomass production, which was 22 kg ha -1 , on the average. Chisel ploughing and 

disk harrowing significantly increased perennial weed biomass by 21 and 44 times, 

respectively compared to mouldboard ploughing. The average efficacy of total weed biomass 

control was 95, 89 and 81% at full, one-half and one-quarter of the recommended 

herbicide dose, respectively and did not differ very much between tillage treatments. 

Both reduced herbicide doses ensured very good biomass control of the most abundant 

weed populations such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium album L., Ch. polyspermum 

L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L. No significant tillage and herbicide dose 

effects were recorded in barley yields, which ranked from 4.93 t ha -1 in chisel ploughing 

to 4.48 t ha -1 in disk harrowing. These results suggested a possibility of mouldboard 

ploughing substitution with reduced tillage practices on lessive pseudogley soil and 

herbicide dose reduction of triasulfuron & chlortoluron mixture to 50% or more in spring 

barley. 

Key words: Spring barley, soil tillage, weed populations, weed dry biomass, crop yield 

INTRODUCTION 

Rational tillage systems and usage of low rates of 

environmentally safe herbicides are of the most importance 

in the development of integrated weed management 

systems (Swanton & Weise, 1991). Reducing the 

tillage practices for cereal crops under different environmental 

conditions is a general trend ( cf. Cannell, 1985; 

Butorac et al., 1986; Ko{uti} et al., 1998). 

The effects of tillage on weed population and crop 

performance were reported for spring barley on a clay 

and loam soil by Legere et al., 1990. The response of 

the weed flora in spring barley on three soil types 

(sandy loam, clay loam and silt loam) was described by 

Pollard and Cussans (1976) and discussed by Cussans 

(1976). The results of low herbicide doses application in 

spring cereals under Danish, Finnish, and Scottish conditions 

showed that a reduction of herbicide dose is feasible 

and successful with considerable economic and 

environmental influence (Kudsk, 1989; Salonen, 1992; 

Fisher et al., 1993). 

In total arable land of cereals in Croatia, barley 

covers about 45.000 ha or 7%, and grain production is 

125.000 t per year (Statisti~ki ljetopis, 2000). In most 

barley fields, chemical weed control is obtained by triasulfuron 

& chlortoluron mixture (Dicuran forte 80 WP) 

which is registered for broad-leaved weeds and some 

grasses at the rate of 15 g a. i. ha -1 at the pre-emergence 

or 11 g a. i. ha -1 at the post-emergence application 

(Maceljski et al., 2002). 

This paper reports the influence of different tillage 

practices and herbicide doses of triasulfuron & chlortoluron 

herbicide mixture lower than recommended, as 

well as their interaction on weed population and spring 

barley yield on a lessive pseudogley soil in northeastern 

Croatia. 

(1) Ph.D Mira Kneèviæ, Full Professor, Ph.D Marija Ðurkiæ, Assistant 

Professor and Ph.D Ivan Kneèviæ, Full Professor – Josip Juraj 

Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg sv. Trojstva 

3, 31000 Osijek, (2) Kazimir Hajba, B.Sc. – P.P. Orahovica d.d., R.J. 

Èaèinci, Croatia 


26 

M. Kneèviæ et al.: INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE AND LOW HERBICIDE DOSES ON WEED ... 


The stationary field trials started in the autumn of 

1996 on lessive pseudogley soil at the â~inci locality 

in north-eastern Croatia with a winter wheat - maize 

rotation. The experimental design was a split-plot with 

tillage as the main factor (T) and weed control as the 

sub-factor (W). Weed control plots (3.5 x 9 m) were 

replicated four times within each tillage plot. Soil tillage 

had been performed continuously during 1996-1999 in 

five treatments: MP - continuous mouldboard ploughing 

to 30-35 depth, disk harrowing, standard sowing; MP- 

DH - mouldboard ploughing every second year alternating 

with disk harrowing; DH-MP - disk harrowing every 

second year alternating with mouldboard ploughing; CPloosening 

with a chisel plough to 15-20 cm depth, disk 

harrowing ; DH - continuous disk harrowing to 8-10 cm 

depth. Spring barley (cv. Jaran) was sown on March 13, 

1999 after maize (instead of winter wheat, that could 

not be sown in the third year due to the wet Autumn of 

1998). Fertilisation was based on 120 kg ha -1 of N, 150 

kg ha -1 of P 2 

O 5 

and 100 kg ha -1 of K 2 

O. The top dressing 

with 27 kg N ha -1 was accomplished in April at the 

beginning of the forking stage of crop. 

Chemical weed control was subjected to herbicide 

treatments with triasulfuron & chlortoluron mixture with 

three ascending dose rates up to the highest recommended 

dose, which corresponded to 11.3 g & 1185 g 

a. i. ha -1 or 1.5 kg ha -1 of commercial herbicide of 

Dicuran forte 80 WP. Sub-plot treatments were: W0 = 

untreated control: W1 = one-quarter dose; W2 = onehalf 

dose; W3 = full recommended dose. The postemergence 

application of herbicide mixture was made 

when spring barley was at the tillering stage, corresponded 

to Zadoks scale 25-29. The time interval between 

sowing and herbicide spraying was 25 days. 

Herbicide was applied by knapsack sprayer “Solo” in 

300 l ha -1 of water volume at a pressure of 300 kPa. 

Weed samples were collected 54 days after the herbicide 

application by counting plant numbers and recording 

the air dry biomass of each weed species in a 0.25 m 2 

circle replicated four times per each sub-plot, i. e. 16 

replications totally per each weed control treatment. The 

phytotoxic effect of herbicides on crop plants was evaluated 

using the 1-9 scale. Spring barley was harvested 

on June 17, 1999. The crop yield was adjusted to 14% 

of the moisture content. 

The analysis of variance was used for testing the 

univariate differences between independent groups of 

observations. Dependent variables were: weed dry 

weight of botanical groups (annual broad-leaved weeds, 

perennial weeds, and total weeds), crop density and 

crop yield. Tillage and weed control treatments, as well 

as their interaction were groups in separate variance 

analyses. Particular group-to group differences were 

tested by the Fisher’s test (Ott, 1993) using the probability 

level of P=0.05. Linear regression analyses were 

performed to evaluate univariate correlations between 

weed dry weight, crop density and crop yield. 

Correlated values were sub-plot averages of repetitions 

of the respective variable. Correlation analyses were 

performed for total sample and for the each tillage treatment 

and each weed control treatments separately. 

Weather conditions during the experiment are presented 

in the Table 1. 

Table 1. Weather conditions during spring barley growing season in 1999 and the 10-year average (1991-2000) for 

the â~inci locality 

Tablica 1. Vremenske prilike u vegetacijskom periodu jarog je~ma u 1999. godini i u 10-godi{njem razdoblju 

(1999.-2000.) za lokalitet â~inci 



27 


A total of 20 weed species were recorded in barley 

weed community, of which 7 were species in mouldboard 

ploughing (MP), 11 species were in both alternating 

tillage treatments with mouldboard ploughing and 

disk harrowing (MP-DH, DH-MP), 9 species in chisel 

ploughing (CP) and 17 species in disk harrowing (DH). 

Annual broad-leaved species dominated the weed flora 

with 12 species, compared to 8 perennials. Species 

composition and their dry weight in different tillage 

treatments are shown in Table 2. 

The proportion of annual broad-leaved weeds in 

total weed dry weight was the highest in MP (95%), 

medium and similar in MP-DH and DH-MP (76 and 80%, 

respectively), still lower in CP (60%) and the lowest in 

DH (49%). On the contrary, perennial weeds significantly 

increased their biomass proportion in DH-MP, CP and DH 

by 10, 41 and 54 times, respectively compared to MP. 

Several reports suggested differences in the weed community 

under deep mouldboard ploughing and shallow 

tillage practices. The reduced tillage generally favoured 

perennial species over annual broad-leaved species 

(Froud-Williams, 1988; Archad et al., 1995). However, in 

some studies, tillage had no influence on selectivity of 

the weed flora (Swanton et al., 1993). 

Chenopodium album, the characteristic species in 

mouldboard ploughing (Froud-Williams et al., 1988) in our 

trial had a higher biomass production in DH than in MP 

with the biomass reaching 22 kg and 4 kg ha -1 , respectively. 

Biomass responses of annual species of Ambrosia 

artemisiifolia and Polygonum lapathifolium to tillage intensity 

were inconsistent. On the other hand, Anagallis arvensis, 

Chenopodium polyspermum, Erigeron annuus and 

Matricaria inodora showed the tendency to increase plant 

densities and dry weight in CP, DH-MP and DH. Perennial 

weed species such as Plantago major, Equisetum arvense 

and Convolvulus arvensis clearly increased their dry 

weight in disk harrowing, whereas Sonchus arvensis species 

was associated only with CP. It is known that soil 

compaction increases the abundance of some perennial 

Table 2. Weed species composition and weed dry weight on untreated plots in spring barley after 3 years of the 

continuous tillage practices (1999, June) 

Tablica 2. Floristi~ki sastav i suha masa korova u netretiranom jarom je~mu nakon tri godine kontinuirane obrade tla 

(lipanj, 1999.) 

MP = mouldboard ploughing; MP-DH and DH-MP = tillage treatments in alternation every second year; CP = chisel ploughing; DH = 

disk harrowing; + = weed dry weight < 0.01 g m-2 

MP = obrada leme{nim plugom; MP-DH i DH-MP = obrada u alternaciji svake druge godine; CP = obrada chisel plugom; DH = tanjuranje; 

+ = suha masa korova < 0,01 g m-2 


28 


The analyses of variance detected a significant tillage 

x herbicide dose (T x W) interaction in DH tillage 

with one-quarter herbicide dose by 53 % of control efficacy. 

This result is due to an increase of perennial weed 

biomass on these tilled plots. Correlations between total 

weed biomass and barley yield were negative and poor 

in DH tillage (r 2 = -0.1978) and with one-quarter herbicide 

dose (r 2 = -0.0964). This suggested that weeds 

did not have any influence on barley yields. 

The groups are: tillage (T), weed control (W) and 

interaction of tillage and weed control (T x W). N is number 

of observations in the group, F is proportion of between- 

group and within group variance. The means, followed 

by the same letter within a column, are not significantly 

different at the 5% level. 

Table 3. Weed density (plants m -2 ) of selected annual broad-leaved species on untreated plots and efficacy of 

triasulfuron & chlortoluron mixture at reduced herbicide dose in spring barley (averaged over all tillage 

treatments according to an assessment in June 1999) 

Tablica 3. Broj biljaka m -2 nekih jednogodi{njih {irokolisnih korovnih vrsta u netretiranom je~mu i u~inkovitost triasulfuron 

& klortoluron herbicida u smanjenim dozama (prosjek od svih obrada prema ocjeni zakorovljenosti 

u lipnju, 1999. godine) 

weeds such as E. arvense (Bachthaler, 1985), but in our 

study it was a less competitive weed species. 

After three years of continuous tillage trials, the 

results indicated that tillage effect caused some changes 

in weed abundance and selection of weed species, 

but the time interval was still too short for the record of 

directional shifts and the selective tillage effects on 

weed composition in spring barley. The analysis of 

variance shows significant tillage effect only in DH with 

the highest total weed biomass of 57 kg ha -1 , corresponding 

to an increase of 149%, compared to MP. 

The herbicide efficacy, measured as a relative 

reduction in weed dry weight compared to untreated 

plots within each tillage, did not differ significantly between 

tillage treatments, with the exception of DH tillage. 

The average dry weight of total weeds was 108 kg in 

untreated and 13 kg in treated plots, respectively (Table 

4). Thus, the average control efficacy with this herbicide 

mixture was 88%. The best average herbicide efficacy 

occurred with the full recommended herbicide 

dose, which corresponded to 95% control. One-half and 

one-quarter of the recommended dose provided 89 and 

81% of the total biomass control, respectively, but still 

provided very good biomass control of dominant annual 

broad-leaved weeds (94-95%). 

The susceptibility of the annual broad-leaved 

weeds to low herbicide doses varied among species 

(Table 3). The best control efficacy with one-quarter and 

one-half herbicide doses were achieved against 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia (94-96%), Polygonum. lapathifolium 

(93-95%), Chenopodium polyspermum (88- 

93%), whereas herbicide efficacy against Matricaria 

inodora (79-84%) was improved by increasing the 

dose. In contrast, all three herbicide doses were unsuccessful 

in perennial weed control, as was anticipated 

considering the weed control spectrum of triasulfuron & 

chlortoluron mixture. No crop plant injury by this herbicide 

mixture has been observed. 

Barley yields were influenced by crop density, 

expressed in ears number m -2 . The ear numbers varied 

from 600 ears m -2 in CP to 573 ears m -2 in DH, with 

significant differences (Table 4). Correlations between 

crop density and crop yield have been strong, positive 

and significant in untreated crop (r 2 = 0.9235*) and in 

treated crop with one-quarter herbicide dose (r 2 = 

0.8948*). Weak crop competition in DH due to lower 

crop density probably influence on the inadequate efficiency 

of the lowest herbicide dose as was reported by 

Courtney (1991), Richards and Davies (1991) and Pallutt 

(1999). This was caused by unfavourable weather conditions 

in 1999. Namely, the barley growing season was 

extremely wet with 138 mm more precipitation in June, 

than the average of 89 mm in 1991-2000 (Table 1). 

In spite of that, tillage had no significant effect on 

barley yields, which ranked from 4.93 t to 4.72 t and 

4.48 t ha -1 in CP, MP and DH, respectively (Table 4). 

This result concurs with some earlier finding by other 

authors (Brown and North, 1984; Butorac et al., 1986; 

Ko{uti} et al., 1998) that suggested that reduction of tillage 

was not always associated with significant crop 

yield reduction. The same conclusion can be drawn 

regarding the influence of herbicide doses on barley 



29 

Table 4. Influence of tillage, the herbicide doses and tillage x weed control interaction on weed biomass, crop density 

and grain yield of spring barley in 1999 

Tablica 4. Utjecaj obrade tla, herbicidnih doza i njihova interakcija na suhu masu korova, sklop i prinos jarog je~ma u 

1999. godini 

yields, which did not differ either between the treatments 

with the recommended and reduced doses or 

even between untreated controls. 

In conclusion, the results suggested a possibility of 

mouldboard ploughing substitution with reduced tillage 

practices on lessive pseudogley soil for spring barley. 

The reduced herbicide doses of triasulfuron & chlortoluron 

mixture to 50% or more provided adequate control 

of annual broad-leaved weeds in terms of barley yield, 

although the efficacy was lower than that obtained by 

the recommended doses. The efficacy of one quarter 

herbicide dose was not successful in controlling of 

perennial weed biomass after disk harrowing tillage but 

it had no influence on barley yields. 

REFERENCES 

1. Arshad, M.A., Gill, K. S., Coy, G. R. (1995): Barley, 

canola, and weed growth with decreasing tillage in a 

cold, semiarid climate. Agron. J. 87, 49-55. 

2. Bachthaler, G. (1985): Changes in the weed population 

of Bavaria. Comparison of the results of regional evaluations 

for survey periods 1948 -1955 and 1979-1980. 

Bayer. Landwirtsch. Jahrb. 62, 60-75. 

3. Brown, N.J., North, P.F. (1984): Tillage under controlled 

conditions its effect on emergence and yield of spring 

barley. J. Agric. Sci. 102, 181-189. 

4. Butorac, A., @ugec, I., Ba{i}, F. (1986.): Stanje i perspektive 

reducirane obrade tla u svijetu i u nas. 

Poljoprivredne aktualnosti 25, 159.-262. 

5. Cannell, R.Q. (1985): Reduced tillage in northwest 


30 


Europe: a review. Soil Tillage Res, 5, 129-177. 

6. Courtney, A.D. (1991): The role of competition in developing 

an appropriate rate strategy for weed control in 

spring barley. Proc. Brighton Crop Protec. Conf. 

–Weeds, 1217-1224. 

7. Cussans, G.W. (1976): The influence of changing 

husbandry on weeds and weed control in arable crops. 

Proc. Brighton Crop Protec. Conf.- Weeds, 1001-1008. 

8. Fischer, N.M., Davies, D.H.K., Whytock, G.P. (1993): 

Reliability of broad-leaved weed control in cereals using 

low doses of herbicide. Proc. Brighton Crop Protec. 

Conf.- Weeds, 1223-1228. 

9. Froud-Williams, R.J., (1988): Changes in weed flora 

with different tillage and agronomic management 

systems. In (eds. Altieri M.A. & Liebman, M.) Weed 

Management in Agroecosystems: Ecological 

Approaches, pp. 213-236. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 

10. Ko{uti}, S., Filipovi}, D., Gospodari}, Z. (1998): 

Influence of different soil tillage systems on yield, energy 

and lobour requirement in spring barley production. 

Poljoprivreda 4, 67-75. 

11. Kudsk, P. (1989): Experiences with reduced herbicide 

doses in Denmark and development of the concept of 

factor adjusted doses. Proc. Brighton Crop Protec. 

Conf.- Weeds, 545-554. 

12. Légère A., Samson, N., Lemieux, C., Rioux, R. (1990): 

Effects of weed management and reduced tillage on 

weed populations and barley yields. Proc.7 th EWRS 

Symp. Integrated Weed Management in Cereals, 111- 

118. 

13. Maceljski, M., Hrlec, G., Ostoji}, Z., Cvjetkovi}, B. 

(2002.): Pregled sredstava za za{titu bilja u Hrvatskoj. 

Glasilo biljne za{tite 2-3, 61.-177. 

14. Ott, R.L. (1993): An introduction to statistical methods 

and data analysis. Duxbury Press, Belmont, 1051 p. 

15. Pallutt, B. (1999): Possibilities and limits of using seed 

rate and nitrogen fertilisation to decrease weed infestation 

and herbicide input in cereals. Proc. 11 th EWRS 

Symp., 114. 

16. Pollard, F., Cussans, G.W. (1976): The influence of tillage 

on the weed flora of four sites sown to successive 

crops of spring barley. Proc. Brighton Crop Protec. 

Conf.-Weeds, 1019-1028. 

17. Richards, M.C., Davies, D.H.K. (1991): Potential for 

reducing herbicide inputs/rates with more competitive 

cereal cultivars. Proc. Brighton Crop Prot. Conf. -Weeds, 

1233-1240. 

18. Salonen, J. (1992): Efficacy of reduced herbicide doses 

in spring cereals of different competitive ability. Weed 

Res. 32, 483-491. 

19. Swanton, C.J., Weise, S.F. (1991): Integrated weed 

management: The rationale and approach. Weed Tech. 

5, 567-663. 

20. Swanton, C.J., Clements, D.R., Derksen, D.A. (1993): 

Weed succession under conservation tillage: a hierarchical 

framework for research and management. Weed 

Tech. 7, 286-297. 

21. ............ Statisti~ki ljetopis (2000.): Poljoprivreda, lov i 

{umarstvo R. Hrvatske, 540 p. 

UTJECAJ OBRADE TLA I NISKIH HERBICIDNIH DOZA NA KOROVNU POPULACIJU I 

PRINOS JAROG JE^MA 

SA@ETAK 

Utjecaj nekih varijanta reduciranih obrada tla i smanjenih doza herbicidnog pripravka Dicurana forte 80 WP na 

korovnu populaciju i prinos jarog je~ma ispitivan je na lesiviranom pseudogleju na lokalitetu â~inci u 1999. godini. 

Najbrojnije korovne vrste bile su iz skupine jednogodi{njih dvosupnica: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium 

album L., Chenopodium polyspermum L. i Polygonum lapathifolium L. Obrada tla nije zna~ajno utjecala na produkciju 

suhe mase te korovne skupine, ~ija je prosje~na masa iznosila 22 kg ha -1 . Reducirane obrade tla (tanjuranje svake 

druge godine u izmjeni s oranjem, oranje s chisel plugom i kontinuirano tanjuranje) pove}ale su masu vi{egodi{njih 

korova za 10 do 54 puta prema konvencionalnoj obradi. Herbicidni pripravak u dozama od 100%, 50% i 25% preporu~ene 

doze postigao je dobru prosje~nu u~inkovitost od 95, 89 i 81%. Obrada tla i smanjenje herbicidnih doza nisu 

zna~ajno utjecali na prinose usjeva, koji su varirali u prosjeku od 4,93 t ha -1 u obradi s chisel plugom do 4,48 t ha -1 

u obradi kontinuiranim tanjuranjem, bez statisti~kih razlika. Rezultati su pokazali mogu}nost zamjene konvencionalne 

obrade s reduciranim oblicima obrada na pseudogleju uz uporabu smanjenih doza herbicidnog pripravka 

Dicurana forte 80 WP za 50% i vi{e u proizvodnji jarog je~ma. 

Klju~ne rije~i: jari je~am, obrada tla, korovne populacije, suha masa korova, prinos je~ma 

(Received on 19 March 2003; accepted on 30 April 2003 - Primljeno 19. oùjka 2003.; prihva}eno 30. travnja 2003.) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 631.111.2:633.63:632.26 

PRODUKTIVNOST MONOGERMNIH LINIJA ŠEÆERNE 

REPE U ZAVISNOSTI OD OSJETLJIVOSTI NA CERKOSPORU 

(Cercospora beticola Sacc.) 

A. Kristek (1) , Zvjezdana Magud (2) , Manda Antunoviæ (1) , Suzana Kristek (1) Izvorni znanstveni èlanak 


SA@ETAK 

Proizvodne vrijednosti monogermnih CMS linija šeæerne repe i njihovu otpornost na C. 

beticolu istraìvali smo u Osijeku tijekom dvije godine (2001., 2002.) u uvjetima prirodne 

infekcije i potpune zaštite fungicidima. Vrednovanje je izvršeno preko pokazatelja prinosa 

i kvalitete korijena te vizualnom ocjenom ošteæenja listova. U istraìvanju je bilo 28 

CMS genetski divergentnih linija i 2 standarda. Rezultati istraìvanja ukazuju na postignuti 

napredak u oplemenjivanju i obeæavajuæu vrijednost monogermnih CMS linija, koje 

je moguæe koristiti za dobivanje novih hibrida i daljnje genetsko unapreðenje. Tri ispitivane 

linije postigle su visok prinos korijena na razini standarda, a èak deset linija imalo 

je istu ili veæu digestiju od boljeg standarda. Utvrðeno je da je upotrebom fungicida u 

odnosu na nezaštiæene varijante prosjeèno poveæan prinos korijena za 7,09 t/ha (16%), 

digestija za 0,81% (rel. 5%) i prinos šeæera za 1,38 t/ha (22,8%). Mjere zaštite fungicidima 

više su utjecale na proizvodni rezultat kod osjetljivih linija na C. beticolu, a manje 

kod otpornijih linija. 

Kljuène rijeèi: šeæerna repa, prinos, kvaliteta korijena, Cercospora beticola 

UVOD 

Kontinuirana testiranja i ocjene stvorenih selekcijskih 

materijala šeæerne repe nuàn su put kojim nastojimo 

dostiæi oplemenjivaèke ciljeve. Za uspješnost selekcijskog 

postupka potrebno je utvrditi genetske parametre 

koji daju uvid u prirodu genetske varijabilnosti razlièitih 

selekcijskih materijala. Osim prinosa korijena, 

sadràja šeæera, kalija, natrija, alfa amino dušika, znaèajan 

interes oplemenjivaèa šeæerne repe predstavlja 

otpornost prema pjegavosti lista koju izaziva 

Cercospora beticola Saac. Ta bolest zastupljena je u 

svim proizvodnim podruèjima naše zemlje i redovito se 

javlja svake godine. Bolest ošteæuje listove, smanjuje 

lisnu površinu i asimilaciju CO2 (Nagel i Leonard, 

1940.), zbog èega opada prinos korijena i do 60%, 

sadràj šeæera moè biti niì 3-7%, a poveæava se udio 

štetnih elemenata (K, Na, AmN) u korijenu repe (Mariæ, 

1969., 1974.; Matiæ i Ðurðeviæ, 1970.; Smith i Ruppel, 

1973.; Yoshimura et al. 1992.; Smith i Campbell, 1996.; 

Lioviæ i sur., 1998.). Jaka epidemija moè izazvati gubitak 

prinosa šeæera i preko 42% (Smith i Ruppel, 1971.). 

Osim toga, korijen zaraènih biljaka teè se èuva od 

korijena zdravih biljaka (Smith i Ruppel, 1971.). 

Smanjenje gubitaka izazvanih pjegavošæu lišæa 

šeæerne repe moè se postiæi korištenjem otpornih 

sorata i primjenom fungicida. Kao izvori otpornosti 

prema tom patogenu uglavnom se koriste sorte i linije 

stvorene u SAD i Italiji, koje su nastale kriànjem šeæerne 

repe Beta vulgaris var. altisima s divljom repom Beta 

vulgaris ssp. maritima. Te sorte i linije posjeduju razlièiti 

stupanj otpornosti, a izvor imuniteta pronaðen je u 

repama iz sekcije Patellares. Meðutim, kriànje tih biljaka 

s biljkama Beta vulgaris vrlo je teško, a i povezano s 

unošenjem velikog broja negativnih osobina, koje se 

tijekom selekcije teško eliminiraju. 

Prouèavajuæi genetsku osnovu otpornosti na C. 

beticolu, razni istraìvaèi dobili su vrlo nejednake podatke. 

Tako Smith i Gaskill (1970.) navode da otpornost 

prema C. beticoli kontrolira veæi broj gena (4-5), a 

Lewelen i Whithney (1976.) jedan gen kod rase C2 

(1) Dr.sc. Andrija Kristek, red. prof., dr.sc. Manda Antunoviæ, izv.prof., 

dr.sc. Suzana Kristek - Sveuèilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, 

Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, (2) 

Zvjezdana Magud, dipl.in`. - Institut za šeæernu repu d.d., M. Divalta 320, 

31000 Osijek 


32 

A. Kristek i sur.: PRODUKTIVNOST MONOGERMNIH LINIJA ŠEÆERNE REPE U ZAVISNOSTI OD ... 

Cercospora beticola, uz napomenu da taj gen nije efikasan 

prema rasi C1. Kako genetska osnova, tako se i 

rezultati o naèinu nasljeðivanja otpornosti prema pjegavosti 

lišæa šeæerne repe znaèajno razlikuju kod pojedinih 

istraìvaèa. Lewelen i Whithney (1976.) opisuju da se 

otpornost u F1 generaciji nasljeðuje dominantno, a 

Kohls (1950.) recesivno. Hasegawa et al. (Kovaèev, 

1982.) navode da je nasljeðivanje po tipu nepotpune 

dominacije recesivnog roditelja, dok Smith i Gaskill 

(1970.) te Kovaèev (1982) naèin nasljeðivanja opisuju 

kao intermedijalni. 

U ovom radu analiziraju se vrijednosti stvorenih 

CMS monogermnih linija preko kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih 

pokazatelja (prinos korijena i šeæera, sadràj šeæera, 

K, Na, AmN), uzimajuæi u obzir otpornost na C. beticolu 

kao znaèajno svojstvo, va`no u proizvodnji te kulture. 

Na takav naèin dobit æe se va`ne informacije, koje æe 

posluìti pri izboru linija kao komponente za dobivanje 

F1 triploidnih hibrida. 


Kako bismo utvrdili proizvodnu vrijednost i otpornost 

monogermnih CMS linija šeæerne repe na C. beticolu, u 

2001. i 2002. godini postavili smo poljske pokuse u 

Osijeku. U pokusima se nalazilo 28 CMS monogermnih 

genetski divergentnih novostvorenih linija šeæerne repe 

Instituta za šeæernu repu i 2 hibrida, Os Sana i Kristal, kao 

standard. Istraìvane linije izdvojene su kao bolji selekcijski 

materijal u preliminarnim istraìvanjima na najva`nija 

proizvodna svojstva (prinos korijena i šeæera, sadràj 

šeæera). Najbolje linije posluìt æe kao majèinska komponenta 

za dobivanje F1 triploidnih hibrida. 

Istraìvanja su vršena u uvjetima prirodne infekcije 

cerkosporom, bez zaštite i potpune zaštite od cerkospore 

fungicidima. Ocjena proizvodnih vrijednosti i otpornosti 

prema pjegavosti lišæa šeæerne repe izvršena je preko 

pokazatelja prinosa i kvalitete korijena te vizualnom 

ocjenom ošteæenja listova, koristeæi skalu od 0 (nema 

bolesti) do 10 (potpuno sušenje lišæa). 

Izabrani genotipovi posijani su u dva odvojena poljska 

pokusa (tretirano i netretirano), prema shemi sluèajnog 

bloknog rasporeda u 6 ponavljanja, s velièinom 

osnovne parcele od 10 m2 u vaðenju. Tretiranje fungicidima 

obavljeno je u obje godine sredinom srpnja prvi 

puta (Brestanid 0,6 l/ha + Duet 0,7 l/ha), krajem 

srpnja/poèetkom kolovoza drugi puta (Brestanid 0,6 l/ha 

+ Rias 300 EC 0,5 l/ha) i u drugoj dekadi kolovoza treæi 

puta (Alto combi 0,4 l/ha). Završna vizualna ocjena cerkospore 

izvršena je u drugoj dekadi rujna, a vaðenje 

pokusa u zadnjoj dekadi listopada. 

Vremenske prilike u godinama izvoðenja pokusa 

razlikovale su se i utjecale su na tok porasta šeæerne 

repe i na razvoj C. beticole. Godinu 2001. u vegetaciji 

karakteriziraju prosjeène mjeseène temperature zraka 

(17,70 C) za ovo podruèje i poveæana kolièina oborina 

u vegetaciji. Meðutim, raspored oborina bio je nepovoljan, 

zbog izmjene suhih i vla`nih razdoblja. Tako je u 

kolovozu palo 7,1 mm kiše, a u lipnju èak 238,9 mm. 

Takve vremenske prilike pruàle su uvjete za postizanje 

zadovoljavajuæe kvalitete, ali ne i prinosa korijena, dok 

optimalni uvjeti za razvoj C. beticole u drugom dijelu 

vegetacije nisu bili ispunjeni. Za 2002. godinu moè se 

ukratko reæi da je bila topla i vla`na, povoljna za dobar 

prinos korijena, ali i za razvoj C. beticole. Istovremeno, 

takvi uvjeti bili su nepovoljni za nakupljanje šeæera u 

korijenu repe - digestiju. U ovoj godini temperatura zraka 

je tijekom vegetacije bila prosjeèno za 1 0 C viša od 

dugogodišnjeg prosjeka, a mjeseèna kolièina oborina u 

vegetaciji iznosila je 50-70 mm, s izuzetkom svibnja, u 

kojem je palo 155,6 mm kiše. 


Rezultati provedenih poljskih pokusa, laboratorijskih 

analiza korijena šeæerne repe i statistièke obrade 

Tablica 1. Prinos i kvaliteta korijena šeæerne repe u uvjetima potpune zaštite od cerkospore i prirodne infekcije 

Table 1. Yield and quality of sugar beet root in the conditions of full Cercospora protection and natural infection 

** Signifikantno na razini P


33 

podataka izneseni su u Tablici 1. Iz prikazanih rezultata 

zapaàmo signifikantne vrlo znaèajne razlike u primjeni 

zaštite od C. beticole u svim ispitivanim svojstvima 

korijena šeæerne repe. Veæi prinosi korijena (51,43 

t/ha), veæa digestija (16,98%) i veæi prinosa šeæera 

(7,44 t/ha) ostvareni su pri potpunoj zaštiti šeæerne 

repe od C. beticole. Razlika izmeðu netretiranih i tretiranih 

varijanti iznosi u prinosu korijena 7,09 t/ha (16%), 

u sadràju šeæera 0,81% (rel. 5%) te u prinosu šeæera 

1,38 t/ha (22,8%). U uvjetima prirodne infekcije cerkosporom 

bez zaštite, prosjeèna ocjena napada bolesti 

bila je 7,4, što je visoko signifikantno više u odnosu na 

uvjete potpune zaštite fungicidima (1,9). Utvrðene 

su statistièki vrlo znaèajne razlike u rezultatima i izmeðu 

godina istraìvanja. Znaèajno veæi prinos korijena 

(57,82 t/ha) i šeæera (7,79 t/ha) na razini P-0,01 dobiven 

je u 2002. godini, a veæa digestija (17,37%) i iskorištenje 

šeæera na repu (14,58%) u 2001. godini. 

Prosjeèna ocjena napada lišæa šeæerne repe cerkosporom 

u prvoj godini iznosila je 3,7, a u drugoj 5,6. 

Prinos korijena. Osim primjene fungicida i godine, 

prinos korijena zavisio je od istraìvanih genotipova 

(Tablica 1. i 2.). Najveæi prinos (55,85 t/ha) u varijanti 

bez zaštite i 63,11 t/ha uz zaštitu od C. beticole, postignut 

je sa standardom Os Sana. Gotovo isti prinos bez 

statistièki opravdanih razlika dobiven je kod linije 25 (MS 

1028), linije 20 (MS 1461) i linije 21 (MS 864). Iako je 

zaštita od C. beticole znaèajno utjecala na prinos korijena 

(prosjeèno 16%), rang vrijednosti linija po prinosu 

korijena nije se znaèajnije mijenjao u varijantama sa i bez 

zaštite. Tako su najbolje tri linije dale najveæi prinos u 

varijantama bez zaštite i sa zaštitom šeæerne repe od C. 

beticole. Treba ipak istaknuti razlièito poveæanje prinosa 

korijena korištenjem fungicida, ovisno o osjetljivosti 

genotipova. Tako je najveæi porast prinosa kod primjene 

fungicida utvrðen kod linija osjetljivijih na C. beticolu. 

Tablica 2. Prinos i kvaliteta korijena šeæerne repe (prosjek 2001. i 2002.) u uvjetima prirodne infekcije cerkosporom 

bez zaštite 

Table 2. Yield and quality of sugar beet root (average 2001. and 2002.) in the conditions of Cercospora natural 

infection without protection 


34 


Utvrðeno je da je kod osjetljive linije 1 poveæanje prinosa 

iznosilo 20% (s 39,02 t/ha bez zaštite na 46,82 t/ha uz 

zaštitu), odnosno 19% kod linije 16 te 18% kod linije 27. 

Kod najotpornijih linija na C. beticolu poveæanje prinosa 

iznosilo je 12% (od 38,65 t/ha na 43,29 t/ha) kod linije 

4, odnosno 13% kod linija 3, 8 i 25. 

Sadràj šeæera. Vrlo znaèajna osobina šeæerne 

repe, pored prinosa korijena, je sadràj šeæera, buduæi da 

od ta dva elemenata najviše zavisi prinos šeæera. Pored 

istaknute zavisnosti digestije od tretmana fungicidima i 

godine, iz podataka Tablice 2. i 3. uoèavamo zavisnost i 

od genotipa. Najveæa digestija iznosila je 16,66% bez 

zaštite i 17,65% uz zaštitu od C. beticole. Najmanja digestija 

bila je kod varijanata bez zaštite – 15,53%, a kod 

primjene fungicida 16,11%. Deset linija (18, 1, 17, 22, 

20, 21, 26, 27, 3, 2) imalo je veæu digestiju od boljeg 

standarda sorte Kristal. Meðutim, treba istaknuti da su u 

uvjetima bez zaštite razlike izmeðu veæine genotipova 

statistièki neopravdane. Samo dvije linije (25 i 8) te standard 

29 imali su statistièki znaèajno niù digestiju. Kod 

varijante zaštite od cerkospore, razlike izmeðu genotipova 

su veæe, pa je èetrnaest linija imalo znaèajno niù 

digestiju, na razini P-0,01. Tretiranje fungicidima doprinijelo 

je poveæanju digestije, osobito kod genotipova 

osjetljivih na C. beticolu. Tako razlike izmeðu tretiranih i 

netretiranih varijanti iznose od 0,54% (linija 8 – s 15,57 

na 16,11% i linija 13 – s 15,93 na 16,49%) kod otpornih 

linija na C. beticolu, do 1,08 (linija 1 – s 16,65 na 

17,37%) kod osjetljivih linija. Prosjeèna razlika u 

sadràju šeæera izmeðu tretiranih i netretiranih varijanti 

iznosi 0,81%. 

Prinos šeæera. Uzimajuæi u obzir èinjenicu da su 

istraìvanja vršena s monogermnim linijama šeæerne 

repe, moè se istaknuti da je ostvaren visok prosjeèni 

prinos šeæera od 6,74 t/ha. Na visinu prinosa šeæera 

visoko signifikantan utjecaj imao je i genotip. Najveæi 

prinos u varijantama sa zaštitom od C. beticole (8,87 

t/ha) ostvarila je linija 20 (MS 1461). Nešto niì prinos, 

Tablica 3. Prinos i kvaliteta korijena šeæerne repe (prosjek 2001. i 2002.) u uvjetima potpune zaštite fungicidima 

Table 3. Yield and quality of sugar beet root (average 2001. and 2002.) in the conditions of full protection by fungicides 



35 

ali bez statistièki opravdanih razlika za razinu P-0,01 

ostvarilo je još 10 linija (21, 25, 18, 13, 7, 24, 26, 12, 

17, 22) i dva standarda. Ostale linije postigle su statistièki 

opravdano niì prinos šeæera, a najniì prinos je 

iznosio 6,18 t/ha i postignut je kod linije 3 (MS 1281). 

U varijantama s prirodnom infekcijom bez zaštite od C. 

beticole, najveæi prinos šeæera (7,2 t/ha) dao je standard 

Os Sana, a zatim linija 20. Niì prinos, ali bez statistièki 

znaèajnih razlika na razini P-0,01 postignut je još s 14 

linija i drugim standardom (Kristal). Najniì prinos ostvaren 

je opet kod linije 3 i iznosio je 5,17 t/ha. Tretiranje 

fungicidima dalo je veæi uèinak u vidu poveæanja prinosa 

šeæera kod genotipova osjetljivih na C. beticolu. 

Najveæa utvrðena razlika iznosila je 27,3% kod linije 20 

(MS 1461). Najmanji uèinak zaštite od C. beticole, u 

visini od 18,7% dobiven je kod linije 8, koja je pokazivala 

veæu otpornost na C. beticolu. 

Pjegavost lišæa šeæerne repe. Ocjena otpornosti 

genotipova prema uzroèniku pjegavosti lista šeæerne 

repe (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) izvršena je vizualno 

po skali 0 (nema ošteæenja) do 10 (potpuno sušenje 

lišæa). U uvjetima prirodne infekcije, bez zaštite, jaèina 

zaraze na listovima ocijenjena je ocjenom 7,4, a uz 

potpunu zaštitu fungicidima 1,9. Meðu istraìvanim 

linijama u uvjetima bez zaštite najosjetljivije linije ocijenjene 

su ocjenom 9,8 (linija 1); 9,6 (linija 27); 9,5 

(linija 19) i 9,3 (linija 18). Te linije prema ispitivanim 

kvalitativnim osobinama pripadaju grupi s veæim 

sadràjem šeæera, a s obzirom na prinos korijena, razlièito 

su rangirane. Linija 18 pripada najrodnijoj grupi, 

a linija 1 grupi s najniìm prinosom korijena. U varijanti 

bez zaštite fungicidima, najotpornija na C. beticolu, s 

ocjenom 4,2, bila je linija 8 i s 4,5 linija 25. Ti genotipovi 

po sadràju šeæera pripadaju lošijoj, a po prinosu 

korijena boljoj – rodnijoj grupi. U uvjetima potpune 

zaštite fungicidima, jaèina zaraze lišæa ocijenjena najveæom 

ocjenom zabiljeèna je kod linija 1 (4,2) i 20 

(4,0), dok je najzdravije lišæe, s vrlo malo ošteæenja, 

utvrðeno kod linije 8 (0,1) i 25 (0,2). Kod standarda 29 

(Os Sana) otpornost na C. beticolu bila je na razini 

prosjeka pokusa (1,8), a kod standarda 30 (Kristal) 

utvrðena je veæa osjetljivost (2,9). 

ZAKLJUÈAK 

Na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraìvanja vrijednosti 

genetski divergentnih genotipova šeæerne repe 

(28 monogermnih linija i 2 standarda), u uvjetima 

prirodne infekcije cerkosporom bez zaštite i uz zaštitu 

fungicidima, na lokaciji Osijek, u 2001. i 2002. 

godini, mogu se donijeti sljedeæi zakljuèci: 

- prinos korijena i šeæera, sadràj i iskorištenje 

šeæera zavisili su od genotipa, uvjeta proizvodnje 

i zaštite od C. beticole; 

- statistièki znaèajno niì prinos i kvaliteta korijena 

ostvareni su u uvjetima bez zaštite od C. beticole. 

Primjenom fungicida poveæan je prinos korijena 

za 7,09 t/ha (16%), digestija za 0,81% (rel. 

5%), iskorištenje za 0,78% (rel. 5,7%) te prinos 

šeæera za 1,38 t/ha (22,8%). Zaštita fungicidima 

više je utjecala na prinos i kvalitativna svojstva 

osjetljivih, a manje na ista svojstva kod genotipova 

otpornih na C. beticolu. 

- prema vizualnoj ocjeni, prosjeèno ošteæenje 

listova pjegavošæu lišæa šeæerne repe u uvjetima 

prirodne infekcije bez zaštite iznosilo je 7,4, 

a uz zaštitu fungicidima 1,9 

- od 28 istraìvanih linija, izdvaja se deset s visokim 

sadràjem i iskorištenjem šeæera, tri s 

visokim prinosom, a po otpornosti na C. beticolu 

dvije. Najbolje linije bit æe ukljuèene u 

daljnji proces oplemenjivanja šeæerne repe. 

LITERATURA 

1. Kohls, H.L. (1950): A genetic study of 17 F1 hybrids and 

their inbred patents. J. Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Techn, 

165-170 

2. Kovaèev, L. (1982.): Nasljeðivanje prema Cercospora 

beticola Sacc. kod F1 triploidnih hibrida šeæerne repe. 

Zbornik «Matica srpska» 62, 151.-155. 

3. Lioviæ, I., Kristek, A., Magud, Z., Mertz, R. (1998.): 

Osjetljivost linija i hibrida šeæerne repe u uvjetima umjetne 

i prirodne infekcije cerkosporom (Cercospora beticola 

Sacc.). Sjemenarstvo, 15(5):269.-281 

4. Lewellen R.T., Whitney, E.D. (1976): Inheritance of 

resistance to rase C2 of Cercospora beticola Sacc. In 

Sugar beet. Crop Sci., 16(4):558-561 

5. Mariæ, A. (1969.): Pegavost lišæa šeæerne repe. 

«Zadru`na knjiga» Beograd. 

6. Mariæ, A. (1974.): Bolesti šeæerne repe. Forum, Novi 

Sad. 

7. Matiæ, I., Ðurðeviæ, M. (1970.): Djelovanje jaèine napada 

cerkospore na sorte s razlièitom otpornošæu prema 

parazitu. Savremena poljoprivreda, 18:207.-214. 

8. Nagel, C.M., Leonard, O.A. (1940): The effect of 

Cercospora beticola on the chemical composition and 

carbon assimilation of Beta vulgaris. Phytopathology, 

30:659-666. 

9. Smith, G.A., Gaskill, J.O. (1970): Inheritance of 

Resistance to Cercospora Leaf Spot in Sugarbeet. J. 

Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol. 16:172-180. 

10. Smith, G.A., Ruppel, E.G. (1971): Cercospora Leaf Spot 

as a Predisposing Factor in Storage Rot of Sugar Beet 

Roots. Phytopathology, 61:1485-1487. 

11. Smith, G.A., Ruppel, E.G. (1973): Association of 

Cercospora Leaf Spot, Gross Sucrose, Percentage 

Sucrose, and Root Weight in Sugarbeet. Can. J. Plant 

Sci. 53:695-696. 

12. Smith, G.A., Campbell, L.G. (1996): Association between 

resistance to Cercospora and yield in commercial 

sugarbeet hybrids. Plant Breeding, 115:28-32. 

13. Yoshimura, Y., Abe, H., Ohtuschi, K. (1992): Varietal 

Difference in the Susceptibility to Cercospora Leaf Spots 

and its Effect on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beets. Proc. 

Japan soc. Sugar Beet Technol. 34: 112-116. 


36 


THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGAR BEET 

MONOGERM LINES DEPENDING ON CERCOSPORA 

(Cercospora beticola Sacc.) SUSCEPTIBILITY 

SUMMARY 

The producing values of monogerm CMS lines of sugar beet and their tolerance on cercospora leaf spot are investigated 

in Osijek during two years (2001, 2002) under the following conditions: natural infection and full protection 

with fungicides. The parameters for evaluation were root quality and yield, just as visual review of leaf damages. 

Twenty eight genetically divergent CMS lines and two standards were confirmed by the examinations. The test results 

indicate achieved progress in breeding and monogerm CMS lines value which can be used for obtaining new hybrids 

and further improvements. Three investigated lines achieved high root yield on the level of standards and even ten 

lines had the same or higher digestion than better standard. It was found out that in the case of fungicide apply, root 

yield increased on the average by 7.09 t/ha (16%), sugar content by 0.81% (rel. 5%) and sugar yield by 1.38 t/ha 

(22.8%). Protection measures with fungicides had higher influence on production results of line being susceptible to 

cercospora and compared to cercospora tolerant lines. 

Key-words: sugar beet, yield, root quality, Cercospora beticola Sacc. 

(Primljeno 23. travnja 2003.; prihvaæeno 21. svibnja 2003. - Received on 23 April 2003; accepted on 21 May 2003) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 635.07:633.358 

PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRA[KA 

(Pisum sativum L.) 

T. ûpi} (1) , S. Popovi} (1) , Marijana Tucak (1) , M. Stjepanovi} (2) , Sonja Grlju{i} (1) Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak 


SA@ETAK 

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi prinos i procijeniti stabilnost prinosa zrna gra{ka novostvorene 

linije JSG-1 (sorta u priznavanju) te je usporediti sa sortama stranog porijekla u agroekolo{kom 

podru~ju Isto~ne Hrvatske. Pokus je bio postavljen na pokusnom polju 

Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek po slu~ajnom blok rasporedu u ~etiri repeticije u razdoblju 

od pet godina (1998. – 2002.). U pokusu je kori{teno {est (pet stranih i jedna 

doma}a) sorti : Eiffil, Erbi, JP-5, JSG-1(u priznavanju), Törsz i Baccara. Parametri stabilnosti 

izra~unati su primjenom metode grupiranja po Francisu i Kannenbergu (1978.) i 

modelom individualnih procjena stabilnosti po Eberhart i Russel (1966.) metodi. Po 

Francis i Kannenberg metodi sorte Eiffil, Erbi, JSG-1 i Baccara bile su u grupi I, koja se 

odlikuje visokim prinosom i malim koeficijentom variranja svojstva te predstavljaju sorte 

stabilnog prinosa. Prema koeficijentu regresije i varijanci odstupanja od regresije najstabilnija 

je bila sorta JSG-1 (b i 

=1,06 i S 2 di 

=0,010), dok je najmanju stabilnost pokazala 

sorta Törsz (b i 

=0,67 i S 2 di 

=0,160). U skupinu nestabilnih sorti, adaptabilnih na 

visokoprinosne okoline, svrstana je Baccara (b i 

=1,22 i S 2 di 

=0,034 ). 

Klju~ne rije~i: gra{ak, prinos zrna, parametri stabilnosti 

UVOD 

Jari sto~ni gra{ak (Pisum sativum L.) je kultura 

koja se, zbog visoko vrijednih bjelan~evina u zrnu 

(Kolak, 1994.), ~esto koristi u hranidbi stoke (Kalivoda, 

1990.), a naro~ito svinja (êrny i sur., 1994.). Po 

sadràju bjelan~evina u zrnu nalazi se izme|u soje i ìtarica 

(Gatel i sur., 1990.). 

Cilj ve}ine oplemenjiva~kih programa je kreiranje 

sorti visokog i stabilnog prinosa u razli~itim okolinama. 

Vrijednost neke sorte u proizvodnji ne ovisi samo o 

ekspresiji genetskog potencijala za prinos, ve} i o sposobnosti 

zadràvanja vrijednih svojstava u razli~itim 

uvjetima okoline. Rezultat interakcije genotipa (sorte) i 

okoline odraàva se u adaptabilnosti i stabilnosti sorte 

(Borojevi}, 1992.). Sorte {iroke adaptabilnosti daju stabilne 

prinose u {irokom uzgojnom podru~ju, dok one 

uske adaptabilnosti ostvaruju visoke prinose u povoljnim 

okolinama, a niske prinose u nepovoljnim (Oka, 

1967.). Postoji nekoliko metoda koje omogu}uju analizu 

prilagodljivosti genotipa okolinama (Linn i sur., 

1986.), a temelje se na dva razli~ita koncepta stabilnosti 

(biolo{ki i agronomski), koje je definirao Becker 

(1981.). Stabilan genotip prema biolo{kom konceptu 

odlikuje se {to manjom varijancom u svim istraìvanim 

okolinama, tj. varijanca mu je nula. Prema agronomskom 

konceptu, stabilan genotip odlikuje se {to manjim 

odstupanjem od prosje~ne reakcije okoline. 

U Republici Hrvatskoj ve} nekoliko godina raste 

interes za proizvodnjom jarog sto~nog gra{ka zbog relativno 

niskih tro{kova proizvodnje, kratke vegetacija i 

zadovoljavaju}eg prinosa zrna (Popovi} i sur., 2002.). 

Na sortnoj listi RH sve priznate sorte su introdukcije 

(Sortna lista 2002.), a u {iroj proizvodnji najzastupljenija 

je sorta Baccara. U 2002. godini prijavljena je proizvodnja 

sjemena te sorte na 95 ha (podaci Zavoda za 

sjemenarstvo i rasadni~arstvo RH). Klimatske prilike u 

isto~noj Hrvatskoj (regija uzgoja svinja) jako variraju, a 

(1) Mr sc. Tihomir ûpi}, dr.sc. Svetislav Popovi}, mr.sc. Marijana Tucak 

i mr.sc. Sonja Grlju{i} - Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 

17, 31000 Osijek, (2)Prof. dr.sc. Mirko Stjepanovi} – Sveu~ili{te Josipa 

Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 

31000 Osijek 


38 

T. Èupiæ i sur.: PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRAŠKA (Pisum stivum L.) ... 

time utje~u na visinu prinosa zrna, koja se kre}e od 

1,164 do 4,630 kg/ha (Popovi} i sur., 1985. i 1992., 

Stjepanovi} i sur., 1996.). Jedan od osnovnih ciljeva 

oplemenjivanja gra{ka je visok prinos, koji ovisi o genetskom 

potencijalu sorte. Sorte najbolje iskori{tavaju 

genetski potencijal u uvjetima okoline kreiranja i selekcije 

te se mogu ciljano kreirati za odre|eno agroekolo{ko 

podru~je. Stoga smo u okviru programa oplemenjivanja 

gra{ka u ranim fazama selekcije izdvojili i testirali najperspektivniju 

liniju (JSG-1). 

Prinos zrna istraènih sorti statisti~ki je obra|en 

analizom varijance kombiniranom po godinama 

istraìvanja. Zna~ajnosti razlika prinosa izme|u sorata i 

godina testirane su LSD testom. Za procjenu parametara 

stabilnosti kori{tene su metoda grupiranja sorti po 

Francisu i Kannenbergu (1978.) i analiza regresije (koeficijent 

regresije b i 

i varijanca odstupanja od regresije 

S 2 di 

) po modelu Eberharta i Russella (1966.). Stabilne 

sorte po metodi grupiranja nalaze se u grupi I, dok su 

po modelu koeficijenta regresije stabilne sorte, kod kojih 

Tablica 1. Srednje mjese~ne temperature zraka ( °C) i koli~ina oborina (mm) po godinama istraìvanja 

Table 1. Mean month air temperature ( °C) and rainfall amount (mm) for years 

Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi visinu i stabilnost prinosa 

zrna gra{ka novostvorene linije i usporediti je sa 

standardom Baccara i drugim sortama stranog porijekla 

u klimatskim uvjetima isto~ne Hrvatske. 


Istraìvanje je provedeno na pokusnom polju 

Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek (tip tla eutri~ni kambisol), 

po slu~ajnom blok rasporedu u ~etiri ponavljanja, a trajalo 

je pet godina (1998., 1999., 2000., 2001. i 2002. godine). 

Veli~ina osnovne parcele bila je 10 m 2 (5 m x 2 m). 

Istraìvano je {est sorti jarog sto~nog gra{ka iz 

razli~itih geografskih podru~ja. U pokusu su bile sorte: 

Eiffil (Francuska), Erbi (Austrija), JP-5 i Törsz 

(Ma|arska), JSG-1 (Hrvatska, u priznavanju) i Baccara 

(Francuska, standard u Hrvatskoj). 

je b i 

=1, a odstupanje od regresije S 2 di 

= 0, uz {to ve}i 

prosje~ni prinos sorte. Radi utvr|ivanja korelacije 

istraìvanog svojstva i stabilnosti izra~unata je korelacija 

ranga (r). 

Klimatske prilike tijekom istraìvanja 

Klimatski podaci (srednje mjese~ne temperature i 

koli~ina oborine) za razdoblje od 1998.-2002. godine, 

tijekom vegetacije gra{ka, prikazane su u Tablici 1. 

Prosje~na mjese~na temperatura zraka u oùjku 2001. 

godine bila je vi{a nego u ostalim godinama, {to je 

omogu}ilo pravovremeno i brzo nicanje gra{ka. Koli~ina 

oborina tijekom perioda vegetacije gra{ka po godinama 

istraìvanja jako se razlikovala, a posebno se isticala 

2000. godina kao izrazito su{na. Najvi{e oborina bilo je 

u 2001. godini, koja je ujedno imala i najbolji raspored 

oborina tijekom vegetacije gra{ka. 

Tablica 2. Rezultati analiza varijance kombinirane za jednu lokaciju u pet godina 

Table 2. Results of combined analysis variance for one location in five year 

*,** F-test zna~ajnosti na razini P=0,05, odnosno P=0,01. / *,** F- significancy test at P=0,05 and P=0,01 level 



39 

Tablica 3. Prosje~ni prinos zrna gra{ka (t/ha) po sortama i godinama istraìvanja 

Table 3. Mean pea grain yield (t/ha ) per cultivars and years 


Analiza varijance (Tablica 2.) pokazala je zna~ajnu 

fenotipsku varijabilnost za prinos zrna izme|u istraìvanih 

sorti gra{ka. Zna~ajne razlike izme|u godina pokazuju 

da su godine u kojima su provedena istraìvanja 

bile klimatski razli~ite. Analizom varijance utvr|eno je 

postojanje interakcije izme|u prinosa sorata i godina te 

je bilo mogu}e analizirati stabilnost prinosa zrna i adaptabilnost. 

Prosje~an prinos (Tablica 3.) zrna gra{ka za sve 

sorte u 1998. godini iznosio je 2,545 t/ha, a po sortama 

se kretao od 1,410 t/ha (Törsz ) do 3.205 t/ha (Erbi). 

U 1999. godini prosje~an prinos zrna gra{ka iznosio je 

1,623 t/ha, dok je prinos sorti varirao od 0,990 t/ha 

(Törsz) do 1,895 t/ha (JSG-1). Prosje~an prinos zrna u 

2000. godini kretao se od 1,840 t/ha (JP-5) do 2,885 

t/ha (Erbi), odnosno u prosjeku 2,472 t/ha. U 2001. 

godini ostvaren je prosje~an prinos zrna gra{ka 5,410 

t/ha, dok je variranje po sortama iznosilo od 3,572- 

6,353 t/ha (Törsz – Baccara). Prosje~an prinos svih 

sorti u 2002. godini iznosio je 3,098 t/ha, dok se po 

sortama kretao od 1,600 t/ha (JP-5) do 3,750 t/ha 

(Baccara). Razlike u prinosu po godinama istraìvanja 

bile su zna~ajne na razini P=0,01, a zna~ajno najvi{i 

prosje~an prinos zrna ostvaren je 2001. godine. 

Zna~ajno najniì prinos ostvaren je 1999. godine, dok je 

prosjek za pet godina istraìvanja iznosio 3,030 t/ha. 

Dobivene razlike u prinosu zrna treba povezati s 

razli~itim klimatskim prilikama po godinama, a naro~ito 

pri usporednoj analizi 1999. i 2001. godine, koje su 

sli~ne po prosje~nim mjese~nim temperaturama i oborinama. 

Razlike u klimi izme|u navedenih godina mogu 

se uo~iti tek pri analizi srednjih dnevnih i ekstremnih 

temperatura. 

U prosjeku pet godina prinos gra{ka po sortama 

opravdano se razlikovao na razini P=0,01. Najvi{i prinos 

zrna ostvarila je sorta Erbi (3,493 t/ha), koji se nije 

zna~ajno razlikovao od prinosa sorti Baccara, JSG-1 i 

Eiffil na razini P=0,01(Tablica 3.). Opravdano najniì 

prinos zrna na razini P=0,01 imao je Törsz (2,116 t/ha), 

osim u odnosu na sortu JP-5. Razlike izme|u sorata u 

prinosu zrna su o~ekivane, jer se radi o materijalu 

(sorta) razli~itog geografskog porijekla. Razlozi ovoj 

tvrdnji mogu se potkrijepiti i statisti~ki opravdanom interakcijom 

sorta x godina na razini zna~ajnosti P=0,01. 

Procjena stabilnosti sorti na prinos zrna gra{ka 

izvr{ena je metodom grupiranja testiranih materijala u 

razli~ite grupe stabilnosti, na osnovu prosje~ne vrijednosti 

i koeficijenta varijabilnosti sorata (Frances i 

Kannenberg, 1978.). Prema dobivenim procjenama stabilnosti 

testirane sorte razlikuju se u prosje~noj visini 

prinosa i stabilnosti te su na osnovu toga svrstane u 

~etiri grupe. Grupa I. karakterizira se kao najpoèljnija, 

tj. grupa visokog i stabilnog prinosa, a prema dobivenim 

rezultatima u nju svrstavamo sorte: Erbi, Eiffil, JSG-1 i 

Baccara (Dijagram 1.). Jedino se sorta JP-5 moè uvrstiti 

u grupu IV., grupa vrlo velike varijabilnosti i niskog 

prinosa, tj. grupa niskog i nestabilnog prinosa. Grupa III. 

je postojana, ali prema navodima autora metode smatra 

se nestabilnom zbog toga {to je karakterizira nizak prinos 

u ve}ini okolina. U grupi III. prema dobivenim rezultatima 

nalazi se sorta Törsz. Ako promatramo individualne 

reakcije sorti gra{ka unutar grupe I., a posebno 

sorte JSG-1 i sorte Baccara, primje}ujemo male razlike 

izme|u prinosa zrna testiranih sorti bez obzira na 

Dijagram 1. Frances i Kannenberg dijagram stabilnosti 

za istraìvane sorte gra{ka 

Diagram 1. Frances and Kannenberg stability diagram at 

investigated Field pea cultivars 


40 


Tablica 4. Procijenjeni parametri stabilnosti i prosje~an prinos zrna za pet godina istraìvanja 

Table 4. Estimated stability parameters and mean grain yield for five years investigations 

razli~itost okolina u kojima su testirane, {to je obilje`je 

sorti stabilnog prinosa i {iroke adaptabilnosti. 

Promatranjem individualnih reakcija sorata gra{ka 

na raznolike okoline, pomo}u koeficijenta regresije b i 

i 

odstupanja od regresije S 2 di 

, moè se zapaziti da neke 

sorte imaju ve}u a neke manju stabilnost prinosa zrna 

(Grafikon 1.). Prema dobivenim prosje~nim vrijednostima 

i parametrima stabilnosti, najstabilnija sorta po prinosu 

zrna bila je sorta JSG-1 (b i 

=1,06 i S 2 di =0,010). 

Vrijednosti koeficijenta regresije b i 

>1 ukazuju na specifi~no 

adaptabilan genotip u povoljnim uvjetima okoline, 

tj. ispod prosje~nu stabilnost i ve}u prilagodljivosti visokoprinosnim 

okolinama. Sorte Erbi (b i 

=1,12 i 

S 2 di =0,034 ), Eiffil (b i =1,13 i S2 di 

=0,025) i Baccara 

(b i 

=1,22 i S 2 di 

=0,034 ) mogu se opisati kao sorte koje 

daju izrazito visoke prinose u povoljnim uvjetima okolina, 

kao {to su bile 2001. i 2002. godina, ali ve} male 

Grafikon 1. Odnos prosje~nog prinosa (t/ha) i parametara 

stabilnosti 

Graph 1.The relation of average yield and stability 

parameters 

promjene uvjeta okoline utje~u na smanjenje prinosa 

(1998. i 1999. godina). U skupinu nestabilnih sorti, ili 

bolje re~eno specifi~no adaptabilnih na nepovoljne i 

niskoprinosne okoline, svrstane su sorte JP-5 (b i 

=0,80 

i S 2 di =0,257) i Törsz (b i =0,67 i S2 di 

=0,160). Iste ostvaruju 

iznadprosje~ne prinose u niskoprinosnim okolinama, 

ali ostaju neosjetljive na promjene uvjeta okoline, 

te se pokazuju kao nestabilne promatraju}i oba parametra 

stabilnosti (Tablica 4.). 

Izra~unata korelacija ranga bila je srednje jaka za 

prinos zrna i iznosila je r= 0,457 n.s. ,ali nije bila 

zna~ajna, {to zna~i da sorte vi{eg prinosa nisu ispoljile 

ve}u stabilnost za istraìvano svojstvo. 

ZAKLJUÂK 

Na osnovu dobivenih rezultata prinosa zrna i analize 

stabilnosti {est sorata gra{ka na lokaciji Osijek u razdoblju 

od pet divergentnih godina (1998.-2002.), mogu 

se donijeti sljede}i zaklju~ci: 

Zna~ajnost varijabilnosti prinosa zrna gra{ka uvjetovana 

je varijabilno{}u sorte, varijabilno{}u godina 

istraìvanja i varijabilno{}u interakcije sorte i godine. 

Najvi{i prosje~an prinos imala je sorta Erbi (3,493 

t/ha), a najniì sorta Törsz (2,116 t/ha), dok je po godinama 

najvi{i prinos postignut u 2001. godini (5,401 

t/ha), a najniì u 1999. godini (1,623 t/ha). 

Najstabilnije sorte za prinos zrna po biolo{kom 

konceptu (Fransis i Kannenberg metoda) bile su sorte 

Erbi, Eiffil, JSG-1 i Baccara iz grupe I., dok se sorta 

Törsz pokazala nestabilnom (grupa IV.). Prema agronomskom 

konceptu (Eberhart i Russel model) sorta 

JSG-1 ispoljila je najve}u stabilnost (b i 

=1,06 i 

S 2 di 

=0,010), a najve}u nestabilnost sorta Törsz 

(b i 

=0,67 i S 2 di =0,160). 

Korelacija ranga izme|u visine prinosa i stabilnosti 

svojstva nije bila zna~ajna (r= 0,457 n.s ), {to pokazuje 

da sorte visokog prinosa nisu i najstabilnije. 



41 

Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na visok i stabilan prinos 

zrna doma}e “sorte” JSG-1 (u priznavanju), {to ovoj 

sorti otvara mogu}nost komercijalnog {irenja nakon 

priznavanja. 

LITERATURA 

1. Becker, H.C. (1981): Correlations Among Some 

Statistical Measures of Phenotypic Stability. Euphytica 

30: 835-840. 

2. Borojevi} , S. (1992.): Principi i metodi Oplemenjivanja 

bilja. Nau~na knjiga - Beograd. 

3. êrny Tajana, êrny, Z., Grbe{a, D., Homen Biserka, 

Pintar, A. (1994.): Hranidbena vrijednost gra{ka u tovu 

svinja. Krmiva 36(5 ): 211.-216. 

4. Eberhart, S.A., Russell, W.A. (1966): Stability 

Parameters for Coparing Varieties. Crop Science, 6: 

36–40. 

5. Francis, T.R., Kannenberg, L.W. (1978): Yield Stability 

Studies in Short – Season Maize. I. A Descriptive 

Method for Grouping Genotypes. Canadian Journal of 

Plant Science, Num. 58, 10291034. 

6. Gatel, F., Grosjean, F. (1990): Composition and Nutritive 

Value of Peas for Pigs: A Review of Europiean Results. 

Livestock Prod. Sci., 26:155-175. 

7. Kalivoda, M. (1990.): Krmiva. [kolska knjiga – Zagreb, 

40. 

8. Kolak, I. (1994.): Sjemenarstvo ratarskih i krmnih kultura. 

P.451, Zagreb. 

9. Linn, C.S., Binns, M.R., Lefkovitch, L.P. ( 1986.): Stability 

Analysis: Where Do We Stand? Crop Sci. 26:894–900. 

10. Oka, J.I. (1967): Adaptability for seasons and locations 

and yield stability in crop varieties. Recent Adv. In 

Breeding (Tokyo) 8: 42-47. 

11. Popovi}, S., Stjepanovi}, M., Bo{njak, D., Zori} J. ( 

1985.): Bob, Slatka Lupina i Sto~ni Gra{ak u proizvodnji 

zrnenih proteinskih hranjiva. V. Jugoslavenski simpozijum 

o Krmnom Bilju, Banja Luka 5.- 8. juna. Sinopsisi 

Referata knjiga I; 120.-123. 

12. Popovi}, S., Stjepanovi}, M. (1992.): Genetski potencijal 

razli~itih sorti sto~nog gra{ka u proizvodnji zrna. 

Sjemenarstvo 9 (2-3):105.-110. 

13. Popovi}, S., Stjepanovi}, M., Grlju{i} S., ûpi}, T., 

Tucak, M., Bukvi}, G. (2002.): Prinos i kakvo}a zrna 

jarog sto~nog gra{ka. Krmiva 44 (4):191.-197. 

14. Stjepanovi}, M., Popovi}, S., Grlju{i}, S., Bukvi}, G. 

(1996): Peas production and productions possibilities in 

Croatia. Szarvas 1996. Conference of the Production 

Field Pea in Hungary May, 20. – 22. 1996. Oral presentation. 

15. Sortna Lista za 2002. Godinu. Sto~ni gra{ak. Zavod za 

sjemenarstvo i rasadni~arstvo, str. 65, 2002. 

ESTIMATION OF PEA GRAIN YIELD STABILITY (Pisum sativum L.) 

SUMMARY 

The paper aimed to determine yield and estimate pea grain yield stability of newly-created lines JSG-1 (cultivar in 

recognition process) as well as compare with foreign origin cultivars in agroecological area of east Slavonia. The 

trial was set up by a randomized block design on the experimental field of Agricultural Institute Osijek in four replicates 

in the five-year period (1998 – 2002). Six (five foreign and one inland) cultivars were included by the trial: 

Eiffil, Erbi, JP-5, JSG-1 (in a recognition process), Torsz and Baccara. Stability parameters were calculated by the 

grouping method after Francis and Kannenberg (1978) and by the model of individual stability estimation after 

Eberhart and Russel method (1966). According to Francis and Kannenberg, cultivars Eiffil, Erbi, JSG-1 and Baccara 

belonged to group I known for high yield and low trait varying coefficient, thus, represent stabile yield cultivars. 

According to regression coefficient and regression deviation variance the most stabile cultivar appeared to be cultivar 

JSG-1 (b i 

=1.06 and S 2 di =0.010) and the lowest one was Torsz (b i =0.67 and S2 di 

=0.160). Cultivar Baccara 

(b i 

= 1.22 and S 2 di 

=0.034) was comprised by the group of unstabile and adaptible for high-yielding environments. 

Key- words: pea, grain yield, stability parameters 

(Primljeno 12. velja~e 2003.; prihva}eno 4. travnja 2003. - Received on 12 February 2003; accepted on 4 April 2003) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 634.55(560) 

DETERMINATION OF THE POMOLOGICAL 

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALMONDS (Prunus amygdalus Batsh) 

GROWN IN MALATYA (TURKEY) 

T. Karadeniz (1) , A. Kazankaya (2) , T. Yarilgaç (2) Preliminary communication 

Prethodno priopæenje 

SUMMARY 

About 500 types of Almond were taken under investigated with the view of fruit characteristics 

grown in Malatya. In these types, the nut shell weights between 2.73 and 10.74 

g, kernel weights were 0.71 and 1.40 g, the percentage of kernel 11.17 and 50.91 %, the 

shell thickness 3.5 and 8.1 mm, the nut width 12.0 and 28.6 mm, the nut length 18.2 and 

48.2 mm, the fruit hight 7.1 and 20.3 mm were determined. 

Key-words: Prunus amygdalus, almond, pomological, Malatya 

INTRODUCTION 

The commercial orchards have been planted in 

Anatolia for more than 4000 years. Almond is grown in 

almost every region of Anatolia, except the North-East 

and higher elevations of Eastern Anatolia (Dokuzoðuz 

and Gülcan, 1973; Özbek, 1978). Although there is a 

great diversity within these populations Turkey almond 

production is at present, 50000 tones of nuts from 

18000 ha area (Anonymous, 2002). Almond kernels 

concentrate energy sources due to their high oil content. 

The oil is primarily unsaturated, mostly oleic and linoleic, 

fatty acid. The kernels also contain considerable 

protein, minerals, and some vitamins (Kester and Asay, 

1975). The first attempt for the evaluation of seedling 

population of Turkey, a selection program was started in 

1966 covering the western part of the country. Similar 

selection studies were carried out in near last days by 

different resources (Kalyoncu and Þen, 1990; Bostan et 

al., 1995; Aslantaþ and Güleryüz, 1995; Karadeniz et. 

al., 1996). 

Aim of the study was to determine pomological 

characteristics of almonds grown in Malatya. Cultivation 

is usually extensive in this area most of trees are from 

seedlings. Vegetative propagation by budding or grafting 

on almond seedlings are insufficient in the area. 

Therefore, the present study was undertaken for the 

selection of superior types. 


This study was conducted in Malatya-Elazýð overland 

route. About 500 types were evaluated in the two 

years (1996-1997). Pomological characteristics of 

selected almond genotypes were examined for shell 

weight, kernel weight, kernel ratio, shell thickness, shell 

color, kernel color. After the investigations had been 

completed, 18 types were determined by some important 

quality characteristics as shown in Table 1 whereas 

fruit characteristics were evaluated based on the 

Weighted-Ranked Method (Karadeniz et al., 1996). The 

total point of each genotype was recorded with multiplication 

of these values. In addition, estimated age of 

trees and fruit maturity were determined. The measurements 

were realized on ten fruits randomly selected. 


At the end of the study, fruit characteristics were 

evaluated based on the Weighted–Ranked Method. 

Eighteen genotypes having a total of 360 points and 

were selected for general nut quality and higher. 

Important fruit traits of these promising genotypes were 

presented in Table 2, Weighted-Ranked Method scores 

were showed in Table 3. 

(1) Ph.D Turan Karadeniz, Assoc.Prof. - Karadeniz Technical University, 

Ordu Agricultural Faculty, Dept. Of Horticultural, Ordu-Turkey; (2) Ph.D 

Ahmet Kazankaya, Assist.Prof., Ph.D Tarýk Yarilgaç, Asist.Prof. - Yüzüncü 

Yýl University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. Of Horticultural, Van-Turkey 


T. Karadeniz et al.: DETERMINATION OF THE POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALMONDS... 

43 

Table 1. The scores of the characteristics and their relative values 

Tablica 1. Rezultati znaèajki i njihove relativne vrijednosti 

Nutshell weight of these types ranged between 

2.73 g and 10.74 g. The weight of nut in similar studies 

were between 3.00-6.10 g (Cangi and en, 1991), 

3.37-5.24 g (Kalyoncu and en, 1990), 2.89-6.14 g 

(Aslanta and Güleryüz, 1995), 3.43-5.86 g (Bostan et 

al., 1995), 1.99-4.32 g (Martins et.al., 2000). 

Kernel weight changed between 0.71 g and 1.40 g. 

According to the reported in similar study, these values 

evaluated between 0.60-1.40 g (Dokuzouz and Gülcan, 

1973), 0.68-1.20 g (Cangi and en, 1991), 0.64-1.00 

(Kalyoncu and en, 1990), 0.65-1.15 g (Aslanta and 

Güleryüz, 1995), 1.01-1.80 g (Karadeniz and Erman, 

1995), 0.45-1.20 g (Karadeniz et.al., 1995). 

In the examined, kernel ratio was between 11.17 % 

and 50.91 %. It is understood that from kernel ratio 

standpoint, these values are comparable to domestic 

and foreign literatures. These values in similar studies 

were between 17.80-28.20% (Dokuzouz and Gülcan, 

1973), 14.29-20.04% (Kalyoncu and en, 1990), 

14.61-24.28% (Bostan et.al., 1995), 14.20-22.76 % 

(Karadeniz et.al., 1995), 26.7-64.5% (Assaf, 2000). The 

results related to nut weight, kernel weight and kernel 

ratio of the present study are in agreement with the findings 

of previous reports. 

Shell thickness ranged between 3.5 mm and 8.1 

mm in the selected types and shell colour was between 

extremely light and intermediate. Kernel colour intensity 

was between light and dark. 

Almond trees and nuts in this study were shown in 

Photos 1-4. 

Photo 1. The old almond tree 

Foto 1. Staro stablo badema 

Photo 2. Almond nuts 

Foto 2. Plodovi badema 


44 


Photo 3. Almond trees in Malatya (Turkey) 

Foto 3. Stabla badema u Malatyai (Turska) 

Photo 4. Almond orchard growing in Malatya (Turkey) 

Foto 4. Voænjak badema u Malatyai (Turska) 

Table 2. Pomological characteristics of different almonds types grown in Malatya province (Turkey) 

Tablica 2. Pomološke znaèajke razlièitih tipova badema uzgojenih u provinciji Malatyai (Turska) 



45 

Table 3. Weighted-Ranked Method scores taken of 

almond types 

Tablica 3. Rezultati dobiveni metodom vaganja za tipove 

badema 

CONCLUSION 

In the investigation the pomological characteristics 

of different types were determined and found very prospective 

from fruit characteristics standpoint. Almond 

selection studies in Malatya province was important 

since most of trees were grown from seedlings. 

REFERENCES 

1. Anonymous (2002): Faostat Agriculture Database 

Collections.htm. 

2. Aslanta, R., Güleryüz, M. (1995): Selection study on 

native Almonds (Amygdalus communis L.) in Kemaliye 

District of Erzincan. Second National Agricultural 

Congress. Vol. I, 375-379, Adana. 

3. Assaf, R. (2000): Increasing Yields and Profitability of 

Almond Culture in Israel. Information Bulletin of the 

Research Network on Nuts (FAO-CIHEAM): Number: 9, 

pp.13-15. 

4. Bostan, S.Z., Cangi, R., Ouz, H.Ý. (1995): Research On 

Breeding By Selection of Wild Almond Types (Amygdalus 

communis L.) In Akdamar Island (Van Lake). Second 

National Agricultural Congress. Vol. I, 370-374, Adana. 

5. Cangi, R., en, S.M. (1991): The studies on Breeding 

Almond (P. amygdalus L.) by The Selection in 

Vezirköprü. Yüzüncü Yýl J. of Agric. Fac., 1(3):131-152. 

6. Dokuzouz, M., Gülcan, R. (1973): Researches on 

Selection and Adaptation of Almond (Amygdalus communis 

L.) in Aegean Region. TOAG, No: 22. 

7. Kalyoncu, Ý.H., en, S.M. (1990): The Determination by 

Selection of Almond Types (Amygdalus communis L.) in 

Apa Dam Lake (Konya). Ondokuzmayýs Univ. of Agric. 

Fac., M.S.Thesis, (In Turkish). 

8. Karadeniz, T., Balta, F., Cangi, R., Yarýlgaç, T. (1996): 

Selection Study on Native Almonds (Amygdalus communis 

L.) in Adýr Island (Van Lake)-I. Symposium on 

Hazelnut and Other Nuts. Ondokuzmayýs Univ. of Agric. 

Fac,. Symposium Book:338-343 (In Turkish). 

9. Karadeniz, T., Erman, P. (1996): The selection of Almond 

(Amygdalus communis L.) Grown in Siirt. Symposium 

on Hazelnut and Other Nuts. Ondokuzmayýs Univ. Agric. 

Fac, Symposium Book:324-331 (In Turkish). 

10. Kester, D.E., Asay, R. (1975): Almonds. Advances in 

Fruit Breeding. Purdue Univ. Press, West Lafayette, 

Indiana,387-419 p. 

11. Martins, A.N., Gomes, C., Ferreira, L. (2000): Almond 

Production and Characteristics in Algarve, Portugal. 

Information Bulletin of the Research Network on Nuts 

(FAO-CIHEAM): Number:9, pp.6-9. 

12. Özbek, S. (1978): Specific Fruit Growing. Çukurova 

Univ., J. of Agric. Fac., No:128, (In Turkish). 

ODREÐIVANJE POMOLOŠKIH ZNAÈAJKI BADEMA 

(Prunus amygdalus Batsh) U MALATYI (TURSKA) 

SA@ETAK 

Istraìvanje je obavljeno na 500 vrsta badema uzgojenih u Malatyai. Utvrðena je debljina ljuske od 2,73-10,74 g, 

teìna ljuske 0,71-1,40 g, postotak jezgre 11,17-50,91%, debljina ljuske 3,5-8,1 mm, širina badema 12,0-28,6 mm, 

duìna badema 18,2-48,2 mm i opseg badema od 7,1 do 20,3 mm. 

Kljuène rijeèi: Prunus amygdalus, almond, pomological, Malatya 

(Received on 11 October 2002; accepted on 27 March 2003 – Primljeno 11. listopada 2002.; prihvaæeno 27. oùjka 2003.) 

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 634.55.003(560) 

PROFITABILTY OF DRIED FIG PRODUCTION: 

A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY 

M.Yercan (1) , S. Engindeniz (2) 

SUMMARY 

Scientific review 

Pregledni znanstveni èlanak 

Dried fig production has a great important in the western part of Turkey in terms of 

foreign trade, farmers income and employment. In this paper, dried fig produced by farmers 

has been analyzed to determine production costs and profitability level. For this, 

selected farmers had been interviewed to find out return, structure of costs and profitability 

level. This is an opportunity to make comparison between products and countries. 

This is also information for decision makers for subsidizing policies. The production 

costs and the net profit of dried fig was found to be US $ 1,428/hectar and US $ 372/hectar, 

respectively. Dried fig production was found more profitable comparing with some 

other dried fruits. Dried fig producers spend a unit of money and earn 1.25 unit of money. 

Profitability of dried fig was found to be 125%. This is an indicator for the farmers willing 

to produce dried fig in their convenient conditions. 

Key-words: dried fruit, fig, profitability, economic analysis, cost, Turkey 

INTRODUCTION 

Agriculture is a primary sector in most developing 

countries. Although the importance of agriculture in 

these countries has relatively decreasing tendency. It is 

still important in the fredd labor market, national income, 

foreign trade and nutrition. 

Fig - a tropic and subtropic plant produced in all 

Mediterranean basin and countries has similar climate 

conditions like to USA, South America, Australia and 

South-west Asia. Annual average temperature must be 

within range of 18-20 C degree. And the temperature 

must not be less than -9 C degree. Fresh fruit must be 

dried under the sunshine up to 40 C degree. The artifical 

dried methods are not used. 

Turkey has a great share in the world dried fig production. 

Dried fig is an important export product for 

western part of Turkey. Turkey has 50% of total world 

production of dried fig. In 1998, 72% of total dried fig 

production (51 000 ton) was exported (ww.fao.org; 

www.tarim.gov.tr). Importing countries are Germany, 

France, Italy, Switzerland and England.The local consumption 

of this product is not so much common. The 

value of exports was US $ 77.2 million in 1998. Value 

of exported dried fig was 2.87 % in terms of total agricultural 

export in Turkey. 

Dried fig production is an essential production 

branch in some area of western part of Turkey. Izmir, 

being the selected province is the second largest area for 

producing fig in Turkey. Izmir has a great share of the fig 

production in Turkey. It has 15.67 % of total fig production 

in Turkey and 13.71% of total fig plantations as well. 

This paper argues how level of dried fig production 

is profitable in Turkey. This is important for the producers, 

exporters and policy makers whose product has a 

comparative advantages. Producers aim to get maximum 

profit. Economic factors effect producers in the 

decision making process as well as natural and politics 

factors in the area and the country. Relating with the 

many researches done for the subject of fig economics 

imply that decision making is regarding mostly the marketing 

conditions of product and the supply conditions 

of inputs (Aksoy and Anac, 1994; Ilgin and Küden, 

1997; Bülbül et al, 1998; Redonda, 2001). 

The purpose of this study was to provide a guide 

for dried fig growers to develop a budget identifies spe- 

(1) Ph.D Murat Yercan, Asist. Prof., University of Ege, Faculty of 

Agriculture, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 35100 Bornova, Ýzmir, 

Turke,(2)Ph.D Sait Engindeniz - University of Ege, Faculty of Agriculture, 

Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 35100 Bornova, zmir, Turkey 


M. Yercan et al.: PROFITABILY OF DRIED FIG PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY 

47 

cific cost categories and estimating a net profit for the 

production and sale of dried figs in Turkey. 


Some economical aspects of dried fig production 

in Turkey and World were collected and compared from 

statistical reports in time periods. A case study consisted 

of surveyed data from fig producers in a selected 

area. This area was selected according to the production 

share in Izmir province. Three villages were selected 

from the province and data have been collected from 

52 producers by randomly sampling method. All the 

data surveyed from the producers were the data of 

2000. Selected producers were determined by the followed 

formula (Günes and Arikan, 1988): 

where 

n = The number of sample fig orchards =52 

S = Standard deviation= 16.297 

Z = 1.96 

N = Total number of fig orchards=312 

e = error term = 4,054 

The general cost items of dried fig production were 

classified as variable costs and fixed costs. The variable 

costs associated with crop production were all inputs 

that directly relate to the production and covered labor, 

machine costs, material costs (fertilizer, pesticide, 

wrapping, etc.) as well as transport costs. In this study, 

Variable costs were calculated by using current input 

and labor wages. 

Fixed costs are named as indirect costs, supplementary 

costs, i.e. The costs of production do not vary 

significantly with the volume of output. Fixed costs 

included interest of total variable costs, management 

costs, annual depreciation costs and land rent. Interest 

on total variable costs were calculated by charging a 

simple interest rate of 12 % (annual average nominal 

interest rate) on one-half of the total variable costs. 

Management costs were estimated to be 3 % of the total 

variable costs. Annual depreciation cost was estimated 

by using the straight-line method. Fig orchards are 

exempted from property tax and were not insured. 

In this study, total production costs were subtracted 

from gross income to calculate net profit. 


Some Features of Fig Production 

In this study, total and sample fig orchards were 

determined to be 843.3 ha and 133.9 ha, respectively. 

Maximum, minimum, and average fig orchards were 5.5 

ha, 0.3 ha, and 2.6 ha (Table 1). 

The most convenient planting space in fig orchards 

was 6 x 8 m (Kabasakal, 1990). It is preferred 6 x 6 m 

in the condition of ordinary soil quality and 8x8 m in the 

condition of extra-ordinary soil quality. This is also 

depends on the condition of climate and capacity of soil. 

The planting space is changeable by the orchards, too. In 

this research, the planting space was between 6 x 6 m 

and 9 x 9 m. The most common and preferable planting 

space is 7 x 7 m in the researched orchards (Table 2). 

Establishment Costs 

Establishment costs are spreading through eight 

years in this production. The items of them were given 

in Table 3. Establishment costs cover all the expenses 

relating to the period of the trees having productive 

capacity. These are generally related to the labor and 

machines costs (maintenance, energy, etc.). 

Production Costs 

Production costs consist of both operating (variable) 

and fixed cost. Productivity years of fig has been 

accepted 35-40 years. The labor costs rate on dried fig 

Table 1. Some Statistical Characteristics of Total and Sample Fig Orchards 

Tablica 1. Neke statisti~ke zna~ajke vo}njaka smokava (ukupno i uzorak) 


48 


Table 2. The distribution of orchards by planting space in researched land 

Tablica 2. Podjela voænjaka prema sklopu usjeva 

is extremely high (Table 4). Labor is used for harvestings, 

dreving and classification in this production 

branch (Altindisli and Ertem, 1998). 

Yields 

Yields of dried fig vary between 1,650 kg/hectar 

and 1,900 kg/hectar (Kabasakal, 1990). The average 

yield of dried fig was found 1,860 kg per hectar and 9 

kg per tree in researched area. Fig tree is fertile from 9 th 

to 35 th years (Graph 1). Yield of dried fig increases per 

year up to 15 th year. There is increase from 15 th to 30 th . 

After the 30 th year, yield decreases rapidly. 

Marketing and Pricing 

Dried fig is marketed by the Sales Cooperatives, 

Whole salers, Comissioners, Companies and retailers in 

Turkey (Olgun and Akgüngör, 1998). Sales cooperatives 

have 6-7% market share and 3-4% of total export in all 

Turkish economy. In the selected area, most of producers 

are members of sales cooperative (TARIS), thus 

generally, the most of products are marketed by this 

cooperative. TARIS is the first and biggest Union of 

Agricultural Cooperatives in Turkey. TARIS carries on its 

activities with Fig, Raisin, Cotton, Olive and olive-oil 

agricultural sales cooperatives in 65 locations in Aegean 

and Marmara Region and more than 127 900 producer 

members. Each product has separated agricultural sales 

cooperative union under the TARIS authority such as Fig 

Union, Sultana Raisins Union, Cotton Union, Olive and 

olive-oil Union. Thus, TARIS is so effective for pricing 

policy in the competitive market. Producer price of 

dried fig varied between US$ 0.6/kg and US$ 1.3/kg in 

research area. 

Gross Income and Net profit 

Gross income of fig orchards was shown in Table 

5. The gross income was US$ 1,860 per hectar and US 

$ 9 per tree. Gross income is expressed by the total product 

multiply the average price of dried fig. 

Gross income and costs were as shown in graph 2 

per year. Net profit was taken after 8 years. Maximum 

net profit has been realized between 15-30 year old 

trees. 

Net profit is calculated by deduction from the total 

gross income of all such costs within the production 

period. This value is the income of fix assets. Net profit 

was found US $ 372 /hectar and US $ 3/tree in examined 

fig orchards (Table 6). 

Table 3. Structure of costs of fig orchards (US $/hectar) 

Tablica 3. Struktura tro{kova vo}njaka smokava (US $ / ha) 

(*) Sapling, fertilizer, pesticide, etc. – Mladica, gnojivo, pesticid itd. 



49 

Table 4. Production costs of fig orchards 

Tablica 4. Tro{kovi proizvodnje voænjaka smokava 

(*) The economic life of fig plantations was estimated as 35 years – Gospodarski vijek plantaà smokve je 35 godina 

Comparative Results of Dried Fig 

Graph 1. Relations between age and yield 

Grafikon 1. Odnosi izmeðu dobi i prinosa 

Comparative results for dried fig were given to be 

compared with other dried fruits. The results of dried 

sultana and apricot were derived from other research 

papers. Comparative results were expressed by the profitability 

criteria. This is the measure of profit between 

two or more profit making alternatives. Profitability is a 

relative measure and must not be confused with profit, 

being an absolute measure. Profitability was expressed 

by the ratio of return (price of product) on total cost per 

kg of product. Dried fig is more profitable among the 

dried sultana and apricot. It means while farmers invest 

1 unit of capital for dried fig, they earn 1.25 unit of capital. 

However, earnings are 0.66 and 0.55 unit of money 

in dried sultana (Akgüngör, 1996) and apricot (Olgun et 

al., 2002). 

CONCLUSION 

In this paper, we presented explanatory information 

for the production economics of dried fig in Turkey. So, 

we presented the comparison opportunities for other 

countries. This is completely related to comparative 

advantages between the countries. 

Dried fig production seems more profitable among 

the some other dried fruits. Each product is strictly 

dependent on its own condition (soil, climate and 

others). Dried fig production is almost organic. Using of 

fertilizer and chemicals are extremely rare compared to 

sultanas and apricot. The variable costs are lower comparing 

with other dried fruits. So, this is positive effect 

for the dried fig. Also, fixed cost of sultanas and apricot 

is relatively higher than the fig, because of more valuable 

land comparing with fig orchard and land. Generally, 

fig is produced in the sloping land. This is the evaluation 

of one-year data analysis. Prices vary from year to 

year depending on some other variables. The total costs 

cover both direct and indirect costs. Farmer doesn’t 

care about the indirect costs such as depreciation, interest 

of total variable cost. 

According to this study, dried fig production may 

be more profitable. Farmers should gather all the eco- 

Table 5. Total gross income of fig orchards 

Tablica 5. Ukupan bruto prihod voænjaka smokava 


50 


Table 6. Net profit of fig orchards 

Tablica 6. Neto dobit od vo}njaka smokava 

Resource: derived from the survey – Izvor: Anketa 

nomic data they can have about the production and 

market conditions of dried fig. Although cost and return 

estimates are believed to be typical and realistic. 

Individual farmers should adjust values to represent 

their specific situation and circumstances. 

Graph 2. The changing of gross ýncome and costs 

per age in fig orchards 

Grafikon 2. Promjene ukupnog prihoda i tro{kova 

prema starosti voænjaka smokava 

9. Olgun, A. K.Peker and H.Adanacýoglu, 2002, Policies 

Directed to Apricot Production In Turkey, Fifth Turkish 

Agricultural Economisc Congress, Erzurum, Turkey, pp: 

242-250. 

10. Redonda, M., 2001, Economics and Marketing of Dried 

Fig, Second International Symposium on Fig ( May 7- 

10, 2001), Caceres, Spain 

(http:// www.iamz.chiam.org/caceres2001.htm). 

11. …… FAO Statistics. www.fao.org 

12. …… Turkish Republic Ministry of Agriculture 

(www.tarim.gov.tr) 

REFERENCES 

1. Altindisli, A., Ertem, A. (1998): Organic Fig Production in 

Turkey, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 480:227-232. 

2. Akgüngör, S. (1996): Yield, Costs and Marketing of 

Organic Dried Sultanas In Turkey: A Case Study of salihli 

and Kemalpaºa, Izmir, Turkey, 54 p. 

3. Aksoy, U., Anac, D. (1994): Factors Affecting Quality of 

Fresh and Dried Fig Fruits, ISHS Acta Horticulturea 368: 

763-766. 

4. Bülbül, S., Atil, H., Hepaksoy, S. (1998): A General 

Study of Commercial Dried Fig Production in the Big 

Meander Valley of Turkey, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 480 

:317-320. 

5. Günes, T., Arikan, R. (1988): The Statistic of Agricultural 

Economics, The University of Ankara, The Publication of 

Faculty of Agriculture, No. 1049, Ankara, 293 p. 

6. Ilgin, M., Küden, A.B. (1997): Table Fig Selection Study 

in the Kahramanmaras Province in Turkey, ISHS Acta 

Horticulturae 441: 351-358 

7. Kabasakal, A. (1990): The Planting of Fig, The 

Foundation of Development And Support of Agricultural 

Research, No:20, Yalova, Turkey, 35 p. 

8. Olgun, A., Akgüngör, S. (1998): Fig Production and 

Marketing Policies in Turkey With Special Emphasis on 

Alternative Marketing Possibilities, ISHS Acta 

Horticulturae 480:321-323. 



51 

PROFITABILNOST PROIZVODNJE SUHIH 

SMOKAVA (PRIMJER U TURSKOJ) 

SA@ETAK 

Proizvodnja suhih smokava zna~ajna je za zapadni dio Turske glede inozemne trgovine, prihoda farmera i zaposlenosti. 

U ovom radu govori se o suhim smokvama koje proizvode farmeri, a analizirane su kako bi se utvrdili tro{kovi 

proizvodnje i razina profitabilnosti. To je prilika za one koji donose odluke o politici poticaja. Tro{kovi proizvodnje i 

neto dobit od suhih smokava iznosi 1428/ha i 372/ha USD, slijedom. Utvr|eno je da je proizvodnja suhih smokava 

profitabilnija u usporedbi s nekim drugim suhim vo}em. Proizvo|a~i suhih smokava potro{e jedinicu novca, a zarade 

1,25 jedinica. Procijenjeno je da dobit od suhih smokava iznosi 125%. To je pokazatelj farmerima koji èle proizvoditi 

suhe smokve u svojim uvjetima. 

Klju~ne rije~i: su{eno vo}e, smokva, profitabilnost, ekonomska analiza, tro{kovi, Turska 

(Received on 19 December 2002; accepted on 21 March 2003 – Primljeno 19. prosinca 2002.; prihvaæeno 21. oùjka 

2003.) 


ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 637.12.04/.07(497.5) 

NOVI NAÎN VREDNOVANJA KRAVLJEG MLIJEKA U 

REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ 


SA@ETAK 

Stru~ni ~lanak 

Professional paper 

Va`nost govedarske proizvodnje u ukupnoj vrijednosti sto~arske i poljoprivredne proizvodnje 

vrlo je velika. Moè se s pravom re}i da je govedarstvo “generator” sto~arstva, 

odnosno cjelokupne poljoprivrede. Stavljanjem naglaska na kvalitetu proizvoda, razvijene 

govedarske zemlje, kao i zemlje ~lanice EU uvele su nove pravilnike kontrole i vrednovanja 

mlijeka i mlije~nih proizvoda. Broj somatskih stanica, broj mikroorganizama i 

fizikalno-kemijski parametri postali su vrlo bitni elementi u valorizaciji i klasifikaciji mlijeka. 

Republika Hrvatska tako|er je usvojila novi “Pravilnik o kakvo}i svjeèg sirovog 

mlijeka” i “Uredbu o ciljnoj cijeni svjeèg sirovog mlijeka”. Zbog {irokog spektra parametara 

koji se kontroliraju i pla}aju prema Pravilniku i Uredbi, svaka pogre{ka i nepravovremena 

reakcija proizvo|a~a ili veterinara u zdravstvenoj za{titi tijekom laktacijskog 

ciklusa odrazit }e se i na krajnje financijsko poslovanje. Struka treba {to prije zapo~eti 

s kori{tenjem doma}ih i svjetskih znanstvenih spoznaja u sto~arstvu, pri ~emu }e zdravlje 

ìvotinje i kvaliteta mlijeka imati prioritetno mjesto. 

Klju~ne rije~i: proizvodnja mlijeka, pravilnik, somatske stanice, fizikalno-kemijski parametri 

UVOD 

Va`nost govedarske proizvodnje je velika i u okviru 

sto~arske i u okviru ukupne poljoprivredne proizvodnje. 

Govedarska proizvodnja u RH temelj je razvoja ukupne 

sto~arske proizvodnje u kojoj sudjeluje s oko 40%. Na 

primjeru Njema~ke ta je va`nost jo{ izraènija, jer govedarska 

proizvodnja participira s 45% u vrijednosti ukupne 

poljoprivredne proizvodnje (Uremovi} i sur., 2002.). 

Zato moèmo s pravom re}i da je govedarstvo «generator» 

sto~arske, odnosno cjelokupne poljoprivredne 

proizvodnje. 

Proizvodnja mlijeka najzahtjevnija je proizvodnja u 

govedarstvu, za koju je potrebno ostvariti niz preduvjeta 

(kvalitetno stado, osmi{ljene i efikasne objekte, dovoljno 

obradive povr{ine i sl.). Proizvo|a~i mlijeka do sada 

nisu imali problema s plasmanom mlijeka. Razlog je u 

nedostatnosti proizvedenog mlijeka. Postavlja se pitanje 

kolike su godi{nje potrebe RH za svjeìm mlijekom, 

odnosno koliki je biolo{ki prag zasi}enja? Prema navodima 

(Caput, 1998.), biolo{ki prag zasi}enja mlijekom u 

Hrvatskoj je oko 250 litara. Kada tu koli~inu mlijeka 

pomnoìmo s ukupnim brojem stanovnika, proizlazi da 

su aktualne potrebe Hrvatske oko 1,2 milijarde litara mlijeka. 

U svjetskim razmjerima kravlje mlijeko predstavlja 

oko 91% ukupnog mlijeka, {to zna~i da su potrebe za 

sirovim kravljim mlijekom u RH oko 1 milijardu litara. 

Prema slu`benim podacima za 2001. godinu, u 

Hrvatskoj je proizvedeno oko 634 milijuna litara kravljeg 

mlijeka (Statisti~ki ljetopis RH, 2002.), {to na temelju 

prethodnog izra~una navodi na zaklju~ak da se u RH ne 

proizvodi dovoljna koli~ina mlijeka. 

NORMATIVI PRIHVA]ENI PRAVILNIKOM 

Mlijeko i mlije~ni proizvodi svakodnevna su hrana 

ljudi i njihova kontinuirana proizvodnja predstavlja jedan 

od strate{kih zadataka za svaku zemlju. Zahtjevi kupaca 

i njihov pa`ljivi odabir, u prvi plan su stavili naglasak na 

kvalitetu mlijeka. Iz toga razloga, razvijene govedarske 

zemlje, kao i zemlje ~lanice EU, uvele su nove pravilnike 

kontrole i vrednovanja mlijeka i mlije~nih proizvoda. 

Kontrolira se cjelokupna proizvodnja mlijeka: od kontrole 

broja somatskih stanica i broja mikroorganizama u 

Mr.sc. Pero Miji}, asistent i dr.sc. Ivan Kneèvi}, red.prof. – Sveu~ili{te 

Josipa Jurja Strossmayera, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Zavod za 

zootehniku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek 


P. Mijiæ i sur.: NOVI NAÈIN VREDNOVANJA KRAVLJEG MLIJEKA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ 

53 

Tablica 1. Minimalni kriteriji za kakvo}u svjeèg kravljeg mlijeka u Republici Hrvatskoj prema Pravilniku (Izvor: 

Narodne novine, 102/2000.) 

Table 1. Minimal criterions for quality of fresh cow milk in Republic of Croatia by Book of regulations (Source: 

Narodne novine, 102/2000) 

mlijeku neposredno pri samoj mu`nji, zatim prerada u 

mljekari, pa do skladi{tenja i prodaje u trgovini. 

Me|unarodno priznati parametar za ocjenu 

zdravstvenog stanja vimena krava je broj somatskih stanica 

u mlijeku. Prema zakonskim propisima donesenim 

1995. godine, u zemljama EU sirovo mlijeko krava ne 

smije sadràvati vi{e od 400.000 somatskih stanica/ml 

(Sarrazin i Scotti, 1995.). Sli~no pravilniku koji je vaè}i 

u zemljama EU i Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i {umarstva 

RH 2000. godine usvojilo je novi “Pravilnik o kakvo}i 

svjeèg sirovog mlijeka” (Narodne novine, 102/2000.). 

Pravilnikom su navedeni sljede}i parametri koji }e se 

pratiti: mlije~na mast, mlije~ne bjelan~evine, suha tvar 

bez masti, gusto}a, kiselost, to~ka ledi{ta, alkoholna 

proba sa 72% etil alkoholom te prisustvo inhibitornih 

tvari. Nakon uspostave rada Sredi{njeg dràvnog laboratorija 

u Krièvcima, koncem 2002. godine usvojena je 

“Uredba o ciljnoj cijeni svjeèg sirovog mlijeka” 

(Narodne novine, 156/2002.). Uredbom je utvr|eno mlijeko 

standardne kvalitete, kao i cijena pojedinih kemijskih 

parametara mlijeka. Pod mlijekom standardne kvalitete 

prema Uredbi smatra se ono koje ima najmanje 

3,7% mlije~ne masti, 3,2% bjelan~evina, do 100.000 

mikroorganizama/ml i do 400.000 somatskih stanica/ml. 

Obra~un pla}anja mlijeka proizvo|a~ima prema 

Pravilniku i Uredbi primjenjuje se od 1. sije~nja 2003. 

godine i prili~no je kompliciran. Temelji se na vrijednosti 

mlije~nih bjelan~evina i mlije~ne masti (omjer 55% : 

45%), a zatim na klasifikaciji mlijeka prema broju 

somatskih stanica i broju mikroorganizama u mlijeku. U 

Tablicama 1. i 2. prikazani su parametri koji su prihva}eni 

Pravilnikom te klasifikacija mlijeka prema Uredbi 

temeljena na broju mikroorganizama/ml i broju somatskih 

stanica/ml mlijeka. 

Prema prvim slu`benim izvje{}ima iz Sredi{njeg 

laboratorija u Krièvcima (Kuterovac i sur., 2002.), 

najve}i problem za proizvo|a~e predstavlja veliki broj 

mikroorganizama i somatskih stanica u mlijeku. Ostali 

parametri (kemijsko-fizikalni pokazatelji) ve}im dijelom 

ispunjavaju minimalne uvjete. 

Po~etni rezultati analize mlijeka i nisu iznena|uju}i, 

jer su istraìvanja koja su do sada bila provedena na 

mlije~nim govedarskim farmama i obiteljskim gospodarstvima 

u Hrvatskoj upu}ivala na pove}ani broj somatskih 

stanica u mlijeku (Kalit i Luka~-Havranek, 1998.; 

Miji} i sur., 2001.). Tako|er i zemlje EU u po~etku primjene 

sli~nog pravilnika imale su problema s pove}anim 

brojem somatskih stanica u mlijeku. Prema istraìvanjima 

(Emanuelson i Funke, 1991.) u [vedskoj je utvr|eno 

26,7% mastiti~nog mlijeka, dok su u Njema~koj (Roth i 

sur., 1998.) ustanovili u 45% istraìvanih krava patogene 

mikroorganizme u najmanje jednoj ~etvrti vimena. Ti 

rezultati pokazuju da je problem velikog broja somatskih 

stanica i mikroorganizama velik i zato je potreban dugotrajan 

rad te kori{tenje svih mogu}nosti u pobolj{anju 

zdravlja vimena: od selekcijskih do veterinarskih. 

Tablica 2. Klasifikacija svjeèg kravljeg mlijeka u RH prema broju mikroorganizama i broju somatskih stanica mlijeka 

(Izvor: Narodne novine, 156/2002.) 

Table 2. The fresh cow’s milk classification in the Republic of Croatia according to the number of microorganisms and 

somatic cells (Source: Narodne novine, 156/2002) 


54 


Mastiti~no mlijeko, pored financijskih gubitaka koje 

nanosi proizvo|a~u mlijeka, tako|er uzrokuje zna~ajne 

gubitke i prera|iva~u mlijeka. Prema literaturnim navodima 

(Antunac i sur., 1997.), mlijeko s velikim brojem 

somatskih stanica najve}e gubitke nanosi industriji 

proizvodnje sira, a gubici se o~ituju u nepovoljnim 

odnosima kazeinskih frakcija, pove}anju pH vrijednosti, 

promjeni koagulacijskih osobina, smanjenju randmana i 

kvalitete gotovog proizvoda. Zato je za proizvodnju 

zdravstveno ispravnih mlije~nih proizvoda, od posebne 

va`nosti ~isto}a ruku muza~a, vimena krave, prostora 

za mu`nju i ostalog mljekarskog pribora, zatim tehni~ka 

ispravnost muzne opreme, obavezno lije~enje oboljelih 

ìvotinja, odnosno potrebna je dosljedna edukaciju 

proizvo|a~a (Pavi~i} i Ha|ina, 2001.). 

Zbog nepovoljnih gospodarskih prilika zadnjih 

desetak godina i neadekvatnih tehnolo{ko-tehni~kih 

postupaka na mnogim mlije~nim farmama u Hrvatskoj 

tijekom pretvorbe poljoprivrednih kombinata u poljoprivredna 

poduze}a, proizvodnja mlijeka nije se zna~ajnije 

pove}ala. Samim tim do{lo je i do odre|ene stagnacije 

u kvaliteti mlijeka. Me|utim, proizvodnja kvalitetnog mlijeka 

zbog nedostatnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj imat }e 

brzi razvoj, ali samo uz uvjet da se proizvo|a~i prilagode 

novim standardima kvalitete mlijeka. 

ZAKLJUÂK 

Proizvo|a~i }e trebati posvetiti vi{e vremena 

tehni~kim fazama proizvodnje mlijeka, pravilnoj hranidbi 

i zdravstvenoj za{titi. Zbog {irokog spektra parametara 

koji se mjere i kontroliraju po novom Pravilniku, svaka 

pogre{ka i nepravovremena reakcija proizvo|a~a ili 

veterinara u zdravstvenoj za{titi tijekom laktacijskog 

ciklusa, odrazit }e se i na krajnje financijsko poslovanje. 

Nu`no je da se u Hrvatskoj {to prije izradi programe 

razvoja govedarstva na temelju zahtjeva trì{ta i 

suvremenih marketin{kih ciljeva, koriste}i vlastita i 

svjetska znanstvena dostignu}a u sto~arstvu, pri ~emu 

}e zdravlje ìvotinje i kvaliteta mlijeka imati va`no mjesto. 

5. Kuterovac, K., Daki}, A., Draì}, M. (2002.): Prvi 

izvje{taj o kvaliteti mlijeka u RH kontroliranog u HSSC- 

Sredi{njem laboratoriju za kontrolu mlijeka. 35. Hrvatski 

simpozij mljekarskih stru~njaka s me|unarodnim sudjelovanjem, 

Lovran, 13.-15. studeni, Zbornik saètaka., 

str. 24.-26. 

6. Miji}, P., Kneèvi}, I., Rimac, D., Doma}inovi}, M., 

Kralik, D., Baban, Mirjana, Bagari}, D. (2001.): 

Usporedba parametara mlijeka s novim pravilnikom o 

kakavo}i svjeèg sirovog mlijeka. Poljoprivreda, 

77(2):33.-38. 

7. Pavi~i}, @., Ha|ina, S. (2001.): Zna~enje primijenjene 

dezinfekcije u higijenskoj kakvo}i mlijeka. Sto~arstvo, 

55(4):269.-280. 

8. Roth, S., Reinsch, N., Nieland, G., Schallenberger, E. 

(1998.): Untersuchungen über Zusammenhänge zwischen 

Eutergesundheit, Melkbarkeitsparametern und 

Milchflußkurven an einer Hochleistungsrinderherde. 

Züchtungskunde, 70(4):242.-260. 

9. Sarrazin, P., Scotti, O. (1995): Raw milk and Europe. 

Dairy Science Abstracts, 75(4):2091. 

10. Uremovi}, Z., Uremovi}, M., Pavi}, V., Mio~, B., Muìc, 

S., Janje~i}, Z. (2002.): Sto~arstvo. Ud`benik, 91. 

Agronomski fakultet u Zagrebu. 

11. ……… Pravilnik o kakvo}i svjeèg sirovog mlijeka. 

Narodne novine, 102/2000. od 17. listopada 2000. 

12. ……… Statisti~ki ljetopis Republike Hrvatske (2002). 

Dràvni zavod za statistiku, 259. Zagreb. 

13. ……… Uredba o ciljnoj cijeni svjeèg sirovog mlijeka. 

Narodne novine, 156/2002. od 24. prosinca 2002. 

LITERATURA 

1. Antunac, N., Luka~-Havranek J., Samarìja, D. (1998.): 

Somatske stanice i njihov utjecaj na kakvo}u i preradu 

mlijeka. Mljekarstvo, 47(3):183.-193. 

2. Caput, P. (1998.): Aktualnosti u proizvodnji i plasmanu 

svjeèg kravljeg mlijeka u Hrvatskoj. Sto~arstvo, 

52(5):379-385. 

3. Emanuelson, U., Funke, H. (1991): Effect of milk yield 

on relationship between bulk milk somatic cell count and 

prevalence of mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 

74:2479-2483. 

4. Kalit, S., Luka~-Havranek, Jasmina (1998): Current status 

of somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk from individual 

farms in Croatia. Milchwissenschaft, 53(4):183- 

184. 



55 

NEW WAY OF EVALUATING COW MILK 

IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA 

SUMMARY 

It can be rightfally said that cow breeding is the «generator» of livestock and therefore of the hole agronomy. 

Stressing the quality of the product developed countries as well as the EU countries have introduced the new control 

regulations and evaluations of milk and dairy products. The number of somatic cells, microorganisms, protein 

and milk fat contents have become very important elements in valorisation and classification of milk. The Republic 

of Croatia also has the «New standard of the Quality of Fresh and Raw Milk» and the «Regulation of the Target Price 

of Fresh Raw Milk». Due to the wide spectre of the parameters controlled and paid by the new Standards and 

Regulations, every error and inadequate reaction of the manufacturer or the veterinarian during the health protection 

over the lactation cycle will have a reflection on a financial aspect of the business. The branch should start as 

earlier as possible using the domestic and international knowledge about livestock thereby animal health and better 

quality of milk will be in the priority. 

Key-words: milk production, standard, somatic cells, physical and chemical parameters 

(Primljeno 7. oùjka 2003.; prihva}eno 10. travnja 2003. - Received on 7 March 2003; accepted on 10 April 2003) 


TOVNOST I MESNATOST SVINJA NEKIH 

DVOPASMINSKIH KRI@ANACA 

ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 636.033:636.4 

\. Sen~i} (1) Marcela [peranda (1) , Z. Antunovi} (1) , T. [peranda (2) Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak 


Saètak 

Istraìvanje tovnih i klaoni~kih svojstava provedeno je na kriàncima izme|u {vedskog 

landrasa i velikog jork{ira ([L x VJ), {vedskog landrasa i pietrena ([L x P) te velikog 

jork{ira i pietrena (VJ X P). Svinje su tovljene u istim uvjetima. Hranjene krmnom smjesom 

s 15,36% sirovih proteina i 13,22 MJ ME/kg. Vrijednost pH mesa odre|ena je pHmetrom 

Mettler Toledo, sposobnost vezanja vode mesa prema Grau-Hammu (1952.), a 

boja i mramoriranost mesa prema ameri~koj NPCC-metodi. Izme|u istraìvanih genotipova 

svinja nije bilo statisti~ki zna~ajnih razlika (P>0,05) u veli~ini dnevnih prirasta 

(640 g, 680 g i 680 g), ali su utvr|ene razlike u konverziji hrane. Najmanji utro{ak hrane 

za kilogram prirasta imali su kriànci VJ x P (2,04 kg), a zatim kriànci [L x VJ (3,22 kg) 

i kriànci [L x P (3,63). Najve}u mesnatost polovica (55,15%) i najbolju konformaciju 

polovica imali su kriànci VJ x P, a zatim prema mesnatosti sljede kriànci [L x VJ 

(54,71%) i kriànci [L x P (54,08%). Kvaliteta mesa svinja istraìvanih genotipova bila 

je zadovoljavaju}a. Kriànci s pietrenom ([L x P i VJ x P) imali su ne{to slabiju sposobnost 

vezanja vode mesa (9,70 cm 2 i 9,80 cm 2 ) u odnosu na kriànce VJ x [L (8,51 cm 2 ). 

Kriànci s pietrenom tako|er su imali slabiji intenzitet boje mesa (2,50 i 2,33) i slabiju 

mramoriranost mesa (1,38 i 1,50) u odnosu na intenzitet boje i mramoriranost mesa 

kriànaca VJ x [L (2,75 i 2,50). 

Klju~ne rije~i: svinje, kriànci, tovna svojstva, klaoni~ka svojstva 

Uvod 

Genotip svinja, uz hranidbu, najvi{e utje~e na njihovu 

tovnost i mesnatost. Kriànjem svinja nastoji se 

posti}i heterozis u~inak za va`na proizvodna svojstva. 

Iznalaènje najboljih kombinacija kriànja je neprekidan 

proces, s obzirom na to da se selekcijom frekvencija 

pojedinih gena neprekidno mijenja. 

U ranijim istraìvanjima (Pellois i Runavot, 1991.; 

Demo i sur., 1994.; Sen~i} i sur., 2000.a i b; Sen~i} i 

sur., 2002.), ukazano je na obilje`ja svinja tropasminskih 

kriànaca s njema~kim landrasom ili pietrenom kao 

terminalnim pasminama. U ovom istraìvanju ukazuje 

se na neka tovna i klaoni~ka svojstva svinja dvopasminskih 

kriànaca. 

Materijal i metode 

Istraìvanje je provedeno s kriàncima {vedskog 

ladrasa i velikog jork{ira (n=21), s kriàncima {vedskog 

landrasa i pietrena (n=16) te s kriàncima velikog 

jork{ira i pietrena (n=27), na farmi «Caritas», kod 

Osijeka. Skupine svinja bile su ujedna~ene prema omjeru 

spolova. 

Svinje su tovljene istovremeno i u istim uvjetima, 

tijekom prolje}a i ljeta. Hranjene su ad libitum, krmnom 

smjesom s 15,36% sir. bjelan~evina i 13,22 MJ ME/kg 

tijekom cijelog tova. 

Na liniji klanja utvr|ena je masa toplih polovica i 

njihova mesnatost prema Pravilniku (1999.) uz pomo} 

metode «dvije to~ke». Nakon 24 sata hla|enja polovica 

na +4 0 C, odre|en je udjel (%) najvrijednijih dijelova 

(but, le|a i ple}ka) u desnim svinjskim polovicama, 

prema metodi Wenigera i sur. (1963.). 

(1) Prof.dr.sc. \uro Sen~i}, mr.sc. Marcela [peranda i doc.dr.sc. Zvonko 

Antunovi} – Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, 

Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, (2) 

Mr.sc. Tomislav [peranda – Farmacija d.d., Vinkova~ka cesta b.b., 

31000 Osijek 


Ð. Senèiæ i sur.: TOVNOST I MESNATOST SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRI@ANACA 

57 

Vrijednost pH 1 

mesa odre|ena je 45 minuta post 

mortem, kontaktnim pH-metrom Mettler Toledo, a vrijednost 

pH 2 

mesa, 24 sata post mortem, nakon 

hla|enja mesa na +4 0 C. Kvaliteta mesa odre|ivana je 

na uzorku dugog le|nog mi{i}a (MLD) uzetom u visini 

izme|u 13 i 14 rebra. Sposobnost vezanja vode mesa 

odre|ena je prema Grau-Hammu (1952.), a boja i mramoriranost 

prema ameri~koj NPPC-metodi. Statisti~ka 

obrada rezultata istraìvanja bila je pomo}u kompjutorskog 

programa Stat Soft, Inc. (2001.). 

Rezultati i rasprava 

Tovna svojstva kriànaca vidljiva su iz Tablice 1. 

Izme|u prosje~nih po~etnih, kao i zavr{nih tjelesnih 

masa svinja pojedinih kriànaca, nisu utvr|ene statisti~ki 

zna~ajne razlike (P>0,05). 

S tim u vezi, nisu utvr|ene niti razlike u dnevnim 

prirastima izme|u pojedinih genotipova svinja, u pojedinim 

razdobljima tova. 

Utro{ak hrane za kilogram prirasta bio je najmanji 

(2,04 kg) kod kriànaca s najve}om mesnato{}u, tj. kod 

onih izme|u velikog jork{ira i pietrena, a najve}i (3,63 

kg) kod kriànca s najniòm mesnato{}u, tj. onih 

izme|u {vedskog landrasa i pietrena. 

Klaoni~ka svojstva svinja, vidljiva su iz Tablice 2. 

Ujedna~enost masa toplih polovica omogu}ila je 

pravilno uspore|ivanje klaoni~kih svojstava svinja 

izme|u genotipova. Najve}u mesnatost polovica 

(55,15%) imali su kriànci izme|u velikog jork{ira i pietrena. 

Taj genotip svinja imao je i najve}i udjel buta 

(31,95%) u polovicama. Obje skupine kriànaca s pietrenom 

imale su ve}i udjel butova, a manji udjel ple}ki u 

polovicama u odnosu na kriànce izme|u {vedskog landrasa 

i velikog jork{ira. Kriànje s pietrenom povoljno je 

djelovalo na konformaciju svinjskih polovica, tj. na 

zastupljenost komercijalno vrjednijih dijelova. Na navedenu 

pojavu ukazuju istraìvanja i drugih autora (@ivkovi} 

i sur., 1992., Demo i sur., 1994.) 

Kvaliteta mesa svinja istraìvanih kriànaca 

(Tablica 2.), bila je u prosjeku zadovoljavaju}a. 

Vrijednosti pH 1 

i pH 2 

mesa kretale su se u prosjeku u 

optimalnim granicama, iako je po~etni pH mesa, kod 

svinja s najve}om mesnato{}u (VJ x P), bio najniì 

(6,19), ali ne i statisti~ki zna~ajno (P>0,05). Kriànci 

izme|u velikog jork{ira i {vedskog landrasa imali su 

meso s boljom sposobno{}u vezanja vode (8,51 cm 2 ) 

u odnosu na kriànce s pietrenom (9,70 cm 2 i 9,80 

cm 2 ). 

Najja~i intenzitet boje (2,75) imalo je meso 

kriànaca izme|u velikog jork{ira i {vedskog landrasa, a 

njamanji intenzitet boje (2,33), meso kriànaca izme|u 

velikog jork{ira i pietrena, tj. najmesnatijeg genotipa. 

Granica pH 1 

vrijednosti za utvr|ivanje blijedog, mekanog 

i vodnjikavog (BMV) mesa je prema Hoffmanu 

Tablica 1. Tovna svojstva svinja nekih dvopasminskih kriànaca 

Table 1. Fattening traits in pigs of some two crossbreeds 

# VJ-veliki jork{ir (LW-Large White); [L-{vedski landras (SL- Swedish Landrace); P-pietren (P-Pietrain) 


58 


TABLICA 2. KLAONI~KA SVOJSTVA SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRIÀNACA 

Table 2. Slaughter traits in pigs of some two crossbreeds 

# VJ-veliki jork{ir (LW-Large White); [L-{vedski landras (SL- Swedish Landrace); P-pietren (P- Pietrain) 

(1994.) 6,0, a prema Kallweitu (1980.) ispod 5,8. Ako 

se uzme pH 2 

vrijednost kao kriterij za odre|ivanje BMVmesa, 

tada je granica, prema Forrestu (1998.) 5,5, a 

prema Kallweitu (1980.) je 5,4. 

Kriànci s pietrenom imali su i slabiju proètost 

mesa masno}om (mramoriranost) u odnosu na 

kriànce izme|u velikog jork{ira i {vedskog landrasa. 

I drugi su autori (Pellois i Runavot, 1991.; @ivkovi} 

i sur., 1992.; Wasmuth i Glodek, 1992.; Sen~i} i sur., 

2000.a i b; 2002.) utvrdili da pietren u kriànju moè 

pogor{ati kvalitetu mesa svinja kriànaca. 

Zaklju~ak 

Na temelju istraìvanja tovnih i klaoni~kih svojstava 

dvopasminskih kriànaca izme|u {vedskog landrasa i 

velikog jork{ira ([L x VJ), {vedskog landrasa i pietrena 

([L x P) te velikog jork{ira i pietrena (VJ X P) utvr|eno je: 

- izme|u istraìvanih genotipova svinja nije bilo 

statisti~ki zna~ajnih razlika (P>0,05) u veli~ini dnevnih 

prirasta (640 g, 680 g i 680 g), ali su utvr|ene razlike u 

konverziji hrane. Najmanji utro{ak hrane za kilogram prirasta 

imali su kriànci VJ x P (2,04 kg), a zatim kriànci 

[L x VJ (3,22 kg) i kriànci [L x P (3,63), 

- najve}u mesnatost polovica (55,15%) i najbolju 

konformaciju polovica imali su kriànci VJ x P, a zatim 

prema mesnatosti sljede kriànci [L x VJ (54,71%) i 

kriànci [L x P (54,08%), 

- kvaliteta mesa svinja istraìvanih genotipova bila 

je zadovoljavaju}a. Kriànci s pietrenom ([L x P i VJ x 

P) imali su ne{to slabiju sposobnost vezanja vode mesa 

(9,70 cm 2 i 9,80 cm 2 ) u odnosu na kriànce VJ x [L 

(8,51 cm 2 ). Kriànci s pietrenom tako|er su imali slabiji 

intenzitet boje mesa (2,50 i 2,33) i slabiju mramoriranost 

mesa (1,38 i 1,50) u odnosu na intenzitet boje i 

mramoriranost mesa kriànaca VJ x [L (2,75 i 2,50). 

Literatura 

1. Demo, P, Poltarsky, J., Rehak, A. (1994): Use of the 

Pietrain breed for production of terminal slaughter 

hybrid. Zivocisna Vyroba, 39: 865-879. 

2. Forrest, I.C. (1998): Line speed implementation of 

various pork quality measures. Record of Proceedings, 

NSIF Conference and Animal Meeting. December 4-5, 

1998, Vol. 23, East Lansing Marriot, Michigan. 

3. Grau, R., Hamm, R. (1952.): Eine einfache Methode zur 

Bestimmung der Wasser bildung in Fleisch. Die 

Fleischwirtschaft, 4:295.-297. 

4. Hoffman, K. (1994): What is quality? Definition, measurement 

and eculation of meat quality. Meat Focus 

International, 3, 2, February, 1994. 



59 

5. Kallweit, E. (1980.): Fleischfülle und Fleischbeschaffenheit. 

Schweinezucht und Schweinemast, 28(5):148.- 

155. 

6. Pellois, H., Runavot, J.P. (1991): Comparaison des performances 

d’ engraissement de carcasse et de qualite 

de riande de 4 types de porcs ayant une proportion 

variable de sang Pietrain. In 23 mes Journees de la 

Recherche Porcine en France, Paris, 1991, pp. 23. 

7. Sen~i}, \., Fazeka{, J., Maltar Z., Antunovi}, Z., Knapi}, 

A. (2000.a): Obilje`ja mesnatosti svinja kriànaca s pietrenom. 

Sto~arstvo, 54:175.-182. 

8. Sen~i}, \. Kralik G., Ku{ec, G., Margeta, V. (2000 b): 

Slaughtering quality of crossed pigs with German 

Landrace and Pietrain as terminal breeds. Agriculture, 

6:157-159. 

9. Sen~i}, \., Antunovi}, Z., [peranda Marcela (2002): 

Meatiness and meat quality in pigs crossed with pietrain. 

Sto~arstvo, 56:191-196. 

10. Wassmuth, R., Glodek, P. (1992): Einfluß des 

«Hampshirefaktors» und der Standzeit auf das glykolitische 

Potential und die Fleischbeschaffenheit bei 

Schweinen. Fleichwirtschaft, 72: 1299.-1302. 

11. Weniger, H., I., Steinhauf, D. und Pahl, G. (1963): 

Topography of Carcasses. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, 

München. 

12. @ivkovi}, J., Bukovi} B., Njari, B. (1992.): Utjecaj 

pasminskog sastava na prinos i kakvo}u svinjskog 

mesa. Sto~arstvo, 46: 25.-31. 

13. ... .. Pravilnik o utvr|ivanju kategorija i klasa svinjskih 

trupova i polovica (1999.), N.N. br. 119. 

14. ….. Stat Soft. Inc. Statistica for Windows (Computer 

program manual), Tulsa, OK, 2001. 

FATTENING AND MEATINESS OF SOME TWO CROSSBREEDS IN PIGS 

SUMMARY 

Investigation of fattening and slaughter traits was conducted with crossbreeds between Swedish Landrace and Large 

White (SL x LW), Swedish Landrace and Pietrain (SL x P) as well as between Large White and Pietrain (LW x P). The 

pigs were fed in the same conditions. They were fed mixture containing 15.36% crude proteins and 13.22 MU/kg. 

Values of meat pH were determined by pH –meter Mettler Toledo, ability of meat water fixation according to Grau- 

Hamm (1952) whereas colour and meat marbling by an American NPCC method. No statistically significant differences 

were found (P>0.05) in terms of daily gain (640 g, 680 g and 6880 g) among the investigated pig genotypes. 

However, feed conversion differences were determined. The lowest feed consumption per gain kg was characterized 

by crossbreeds LW x P (2.04 kg) followed by crossbreeds SL x LW (3.22 kg) and crossbreeds SL x P (3.63). The 

highest meatiness of pork sides (55.15%) and their conformation were known by crossbreeds LW x P followed by 

(by the meatiness) crossbreeds SL x LW (54.71%) and crossbreeds SL x P (54.08%). Pig meat quality of the investigated 

genotypes was satisfactory. Crossbreeds with Pietrain (SL x P and LW x P) had slightly lower meat water fixation 

ability (9.70 cm 2 and 9. 80 cm 2 ) compared to the crossbreeds LW x SL (8.51cm 2 ). Crossbreeds with Pietrain 

were also characterized by lower meat colour intensity (2.50 and 2.33) and meat marbling (1.38 and 1.50) compared 

to colour intensity and meat marbling in crossbreeds LW x SL (2.75 and 2.50). 

Key-words: pigs, crossbreeds, fattening traits, slaughtering traits 



ISSN 1330-7142 

UDK = 636.127:636.064 

RAZVIJENOST I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST 

SEDMODNEVNE I [ESTOMJESE^NE LIPICANSKE @DREBADI 

T. Rastija (1) , Z. Antunovi} (1) , Mirjana Baban (1) , I. Mandi} (2) Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak 


SA@ETAK 

Pra}enje razvoja `drebadi, naro~ito u prvim mjesecima njihovog ìvota, ukazuje na 

mogu}nost njihovog uspje{nog izbora. Pravilan postupak s podmlatkom te kvalitetna 

hranidba dojnih kobila osigurava uspje{an uzgoj `drebadi, koji ima pozitivan utjecaj i na 

njihov kasniji razvoj. Istraìvanja su provedena na 82 {estomjese~ne `drebadi. Mjerenja 

visine grebena, opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice obavljena su sedmi dan nakon `drijebljenja 

i u dobi od {est mjeseci. Podaci o mjerenju obra|eni su prema statisti~kom programu 

SPSS/PC (Nie i sur., 1975.). Izra~unata je i korelacijska povezanost izme|u tjelesnih 

mjera sedmodnevne i {estomjese~ne `drebadi. Visina grebena {estomjese~ne u 

odnosu na sedmodnevnu `drebad pove}ala se je za 35%, opseg prsa za 69%, a opseg 

cjevanice za 34%. Korelacijska povezanost izme|u navedenih svojstava bila je visoko 

signifikantna na razini P=0,01 s korelacijskim koeficijentima, a koji su se kretali izme|u 

r=0,363 i r=0,820. Cilj tih istraìvanja bio je spoznaja o me|usobnoj povezanosti razvoja 

`drebadi u ranoj fazi, tj. u fazi sisanja. 

Klju~ne rije~i: lipicanska pasmina, podmladak, rast i razvoj, korelacije 

UVOD 

Poznavanje rasta i razvoja podmlatka u konja, 

naro~ito u prvim mjesecima nakon `drijebljenja, i 

me|usobni utjecaj pojedinih tjelesnih dimenzija 

omogu}ava brì i sigurniji uzgojno selekcijski rad. 

Prema podacima dostupne literature iz toga podru~ja, 

intenzivan rast i razvoj pojedinih tjelesnih mjera i njihova 

me|usobna povezanost u ranijoj ìvotnoj dobi ima 

pozitivan utjecaj i na kasniji razvoj. 

Istraìvanjima o razvoju podmlatka lipicanske i 

ostalih pasmina konja bavili su se Romi} (1951.), Green 

(1961.), Stipi} (1980.), Rastija i sur. (1986., 1988., 

1995., 1999., 2000., 2001., 2002.), Saastamoinen 

(1990.), Baban i sur. (1995.) i drugi. 

Ta istraìvanja ukazuju na pozitivan me|usobni 

utjecaj tjelesnih mjera u `drebadi iste i razli~ite dobi. 


Istraìvanja su provedena na 82 `drebadi lipicanske 

pasmine oba spola. Mjerenja visine grebena 

Lydtinovim {tapom, opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice 

obavljena su sto~nom vrpcom na sedmodnevnoj i 

{estomjese~noj `drebadi. Vrijednosti dobivene mjerenjem 

obra|ene su prema statisti~kom programu 

SPSS/PC (Nie i sur., 1975.). Na temelju dobivenih vrijednosti, 

izra~unali smo i korelacijsku povezanost 

izme|u obra|enih svojstava `drebadi iste i razli~ite dobi. 

Statisti~ku zna~ajnost koeficijenata korelacije testirali 

smo “t” testom na razini 5% i 1% signifikantnosti. 


Vrijednosti istraìvanja tjelesnih mjera sedmodnevne 

i {estomjese~ne `drebadi prikazane su u Tablici 1. 

Vrijednosti istraìvanja tjelesnih mjera sedmodnevne 

i {estomjese~ne `drebadi lipicanske pasmine prikazane su 

u Tablici 1. Visina grebena sedmodnevne `drebadi u granicama 

je karakteristi~nim za lipicansku pasminu. Prema 

podacima Rastije i sur. (2001.), `drebad na{ih istraìvanja 

bila su nià za 2,64 cm. Podaci Romi}a (1951.) znatno 

su slabije vrijednosti od na{ih istraìvanja (92,82 cm za 

mu{ku i 92,58 cm za ènsku `drebad). Istraìvanja Stipi}a 

(1980.) podudaraju se s na{im vrijednostima, kao i vrijednosti 

Rastije i sur. (1995. a). Tako|er i vrijednosti drugih 

istraìvanja kre}u se u okviru granica za lipicansku pasminu, 

{to potvr|uje konsolidiranost uzgoja. Opseg prsa od 

80,49 cm je manji od vrijednosti do kojih su u svojim 

(1) Dr.sc. Tomo Rastija, red. prof., dr.sc. Zvonko Antunovi}, docent i 

dr.sc. Mirjana Baban, asistent – Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u 

Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, 

(2) Ivica Mandi}, dipl.ing. - direktor ergele \akovo. 


T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVIJENOST I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST SEDMODNEVNE I ŠESTOMJESEÈNE ... 

61 

Tablica 1. Tjelesne mjere sedmodnevne i {estomjese~ne lipicanske `drebadi (n = 82) 

Table 1. The physical measures of the seven-day-old and six-month-old Lippizaner foals (n=82) 

istraìvanjima do{li Rastija i sur. (1986., 1995.a, 2001.), 

Romi} (1951.) i Stipi} (1980.), dok se vrijednosti Mirjane 

Baban i sur. (1995.) podudaraju s na{im istraìvanjima. 

Opseg cjevanice sedmodnevne `drebadi u Tablici 

1. bio je manji za 0,40 cm, odnosno 1,35 cm od vrijednosti 

Stipi}a (1980.), dok se vrijednosti Romi}evih 

(1951) istraìvanja podudaraju s na{im podacima. 

Tako|er su i vrijednosti dobivene po Rastiji i sur. (1986, 

2001) neznatno ve}e od vrijednosti u Tablici 1. 

Navedena istraìvanja ukazuju na konsolidirani 

uzgoj i uspje{no provo|enje uzgojno-selekcijskog rada, 

{to potvr|uju rezultati dosada{njih istraìvanja. 

Korelacijska povezanost u Tablici 2. kretala se 

izme|u slabe do potpune, s korelacijskim koeficijentima 

od r = 0,363 do 0,824. Najslabija povezanost (r = 

0,363) utvr|ena je izme|u opsega prsa sedmodnevne i 

opsega cjevanice {estomjese~ne `drebadi, dok je 

najja~a povezanost (r = 0,824) izra~unata izme|u visine 

grebena i opsega prsa {estomjese~ne `drebadi. 

Testiranjem dobivenih korelacijskih koeficijenata 

Tablica 2. Korelacijska povezanost tjelesnih mjera 

sedmodnevne i {estomjese~ne lipicanske `drebadi 

Table 2. A correlation of physical measures of the sevenday-old 

and six-month-old Lippizaner foals 

1 = visina grebena sedmodnevne `drebadi – withers height of 

the seven-day-old foals 

2 = opseg prsa sedmodnevne `drebadi – chest girth of the 

seven-day-old foals 

3 = opseg cjevanice sedmodnevne `drebadi – cannon bone 

circumference of the seven-day-old foals 

4 = visina grebena {estomjese~ne `drebadi – withers height of 

the six-month old foals 

5 = opseg prsa {estomjese~ne `drebadi – withers height of the 

six- month old foals 

6 = opseg cjevanice {estomjese~ne `drebadi - cannon bone 

circumference of the six- month old foals 

utvr|ene su visoko signifikantne povezanosti. 

Navodi Rastije i sur. (1988.) ukazuju na pozitivan 

utjecaj visine grebena nakon poroda na visinu grebena u 

kasnijoj dobi, dok su vi{a `drebad imala ne{to slabije 

razvijen prsni ko{ u odnosu na niù `drebad. 

Saastamoinen (1990.) ukazuje na visoku korelacijsku 

povezanost tjelesnih mjera `drebadi u razvoju. Prema 

podacima Mc Canna i sur. (1988.), korelacijska povezanost 

tjelesnih mjera `drebadi u razvoju kretala se 

izme|u slabe i jake. Do sli~nih vrijednosti u svojim 

istraìvanjima do{li su Hintz i sur. (1979.), Rastija i sur. 

(1995.b) utvrdili su pozitivnu povezanost visine grebena 

i opsega cjevanice podmlatka lipicanaca, koja je ja~e 

izraèna kod iste nego razli~ite dobne strukture. 

Po istraìvanjima Rastije i sur. (2001.), korelacijska 

povezanost mu{ke i ènske kao i oba spola lipicanske 

`drebadi kretala se izme|u slabe i vrlo jake. 

Rezultati dobivenih istraìvanja, kao i vrijednosti u 

dostupnoj literaturi, ukazuju na mogu}nost uspje{nog 

provo|enja selekcije ve} kod podmlatka `drebadi, zbog 

pozitivne povezanosti tjelesnih mjera istodobne i `drebadi 

razli~ite dobi. 

ZAKLJUÂK 

Na temelju provedenih istraìvanja razvoja podmlatka 

lipicanske pasmine, moè se zaklju~iti: 

- Visina grebena sedmodnevne lipicanske `drebadi 

iznosila je 100,988 cm, a {estomjese~ne 136,683 cm, 

odnosno 35,43% ve}a u odnosu na visinu sedmodnevne 

`drebadi. 

- Opseg prsa {estomjese~ne `drebadi u odnosu na 

sedmodnevnu `drebad pove}ao se za 69,20%, a opseg 

cjevanice za 33,67%. 

- Korelacijska povezanost izme|u navedenih svojstava 

sedmodnevne i {estomjese~ne lipicanske `drebadi 

kretala se izme|u slabe i vrlo jake, s korelacijskim 

koeficijentima od r = 0,363 do r = 0,824. 

- Povezanost je ja~e izraèna izme|u tjelesnih 

mjera `drebadi iste dobi nego izme|u razli~ite dobi. 

- Testiranjem je utvr|ena visoko signifikantna 

povezanost izme|u tjelesnih mjera `drebadi. 

- Poznavanje povezanosti izme|u tjelesnih mjera 

iste i razli~ite dobi omogu}ava uspje{no provo|enje 

selekcije u uzgoju konja. 


62 

T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVIJENOST I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST SEDMODNEVNE I ŠESTOMJESEÈNE ... 

LITERATURA 

1. Baban, M., Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Ljube{i}, J. (1995.): 

Komparacija razvoja tjelesnih mjera lipicanske `drebadi 

po linijama. Poljoprivreda, 1(1):1.-7. 

2. Butler, I., Kelnhofer, R., Pirchner, F. (1986): Phenotypic 

correlations between conformation and performance 

traits of trotters. 37 th Ann. Meet. of Eur. Assoc. for 

Anim. Prod. 

3. Green, D.A. (1961): A review of studies on the growth 

rate of the horse. Br. Vet. J. 117, 181-191. 

4. Hintz, R.L., Hintz, H.F., Vleck, L.D. (1979): Growth rate 

of Thoroughbreds. Effect of age of dam, year and month 

of birth, and sex of foal. J. Anim. Sci. 48, 480-487. 

5. McCann, J.S., Heird, J.C., Ramsey, C.B., Long, R.A. 

(1988): Skeletal bone and muscle proportionality in 

small-and large-framed mature horses of different 

muscle thickness. Equine Vet. Sci. 8, 255-261. 

6. Nie, N., H., Hul, C.H., Jenkins, G. J., Steinbrenner, K., 

Dole, H.B. (1975): Statistical Package for the Society 

Sciences 2 nd ed New York, Mc Grow-Hill. 

7. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Mandi}, I. (1986.): Komparativni 

prikaz razvoja `drebadi lipicanske pasmine. Sto~arstvo, 

40(7-8):249.-253. 

8. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Bari{i}, A. (1988.): Korelacijska 

povezanost razvoja tjelesnih mjera `drebadi lipicanske 

pasmine. Znan. prak. poljop. tehnol. 18(3-4):309.-315. 

9. Rastija, T., Baban, M., Kneèvi}, I. (1995.a): Usporedba 

nekih svojstava rasta mu{ke i ènske lipicanske `drebadi. 

Sto~arstvo, 49(3-4):89.-93. 

10. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Jovanovac, S., Mandi}, I., (1995 

b): Heritability and phenotypic correlations among 

measurements of lipizzaner horses. Sto~arstvo, 9-12, 

299-302. 

11. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Sukali}, M., Baban Mirjana, 

Kneèvi}, I. (1999.): Tjelesne mjere `drebadi holstein 

pasmine u razvoju. Poljoprivreda 5(1):27.-30. 

12. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Antunovi}, Z., Baban Mirjana, 

Sele{, J. (2000.): Utjecaj visine grebena, opsega prsa i 

opsega cjevanice nakon poroda na razvoj `drebadi holstein 

pasmine. Sto~arstvo, 54(6):419.-426. 

13. Rastija T., Kneèvi}, I., Antunovi}, Z., Bukvi}, @., 

Gutzmirtl D., Mandi}, I. (2001.): Povezanost razvoja 

`drebadi lipicanske pasmine u fazi sisanja. Sto~arstvo, 

55(1):3.-12. 

14. Rastija, T. Antunovi}, Z., Bukvi}, @., Baban Mirjana, 

Bogut. I. (2001.): Povezanost tjelesnih mjera {estomjese~ne 

i dvogodi{nje `drebadi holstein pasmine. 

Sto~arstvo 55(2):83.-89. 

15. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Antunovi}, Z., Baban Mirjana, 

Bogut. I. (2002): Effect of some holstein foals birth body 

measurements on later development. Sto~arstvo 

56(1):3-13. 

16. Romi}, S. (1951.): Razvoj lipicanca do tri godine. 

Veterinarski arhiv, 7-8. 

17. Saastamoinen, M. (1990): Heritabilities for body size 

and growth rate and phenotypic correlations among 

measurements in young horses. ActaAgriculturae 

Scandinavica 40(4):377-386. 

18. Stipi}, L. (1980.): Ispitivanje populacije i uzgojnog procesa 

|akova~kog lipicanca. Sto~arstvo, 34: 291.-300. 

THE DEVELOPMENT AND CORRELATION OF THE 

SEVEN-DAY-OLD AND SIX-MONTH-OLD LIPPIZANER BREED FOALS 

SUMMARY 

Observation at he foals development, especially in their first months of life, gives a possibility of their successful 

selection. A correct offspring treatment from the early age and a quality feeding of lactating mares ensures a successful 

foals breeding, which has a positive influence on their further development. Eighty two six-month-old foals 

were included into the research. Measuring of the withers height, chest girth and cannon bone circumference were 

done seven days after foaling and at the age of six months. The measuring data were processed by the statistical 

program SPSS/PC (Nie et al., 1975). A correlation between physical measures of the seven-day-old and six-monthold 

foals was summed. Withers height of the six-month-old in relation to the seven-day-old foals increased by 35%, 

the chest girth by 69% and the cannon bone circumference by 34%. The correlation among attained values was 

highly significant at the level P=0.01 with correlation coefficients ranging between r=0,363 and r=0,820. The aim 

of this research was to get an insight of the mutual connection of foals development in the early phase, i.e. in the 

suckling phase. 

Key-words: the Lippizaner breed, offspring, growth and development, correlation 



UPUTE AUTORIMA 

"POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis" (ISSN 1330-7142), kojega publiciraju Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku i 

Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, objavljuje znanstvene i stru~ne radove na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku. Objavljuju se radovi koji nisu 

tiskani u drugim ~asopisima, niti predani u tisak. Izvodi, saèci, sinopsisi, magistarski radovi, disertacije te izlaganja na znanstvenim 

i stru~nim skupovima ne smatraju se objavljenim radovima. U dodatku ~asopisa mogu se objaviti prikazi knjiga ili njihove recenzije, 

kra}i prijevodi, osvrti i vijesti iz podru~ja poljoprivrede. 

Radovi se {alju u Uredni{tvo ~asopisa u 2 primjerka, a moraju zadovoljiti sljede}e tehni~ke propozicije: 

• Maksimalni obujam rada (uklju~uju}i tablice, grafikone, slike i sheme) je 10 stranica A-4 formata (max. znakova 30000, 

uklju~uju}i razmake izme|u rije~i), saètka disertacije 2 stranice, a saètka magistarskog rada 1 stranica. 

• Tekst mora biti pisati u Microfoft Word for Windows, verzija 6.0 ili vi{a, Font Times New Roman, s duplim proredom. Sve 

margine su 2,5 cm. 

• Cijeli rad treba pisati veli~inom slova 11, osim naslova rada (12), naslova i sadràja tablica (10) te saètaka (10). 

Naslov rada i poglavlja treba pisati velikim podebljanim slovima. 

• Grafikoni, slike i sheme trebaju biti ~isti, pregledni i snimljeni u Winword obliku te editirani kao integralni dio rada tj. u tekstu 

gdje dolaze. Radi sigurnije izvedbe tiskanja rada potrebito ih je tako|er dostaviti i u jednom od grafi~kih ili slikovnih 

formata (*.xls, *.tiff ili *.jpg), isklju~ivo u crno-bijeloj tehnici. Naslovi i sadràji tablica, grafikona, slika i shema u radu 

moraju biti prevedeni i na engleski jezik, i obrnuto. Ako je rad na hrvatskom jeziku, naslove tablica, grafikona, slika i 

shema treba pisati podebljanim slovima, a engleske prijevode njihovih naslova, kao i sadràja, treba pisati u kurzivu neboldiranim 

slovima, i obrnuto. 

• Po~etak odlomka (pasusa) u tekstu ne smije se uvla~iti tabelator tipkom, a odlomke treba razdijeliti tipkom ENTER. Treba 

koristiti automatsku numeraciju stranica (pozicija dolje desno). 

• Puna imena i prezimena autora, sa zvanjima i adresama ustanova u kojima rade (veli~ina slova 10, kurziv) stavljaju se na 

kraju prve stranice ispod crte duge 3 cm i ne smiju se pisati u programu automatske fusnote. U slu~aju da rad zahtijeva 

pisanje fusnota, poèljno je koristiti automatske fusnote. 

• Citirani autori u radu ne smiju biti podebljani, pisani u kurzivu niti velikim slovima. 

• Za pisanje decimalnih brojeva u tekstovima i tablicama na hrvatskom jeziku treba koristiti isklju~ivo zareze, odnosno u 

engleskoj verziji isklju~ivo to~ke. U hrvatskim tekstovima i tablicama, kao i u popisu literature, iza svih spomenutih 

godina obvezno dolazi to~ka. 

Radovi }e biti recenzirani od najmanje 2 recenzenta iz odgovaraju}eg podru~ja i lektorirani. Recenzenti obavljaju kategorizaciju 

radova: izvorni znanstveni ~lanak (original scientific paper), pregledni znanstveni ~lanak (scientific review), prethodno 

priop}enje (preliminary communication), izlaganje na znanstvenom skupu (conference paper), stru~ni ~lanak (professional 

paper). Svi radovi dobivaju UDK klasifikacijski broj (rad se kategorizira prema odre|enim podru~jima). Radovi tiskani na hrvatskom 

jeziku moraju imati kurzivom napisane engleske prijevode Naslova, Saètka, Klju~nih rije~i te tablica i grafikona, i obrnuto. 

U radu tiskanom na hrvatskom jeziku engleske verzije Saètka i Klju~nih rije~i dolaze na kraju rada, iza poglavlja Literatura, i obrnuto. 

Radovi u pravilu sadrè: 

NASLOV: treba biti {to kra}i, informativan, pisan velikim tiskanim (podebljanim) slovima, font 12. Ispod naslova dolaze inicijali 

imena (ènski autori puno ime) i prezime autora bez akademske titule, a iza svakog prezimena ozna~iti eksponentom ukoliko 

autori nisu iz iste ustanove (podebljanim slovima u kurzivu font 11). 

SA@ETAK: jezgrovit prikaz rada koji ~itatelju omogu}ava procjenu zanimljivosti rada. Saètak treba biti napisan podebljanim 

slovima u kurzivu (font 10) i da se bez ve}e prerade moè tiskati u referalnim ~asopisima. Optimalna duìna je oko 100 rije~i. 

Saètak mora sadràvati klju~ne rije~i bitne zbog uklju~ivanja u informacijske sustave, a koje tako|er treba pisati podebljanim slovima 

u kurzivu (font 10). 

UVOD: izlaè se ideja i cilj provedenih istraìvanja, a moè se dati vrlo selektivan osvrt na literaturu, ako nema posebnog 

poglavlja "Pregled literature". 

MATERIJAL I METODE: detaljno se opisuju samo nove ili modificirane metode. Za poznate metode i postupke daje se samo 

literaturni izvor. 

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA: opisuju se utvr|ene ~injenice i zakonitosti, obja{njavaju pojave te potvr|uje ili negira postavljena 

hipoteza. U raspravi treba usporedbom s radovima drugih autora potkrijepiti zna~aj vlastitih istraìvanja. Treba voditi ra~una da se 

isti podaci ne ponavljaju u tablicama, grafikonima te ponovno u tekstu. 

ZAKLJUÂK: sadrì sintezu istraìvanja i rezultata. Pri njegovom pisanju va`na je postupnost u izlaganju. 

LITERATURA: pi{e se abecednim redom s rednim brojem ispred prvog autora, s punim podacima (autori, godina, naziv reference, 

izdava~, mjesto izdavanja, stranice). Autore ne pisati velikim slovima. 

Zadnju verziju rada, ispravljenu prema primjedbama recenzenata, treba poslati Uredni{tvu u jednom primjerku, kao 

i snimak rada na disketi. Rukopisi radova i diskete se ne vra}aju. 

Adresa: Uredni{tvo ~asopisa "Poljoprivreda", Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv.Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek 

Kontakt osobe i tehni~ki urednici: Manda Antunovi}, tel. +385 31 224 255; Fax: +385 31 207 017; E-mail: 

Manda.Antunovic@pfos.hr i Danica Hanèk, tel. +385 31 224 240; E-mail: dhanzek@pfos.hr 


GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS 

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Manda.Antunovic@pfos.hr and Danica Hanèk, Tel. + 385 31 224 240; E-mail: dhanzek@pfos.hr 


UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142 

AGRICULTURE 

Scientific and Professional Review 

CONTENTS 

Volume 9; Number 1; June, 2003 

Z. Zduni}, D. [imi}, I. Brki}, A. Jambrovi}, Renata Zduni}, Tatjana Leden~an 

ESTIMATION OF GENETIC EFFECTS ON PLANT HEIGHT IN TWO SPECIFIC PAIRS OF 

INBRED LINES AND ITS SIX BASIC GENERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 

Manda Antunovi}, V. Kova~evi}, Mirta Rastija, Z. Zduni} 

INFLUENCES OF SOIL AND GENOTYPES ON MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS IN MAIZE PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 

V. Kova~evi}, I. Brki} 

INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CORN HYBRIDS . . . . . . . . . 15 

B. [imi}, V. Kova~evi}, Zorica Jurkovi} 

RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ON HYDROMORPHIC SOIL OF SAVA VALLEY . . . . . . . . 20 

Mira Kneèvi}, Marija \urki}, I. Kneèvi}, K. Hajba 

INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE AND LOW HERBICIDE DOSES ON WEED POPULATIONS 

AND SPRING BARLEY YIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 

A. Kristek, Zvjezdana Magud, Manda Antunovi}, Suzana Kristek 

THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGAR BEET MONOGERM LINES DEPENDING ON CERCOSPORA 

(Cercospora beticola Sacc.) SUSCEPTIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 

T. ûpi}, S. Popovi}, Marijana Tucak, M. Stjepanovi}, Sonja Grlju{i} 

ESTIMATION OF PEA GRAIN YIELD STABILITY (Pisum sativum L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 

T. Karadeniz, A. Kazankaya, T. Yarilgaç 

DETERMINATION OF THE POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALMONDS 

(Prunus amygdalus Batsh) GROWN IN MALATYA (TURKEY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 

M.Yercan, S. Engindeniz 

PROFITABILTY OF DRIED FIG PRODUCTION (A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 


NEW WAY OF EVALUATING COW MILK IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 

\. Sen~i}, Marcela [peranda, Z. Antunovi}, T. [peranda 

FATTENING AND MEATINESS OF SOME TWO CROSSBREEDS IN PIGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 

T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Mandi} 

THE DEVELOPMENT AND CORRELATION OF THE SEVEN-DAY-OLD AND SIX-MONTH-OLD 

LIPPIZANER BREED FOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 

1 

OSIJEK 

2003. 

Vol. 9

POLJOPRIVREDA - Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku

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