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UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142 POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis Svezak 9; Broj 2; Prosinac, 2003. SADR@AJ Aleksandra Sudari}, Marija Vratari}, T. Duvnjak, J. Klari} FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO OS-KULTIVARA SOJE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Jošt M. UTJECAJ POLJOPRIVREDNE BIOTEHNOLOGIJE NA OKOLIŠ I SIGURNOST HRANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 D. Šimi}, J. Gunja~a, Z. Zduni}, I. Brki}, J. Kova~evi} BIOMETRIJSKA KARAKTERIZACIJA LOKACIJA ZA TESTIRANJE HIBRIDA U OPLEMENJIVANJU KUKURUZA . . . .18 D. Dòi}, Marija Ivezi}, Emilija Raspudi}, Mirjana Brme` SUZBIJANJE KUKURUZNE ZLATICE (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) U PROIZVODNJI KUKURUZA U ISTO^NOJ HRVATSKOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 A. Lali}, J. Kova~evi}, D. Novoselovi}, G. Drezner, D. Babi} USPOREDBA PEDIGRE METODE I METODE SJEMENKA PO BILJCI (SSD) U RANIM GENERACIJAMA JE^MA . . .33 A. Kristek, Suzana Kristek, Manda Antunovi} PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA ŠE]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH KRI@ANACA OVISNO O PLODNOSTI . . . . . . . . .38 Ljiljanka Tomerlin BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 T. Askin, N. Özdemir POVEZANOST VOLUMNE GUSTO]E TLA S DISTRIBUCIJOM VELIÎNE ÊSTICA TLA I SADR@AJEM ORGANSKE TVARI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Bogut, \. Sen~i} KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST TJELESNIH MJERA LIPICANSKIH KOBILA I PASTUHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Z. Antunovi}, Z. Steiner, Ð. Sen~i}, M. Doma}inovi}, Z. Steiner UTJECAJ SEZONE HRANIDBE NA REPRODUKCIJSKA I PROIZVODNA SVOJSTVA OVACA I PORAST SISAJU]E JANJADI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62 T. Florijan~i}, D. Rimac, B. Antunovi}, A. Marinculi}, H. Gutzmirtl, I. Bo{kovi} ZNAÂJ MONITORINGA I MJERA ZA SUZBIJANJE TRIHINELOZE U SVINJOGOJSTVU ISTO^NE HRVATSKE . . . .69 Z. Puškadija, T. Florijan~i}, I. Boškovi}, P. Miji}, S. Ozimec UÎNKOVITOST FORMIRANJA NUKLEUSA PÊLINJIH ZAJEDNICA S CILJEM KONTROLE POPULACIJE NAMETNIKA Varroa destructor (ANDRESON I TRUEMAN, 2000.) U KOŠNICI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 2 OSIJEK 2003. Sv. 9

UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142

POLJOPRIVREDA

znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis

Svezak 9; Broj 2; Prosinac, 2003.

SADR@AJ

Aleksandra Sudari}, Marija Vratari}, T. Duvnjak, J. Klari}

FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO OS-KULTIVARA SOJE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Jošt M.

UTJECAJ POLJOPRIVREDNE BIOTEHNOLOGIJE NA OKOLIŠ I SIGURNOST HRANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

D. Šimi}, J. Gunja~a, Z. Zduni}, I. Brki}, J. Kova~evi}

BIOMETRIJSKA KARAKTERIZACIJA LOKACIJA ZA TESTIRANJE HIBRIDA U OPLEMENJIVANJU KUKURUZA . . . .18

D. D`oi}, Marija Ivezi}, Emilija Raspudi}, Mirjana Brme`

SUZBIJANJE KUKURUZNE ZLATICE (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) U PROIZVODNJI KUKURUZA U

ISTO^NOJ HRVATSKOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

A. Lali}, J. Kova~evi}, D. Novoselovi}, G. Drezner, D. Babi}

USPOREDBA PEDIGRE METODE I METODE SJEMENKA PO BILJCI (SSD) U RANIM GENERACIJAMA JE^MA . . .33

A. Kristek, Suzana Kristek, Manda Antunovi}

PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA ŠE]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH KRI@ANACA OVISNO O PLODNOSTI . . . . . . . . .38

Ljiljanka Tomerlin

BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

T. Askin, N. Özdemir

POVEZANOST VOLUMNE GUSTO]E TLA S DISTRIBUCIJOM VELI^INE ^ESTICA TLA I SADR@AJEM

ORGANSKE TVARI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Bogut, \. Sen~i}

KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST TJELESNIH MJERA LIPICANSKIH KOBILA I PASTUHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Z. Antunovi}, Z. Steiner, Ð. Sen~i}, M. Doma}inovi}, Z. Steiner

UTJECAJ SEZONE HRANIDBE NA REPRODUKCIJSKA I PROIZVODNA SVOJSTVA OVACA I PORAST

SISAJU]E JANJADI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

T. Florijan~i}, D. Rimac, B. Antunovi}, A. Marinculi}, H. Gutzmirtl, I. Bo{kovi}

ZNA^AJ MONITORINGA I MJERA ZA SUZBIJANJE TRIHINELOZE U SVINJOGOJSTVU ISTO^NE HRVATSKE . . . .69

Z. Puškadija, T. Florijan~i}, I. Boškovi}, P. Miji}, S. Ozimec

U^INKOVITOST FORMIRANJA NUKLEUSA P^ELINJIH ZAJEDNICA S CILJEM KONTROLE POPULACIJE

NAMETNIKA Varroa destructor (ANDRESON I TRUEMAN, 2000.) U KOŠNICI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

2 OSIJEK

2003.

Sv. 9

P O LJ O P R I V R E D A

znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis

Glavni i odgovorni urednik

Editor-in-Chief

Dra`enka Jurkovi}

Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Hrvatska

University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Croatia

Ure|iva~ki odbor

Editorial Board

Franc Habe, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical

Faculty, Dom`ale, Slovenia

Viktor Jej~i}, Agricultural Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Geza Kuroli, University of West Hungary Faculty of

Agricultural and Food Sciences, Mosonmagyarovar,

Hungary

Istvan Rajcan, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Zdenko Rengel, University of Western Australia

Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences,

Crawley, Australia

Jon Tollefson, Iowa State University, Ames, USA

Ivan Brki}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Hrvatska

Marija Ivezi}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u

Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Hrvatska

Sonja Jovanovac, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja

Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u

Osijeku, Hrvatska

Zorica Jurkovi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Hrvatska

Goran Ku{ec, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera

u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Hrvatska

Alojzije Lali}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Hrvatska

Svetislav Popovi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek,

Hrvatska

Tihana Tekli}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja

Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u

Osijeku, Hrvatska

Marija Vratari}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek,

Hrvatska

Mate Vuj~i}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera

u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Hrvatska

Tehni~ki urednici

Technical Editors

Manda Antunovi}

Danica Han`ek

Lektura

Language Editing

Branka Horvat

Anica Perkovi}

Prijevodi

Translation

Anica Perkovi}

Tisak

Print

Grafika d.o.o. Osijek

UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142

POLJOPRIVREDA

znanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis

Svezak 9; Broj 2; Prosinac, 2003.

Izdava~i

Published by

Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku

The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek

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Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of Croatia

Tel. ++385 31 224 200

Fax: ++385 31 207 017

Poljoprivredni institut Osijek

Agricultural Institute Osijek

31000 Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 17

Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of Croatia

Tel. ++385 31 515 501

Fax: ++385 31 515 504

Osijek, 2003.

"POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis" je sljedbenik ~asopisa «ZNANOST I PRAKSA U POLJOPRIVREDI

I PREHRAMBENOJ TEHNOLOGIJI», koji je izlazio od 1982. do 1994. godine / The Journal of «AGRICULTURE

Scientific and Professional Review» is continuator the Journal of «RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN AGRICULTURE AND

FOOD TECHNOLOGY» that has been published from 1982 to 1994 year.

^asopis izlazi dva puta godi{nje u nakladi od 300 primjeraka / The Review is published twice a year in 300 copies.

"POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis" citira se u sljede}im bazama podataka / "AGRICULTURE Scientific

and Professional Review" is cited by the database:

1. CAB International

2. Nacionalna i sveu~ili{na hrvatska biblioteka / National and University Croatian Library

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 631.524.02:633.34

FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO

OS-KULTIVARA SOJE

Aleksandra Sudari} (1) , Marija Vratari} (1) , T. Duvnjak (1) , J. Klari} (2)

SA@ETAK

Cilj istra`ivanja bio je procijeniti visinu i stabilnost uroda zrna te razinu adaptabilnosti

nekoliko doma}ih kultivara soje. Pokusi su provedeni na tri lokacije na podru~ju isto~ne

Hrvatske (Osijek, Brijest, Donji Miholjac) u razdoblju od 1998. do 2002. godine, a obuhva}ali

su 14 kultivara soje. Ispitivani kultivari stvoreni su u okviru oplemenjiva~kog programa

soje u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek, a prema du`ini vegetacije pripadaju 0, 0-

I i I. grupi zriobe. U analizi stabilnosti uroda zrna i adaptabilnosti kultivara kori{tena su

dva parametra: udio varijance interakcije genotip x okolina u ukupnoj varijanci interakcije

genotip x okolina (S 2 ) te koeficijent regresije (b GxE i

). Dobiveni rezultati ukazali su na

zna~ajne razlike u visini i stabilnosti uroda zrna te razini adaptabilnosti kultivara. Izme|u

14 ispitivanih kultivara, {est kultivara: Ika, Podravka 95, Smiljana, Kuna, Anica i Tisa

imalo je visok i stabilan urod zrna te {iroku adaptabilnost. Ostali ispitivani kultivari imali

su nestabilni urod zrna te usku (specifi~nu) adaptabilnost.

Klju~ne rije~i: soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), kultivar, urod zrna, stabilnost, adaptabilnost

UVOD

Oplemenjiva~ki rad na soji (Glycine max (L.)

Merrill) u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek prvenstveno

je usmjeren na stvaranje visokorodnih i kvalitetnih kultivara

u okvirima 00 do II. grupe zriobe koje odlikuje

postojanost (stabilnost) u svojstvu te prilagodljivost

(adaptabilnost) na razli~ite okolinske uvjete u podru~jima

uzgoja soje (Vratari} i Sudari}, 2000.). Stoga,

za uspje{an efekt oplemenjivanja potrebno je poznavati

osobine genotipa (genetski potencijal) i interakcije

izme|u genotipa i okoline (GEI). Naime, genotipovi ne

reagiraju jednako u svim okolinama, nego se nalaze u

odre|enoj interakciji s okolinom u kojoj rastu i razvijaju

se. S obzirom na to da je svaka okolina za sebe jedinstvena

zbog specifi~nog sklopa predvidljivih i nepredvidljivih

~initelja (Allard i Bradshaw, 1964.), va`no je poznavati

reakciju genotipa na okolinske uvjete. Veli~ina te

reakcije (interakcije), odre|ena je genetskom kompozicijom

i intenzitetom djelovanja ~initelja okoline.

Istra`ivanjem odnosa (interakcije) genotipa i okoline

stvoreno je mnogo modela (statisti~kih metoda) koji

omogu}uju analizu prilago|enosti genotipa uvjetima

vanjske sredine, a zasnivaju se na biolo{kom i agronomskom

konceptu. Pregled ve}ine metoda dali su:

Freeman, 1973.; Lin i sur, 1986., Huehn, 1990., Sneller

i sur., 1997., Becker i Leon, 1988., Hill i sur., 1998.).

Prema biolo{kom konceptu, stabilan genotip odlikuje

manja varijabilnost fenotipske ekspresije svojstva u

svim istra`ivanim okolinama, odnosno genotip ne pokazuje

odstupanje od o~ekivane visine svojstva promjenom

okoline. Prema agronomskom konceptu, stabilan

genotip odlikuje manje odstupanje u visini svojstva od

prosjeka svojstva za okolinu, odnosno {to manja interakcija

s okolinom (Becker, 1981.). Interakciju genotip x

okolina mogu}e je ustanoviti iz poljskih pokusa. S obzirom

na to, u okviru oplemenjiva~kih programa soje kontinuirano

se provode testiranja odabranih genotipova

(elitne oplemenjiva~ke linije i/ili novi kultivari) u usporedbi

sa standardnim kultivarima po grupama zriobe u

razli~itim okolinama (godina, lokacija), s ciljem procjene

njihove stabilnosti i adaptabilnosti. Identifikacija

superiornih genotipova, s obzirom na visinu i stabilnost

svojstva te adaptabilnost, va`na je za daljnje unaprje|enje

komercijalne proizvodnje soje, a s oplemenjiva~kog

stajali{ta va`na je za daljnje ostvarivanje genetskog

napretka kultivara soje (Vratari} i sur., 1998.;

Desclaux, 1999.; Sudari} i sur., 2001.).

U ovom radu dat je prikaz rezultata ispitivanja vrijednosti

nekoliko OS-kultivara soje kroz analizu visine i

stabilnosti uroda zrna te razine adaptabilnosti. Dobivene

rezultate mogu}e je koristiti prilikom izbora OS-kultivara

soje za odgovaraju}e uvjete uzgoja.

(1) Dr.sc. Aleksandra Sudari}, prof.dr.sc. Marija Vratari} i mr.sc. Tomislav

Duvnjak - Odjel za oplemenjivanje i genetiku industrijskog bilja,

Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 17, 31000 Osijek; (2)

Juraj Klari}, dipl.in`. – IPK Osijek, PZC d.o.o., Vinkova~ka 63, 31000

Osijek

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

6

A. Sudari} i sur.: FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO OS-KULTIVARA SOJE

MATERIJAL I METODE

Istra`ivanja su provedena na tri lokacije na

podru~ju isto~ne Hrvatske (Osijek, Brijest, Donji

Miholjac) u razdoblju od 1998. do 2002. godine.

Pokusni materijal obuhva}ao je 14 kultivara (cv.) soje i

to: 6 kultivara priznatih od 1983. do 1994. - Tisa, Drina,

Kaja, Una, Lika i Nada, te 8 kultivara priznatih od 1995.

do 2001. - Podravka 95, Kuna, Ika, Anica, Kruna, Darija,

Smiljana i Nika. Svi ispitivani kultivari porijeklom su iz

oplemenjiva~kog programa soje u Poljoprivrednom

institutu Osijek, a prema du`ini vegetacije pripadaju 0.,

0.-I. i I. grupi zriobe. Poljski pokusi postavljeni su po

blok metodi sa slu~ajnim rasporedom varijanti u ~etiri

ponavljanja, a veli~ina osnovne parcele bila je 10m 2 . U

svakoj godini istra`ivanja primjenjena je optimalna agrotehnika

za soju. Nakon `etve, izmjeren je urod zrna i

vlaga u zrnu, a isti je prera~unat u t/ha s 13% vlage zrna.

Dobivene vrijednosti za urod zrna sistematizirane

su po kultivarima, godinama i lokacijama istra`ivanja te

su statisti~ki obra|ene (SAS System 8.2, 2001.).

Opravdanost razlika u prosje~nim vrijednostima uroda

zrna izme|u kultivara, godina i lokacija testirana je LSD

testom na razini P-0,05 i P-0,01. Analizom varijance

utvr|eno je postojanje GEI, {to je dalje omogu}ilo statisti~ku

analizu stabilnosti i adaptabilnosti. Analiza stabilnosti

uroda zrna te adaptabilnosti testiranog materijala

obavljena je kombinacijom dva parametra stabilnosti:

S 2 GxE

- udio varijance GEI svakog genotipa u ukupnoj varijanci

GEI (Plasteid i Peterson, 1959.) te b i

- koeficijentom

regresije (Finlay i Wilkinson, 1963.). Prema

metodi po Plasteidu i Petersonu, ako je udio GEI pojedinog

genotipa u ukupnoj GEI (S 2 GxE

) manji, to je ve}a stabilnost

genotipa i obrnuto. Koeficijent regresije je mjera

odnosa pojedinog genotipa prema razli~itim okolinama.

Genotipovi karakterizirani s bi oko 1,0 ocjenjuju se kao

prosje~no stabilni u svim okolinama. Ako uz to imaju i

visok prosjek svojstva, smatraju se {irokoadaptabilnim,

a ako je prosjek nizak onda su slabe adaptabilnosti.

Vrijednosti b i

>1,0 ukazuju na ispodprosje~nu stabilnost

i ve}u prilagodljivost visokoprinosnim okolinama, dok

su vrijednosti b i

A. Sudari} i sur.: FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO OS-KULTIVARA SOJE

7

Tablica 1. Prosje~ni urod zrna (t/ha) ispitivanih kultivara soje za 3 lokacije po godinama istra`ivanja

Table 1 The average grain yield (t/ha) of tested cultivars for 3 locations per years of study

visine uroda zrna. Odnosno, varijabilnost u ekspresiji

uroda zrna rezultira iz genetske varijabilnosti, okolinske

varijabilnosti te varijabilnosti interakcije izme|u genotipa

i okolina, {to su potvrdili rezultati istra`ivanja mnogih

doma}ih i stranih autora (Vratari} i sur., 1998.; Sudari}

i sur., 2001., Yan i Rajcan, 2002., 2003.).

Prikaz prosje~ne visine uroda zrna i procjene parametara

stabilnosti S 2 i b GxE i

za svaki kultivar u prosjeku

svih okolina obuhva}enih istra`ivanjem dat je u Tablici

3. Analiza stabilnosti uroda zrna pokazala je da izme|u

ispitivanih kultivara postoje zna~ajne razlike u visini i

stabilnosti toga svojstva te razini adaptabilnosti.

Usporedbom pojedina~nih vrijednosti uroda zrna ispitivanih

kultivara s prosjekom pokusa, analiza je pokazala

da izme|u 14 testiranih kultivara, dva kultivara (Ika i

Podravka 95) imala su statisti~ki zna~ajno vi{i (P-0,05)

urod zrna u odnosu na prosjek pokusa (3,91 t/ha), pet

kultivara (Nada, Smiljana, Kuna, Anica i Tisa) imalo je

vi{i urod zrna, a pet kultivara (Nika, Darija, Lika, Kaja i

Drina) ni`i urod zrna od prosjeka pokusa, ali bez statisti~ke

opravdanosti. Kultivari Kruna i Una imali su ni`i

urod zrna u odnosu na prosjek pokusa na razini

zna~ajnosti P-0,05.

Prema dobivenim procjenama parametra stabilnosti

S 2 GxE

, ispitivani kultivari grupirani su u dvije skupine.

U prvoj skupini nalazi se 8 kultivara (Podravka 95, Ika,

Smiljana, Drina, Kuna, Darija, Tisa i Anica) koji su imali

ni`e vrijednosti parametra S 2 GxE

od prosje~ne vrijednosti

tog parametra za cijeli pokus, stoga su klasificirani kao

kultivari stabilnog uroda zrna.

Dobivene procjene stabilnosti pokazatelj su ni`e

varijabilnosti ukupne fenotipske ekspresije uroda zrna

navedenih kultivara pri okolinskoj varijabilnosti. S prakti~nog

stajali{ta, to zna~i da }e navedeni kultivari

zadr`avati svoj genetski potencijal rodnosti u razli~itim

okolinama. Drugu skupinu kultivara (Kruna, Kaja, Nika,

Nada, Una, Lika) karakteriziraju vrijednosti S 2 GxE

vi{e od

prosje~ne vrijednosti tog parametra u pokusu, prema

~emu se mo`e zaklju~iti da je zna~ajno variranje visine

uroda zrna navedenih kultivara pod utjecajem okoline te

se isti ocjenjuju kao nestabilni u tom svojstvu.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

8

A. Sudari} i sur.: FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO OS-KULTIVARA SOJE

Tablica 2. Prosje~ni urod zrna (t/ha) ispitivanih kultivara soje po lokacijama istra`ivanja u razdoblju od 1998.

do 2002. godine

Table 2. The average grain yield (t/ha) of tested soybean cultivars per investigated locations in a period from 1998

to 2002 years

Prema razini adaptabilnosti, ispitivani kultivari grupirani

su u tri skupine na osnovu dobivenih procjena

parametra bi (Tab. 3.). U prvoj skupini nalazi se 8 kultivara

(Kuna, Ika, Podravka 95, Smiljana, Tisa, Anica,

Drina, Darija), ~ije su vrijednosti parametra bi oko 1,0.

Prema tim procjenama, kultivari te skupine prilagodljivi

(adaptabilni) su na razli~ite agroekolo{ke uvjete uzgoja

soje, a da se pri tome visina fenotipske ekspresije uroda

zrna zna~ajno ne mijenja. U drugoj skupini su tri kultivara

(Kaja, Kruna, Una), koji su imali vrijednost b i

1,0. Kultivari te skupine imat }e vi{i urod

zrna od prosjeka pokusa u okolinama koje favoriziraju

ekspresiju toga svojstva, dok u nepovoljnim uvjetima

proizvodnje, imat }e ni`i urod zrna u odnosu na prosjek

pokusa (podru~ja, godine). Stoga, za kultivare te skupine

mo`e se re}i da su adaptabilni za visokoprinosne

okoline s obzirom na urod zrna, odnosno mogu se preporu~iti

za uzgoj u takvim okolinskim uvjetima.

Grafi~ki prikaz odnosa prosje~nog uroda zrna i

dobivenih procjena parametra bi za sve ispitivane kultivare

dat je u Grafikonu 1. Analizom navedenih podataka

u Grafikonu 1., vidljivo je da se izme|u 14 ispitivanih

kultivara, po vrlo visokim proizvodnim (agronomskim)

vrijednostima, izdvaja 6 kultivara, a to su: Ika, Podravka

95, Smiljana, Kuna, Anica i Tisa. Navedeni kultivari imaju

ne samo visoki genetski potencijal rodnosti ve} i sposobnost

da tu superiornost zadr`e u {irokom rasponu

razli~itih okolinskih uvjeta. Stoga, ti kultivari predstavljaju

dobru osnovu za daljnje unaprje|enje proizvodnje

soje u zemlji, a s oplemenjiva~kog stajali{ta, predstavljaju

dobru osnovu za daljnje ostvarivanje genetskog

napretka kultivara soje.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

A. Sudari} i sur.: FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO OS-KULTIVARA SOJE

9

Tablica 3. Prosje~na visina i procjene parametara stabilnosti uroda zrna ispitivanih kultivara soje za sve

istra`ivane okoline

Table 3. The average level and estimations of stability parameters for grain yield of tested soybean cultivars for all

investigated environments

Prosje~an urod zrna / Mean grain yield (t/ha)

Grafikon 1. Prosje~ni urod zrna (t/ha) i koeficijent regresije (b i

) ispitivanih kultivara soje na tri lokacije (Osijek,

Brijest, D. Miholjac) u razdoblju od 1998. do 2002.

Graph 1. The average grain yield (t/ha) and regression coefficient (b i

) of tested soybean cultivars on three locations

(Osijek, Brijest, D. Miholjac) in a period from 1998 to 2002

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

10

A. Sudari} i sur.: FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO OS-KULTIVARA SOJE

ZAKLJU^AK

Na temelju dobivenih rezultata ispitivanja visine i

stabilnosti uroda zrna te adaptabilnosti 14 OS-kultivara

soje 0., 0.-I. i I. grupe zriobe na tri lokacije na podru~ju

isto~ne Hrvatske (Osijek, Donji Miholjac, Brijest), u razdoblju

od 1998. do 2002. godine, mogu se donijeti sljede}i

zaklju~ci:

- Ispitivani kultivari zna~ajno se razlikuju u visini i

stabilnosti uroda zrna te razini adaptabilnosti.

- Varijabilnost ekspresije uroda zrna zna~ajno je

uvjetovana genotipskom varijabilno{}u (kultivar), okolinskom

varijabilno{}u (godina, lokacija) te varijabilno{}u

interakcije genotip x okolina.

- Najve}i prosje~ni urod zrna imao je cv. Ika ( 4,48

t/ha), a najni`i cv. Una (3,49 t/ha).

- Prema procijenjenoj stabilnosti, izme|u 14 ispitivanih

kultivara, 6 kultivara: Ika, Podravka 95, Anica,

Kuna, Smiljana i Tisa imalo je visok i stabilan urod zrna

te {iroku op}u adaptabilnost.

- Ostali testirani kultivari su nestabilnog uroda zrna

i uske (specifi~ne) adaptabilnosti.

- Op}enito, kultivari visokih proizvodnih vrijednosti

mogu se sa sigurno{}u preporu~iti za {iroku proizvodnju

jer predstavljaju dobru genetsku osnovu za daljnje

unaprje|enje proizvodnje soje u zemlji. Isto tako, ti se

kultivari mogu koristiti u oplemenjivanju za daljnje

genetsko unaprje|enje kultivara soje.

LITERATURA

9. Lin, C.S., Binns, M.R., Lefkovitch, L.P. (1986): Stability

Analysis:Where Do We Stand? Crop Science, 26, 893-

900.

10. Plaisted, R.L., Peterson, L.C. (1959): A technique for

evaluation the ability of selections to yield consistently in

different locations or seasons. Am. Potato J., 36, 381-

385.

11. Sneller, C.H., Kilgore-Norquest, L., Dombek, D. (1997):

Repeatability of Yield Stability Statistics in Soybean.

Crop Science 37, 383-390.

12. Sudari}, A., Vratari}, M., Sudar, R. (2001.): Analiza stabilnosti

uroda i kakvo}e zrna u oplemenjivanju soje.

Sjemenarstvo, 18, 5.-6.

13. Vratari}, M., Sudari}, A., Volenik, S., Duvnjak, T.

(1998.): Oplemenjivanje u cilju stvaranja rodnih i stabilnih

kultivara soje I. grupe zriobe za klimatsko podru~je

isto~ne Hrvatske. Zbornik radova znanstvenog skupa s

me|unarodnim sudjelovanjem «Prilagodba poljoprivrede

i {umarstva klimi i njenim promjenama», Zagreb, 169.-

175.

14. Vratari}, M., Sudari}, A., Volenik, S., Duvnjak, T. (1998):

Evaluation of yield stability of Croatia soybean lines (F4-

F6 generation) and cultivars by analysis of the interaction

genotype x environment. ESA, Short

Communications, 2, Fifth Congress, Nitra, The Slovak

Republic, 267-269.

15. Vratari}, M., Sudari}, A. (2000.): Soja. Poljoprivredni

institut Osijek, 1.-220., X.

16. Yan, W., Rajcan, I. (2002): Biplot analysis of test sites

and trait relations of soybean in Ontario. Crop Science,

42, 11-20.

17. an, W., Rajcan, I. (2003): Prediction of Cultivar

Performance Based on Single-versus Multiple-Year

Tests in Soybean.

1. Allard, R.W., Bradshaw, A.D. (1964): Implications of

genotype-environment interactions in applied plant breeding.

Crop Science 4, 503-507.

2. Becker, H.C. (1981): Correlations among some statistical

measures of phenotypic stability. Euphytica, 30,

835-845.

3. Becker, H.C., Leon, J. (1988): Stability Analysis in Plant

Breeding. Plant Breeding, 101, 1-23.

4. Desclaux, D. (1999): Adaptability and stability of soybean

genotypes interest of environmental diagnosis

from soybean «black-box». In Kauffman, H.E. (Ed.),

Proceedings of the World Soybean Research

Conference VI, Chicago, USA, 450.

5. Finlay, K. W., Wilkinson, G.N. (1963): The analysis of

adaptation in plant breeding programme. Aust. J.Agric.

Res. 14, 742-754.

6. Freeman, G.H. (1973): Statistical methods for the analysis

of genotype-environment interactions. Heredity 31,

339-354.

7. Huehn, M. (1990): Nonparametric measures of phenotypic

stability. Part 1: Theory. Euphytica 47, 189-194.

8. Hill, J., Becker, H.C., Tigerstedt, P.M.A. (1998):

Quantitative and Ecological Aspects of Plant Breeding.

Chapman&Hall, London, 155-211.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

A. Sudari} i sur.: FENOTIPSKA STABILNOST URODA ZRNA NEKOLIKO OS-KULTIVARA SOJE

11

PHENOTYPIC GRAIN YIELD STABILITY OF SEVERAL SOYBEAN

OS-CULTIVARS

SUMMARY

Objective of this study was to evaluate the level and stability of grain yield as well as adaptability level of several

domestic soybean cultivars. The trials were conducted on three locations in the region of the eastern Croatia (Osijek,

Brijest, Donji Miholjac) in the period from 1998-2002 and involved 14 soybean cultivars. Tested cultivars were created

in soybean breeding programme at the Agricultural Institute Osijek. They belong to maturity groups 0, 0-I and I

according to vegetation period length. Two parameters are used in the analysis of yield stability and cultivar adaptability:

portion of variance of genotype x environment interaction of each genotype to total variance of genotype x

environment interaction (S 2 GxE

) and regression coefficient (bi). Obtained results indicated significant differences in

level and stability of grain yield as well as level of cultivar adaptability. Six of the 14 tested cultivars: Ika, Podravka

95, Smiljana, Kuna, Anica and Tisa had high and stable grain yield and wide-general adaptability. Other tested cultivars

had unstable grain yield and narrow (specific) adaptability.

Key-words: soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), cultivar, grain yield, stability, adaptability

(Primljeno 22. listopada 2003.; prihva}eno 18. prosinca 2003. - Received on 22 October 2003; accepted on 18 December

2003)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 631.147:504

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT

AND FOOD SECURITY

M. Jo{t

Scientific review

Pregledni znanstveni ~lanak

Paper is presented at 2002 UWE Conference: ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION & HEALTH - WHAT CAN WE

DO IN 21 st CENTURY, Dubrovnik, 11-13 October, 2002

Rad je izlagan na 2002 UWE Conference: ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION & HEALTH - WHAT CAN WE DO

IN 21 st CENTURY, Dubrovnik, 11.-13. listopada 2002.

SUMMARY

The application of modern biotechnology in agricultural production processes has generated

new ethical, economic, social and environmental dilemmas confronting scientists

all over the world. While current knowledge is insufficient for assessing the promised

benefits and possible risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the principle of

“substantial equivalence” in comparing GM and conventional food is profoundly flawed

and scientifically insupportable. The current generation of GMOs provide small benefits

except corporate profit and marginally improved grower returns. The TRIPS agreement

has allowed worldwide patenting of genes and microorganisms, as well as genetically

engineered organisms. Granting patents on life encourages biopiracy and the theft of

genetic resources belonging to the local community. At the same time, the patented

products are sold at relatively high prices to developing countries – the same countries

from which the product originated.

Key-words: GMO, genetic engineering, claims and facts, legislation, public opinion

FORWARD

US Government threatens Croatian’s GMO moratorium

with WTO action

In June 2001, four Croatian ministries agreed on

the text of a draft law to ban genetically modified organisms

(GMOs) and products, thus since September

2001, Croatia has been under increasing US pressure to

drop the draft law. The U.S. threatens: “…if such a ban

is implemented, the U.S. Government must consider its

rights under WTO.”

After a meeting at the Ministry of Agriculture on

September 19, 2001, Mr. Jill F. Byrnes, First Secretary

in Political-Economic Section of U.S. Embassy Zagreb

wrote a memo under the subject (title) “United States

Views on Croatian Interim Legislation”, dated November

28, and addressed to the Ministry of Environment. In the

memo he insists:

• ”… that there is no scientific evidence indicating

that biotech products currently marketed pose any

threat to human or animal health…

• In conclusion, we formally request that the

Government of Croatia don’t ban biotech food products

that have been demonstrated to be as safe as conventional

food products in the United States and elsewhere,

unless Croatia can provide scientific evidence indicating

otherwise. If such ban is implemented, the U.S.

Government must consider its rights under WTO.”

On December 10, 2001 the US NGOs reply to the

US Government letter stating: “Croatia’s proposed ban

or restriction on the importation, marketing, use and

production of genetically modified organism and products

has broad support within the United States. It is

our opinion that the reference to the United States’ rights

under the WTO in the letter is an inappropriate use of

political power. The SPS agreement does allow members

to “provisionally adopt sanitary or phytosanitary

measures on the basis of available pertinent information”

in cases “where relevant scientific evidence is

insufficient.” (Article 5.7)”…

“In the United States, farmers, consumers, processors,

and many government officials are concerned

about the lack of oversight and testing of genetically

modified organisms and potential impacts on the environment

and human health.

Prof.Ph.D. Marijan Jo{t – Agricultural College Kri`evci, M. Demerca 1,

48260 Kri`evci, Croatia

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

M. Jo{t: IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

13

We strongly encourage the Croatian Government to

implement EU biotech directives as quickly as possible.

The EU has taken a responsible approach to biotechnology

that balances the interests of consumers, producers

and industry. Their implementation will facilitate the

development of food security and expedite the accession

of Croatia into the EU.”

Signed by:

• Kristin Dawkins, Vice President for International

Programs, Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy,

Minneapolis, Minnesota

• Anuradha Mittal/Peter Rosset, Co Directors, Food

First/Institute for Food and Development Policy,

Oakland, California

• Larry Bohlen, Friends of the Earth U.S., Director,

Health and Environment Programs, Washington DC

• Betty Kananen, President, Global Organic

Alliance, Inc.

• Beverly Thorpe and Doreen Stabinsky,

Greenpeace USA, Washington, DC 20001

• David Engel, Executive Director, Midwest Organic

Services Association, Inc.

• Douglas Hunt, Director, Religious Center on

Biotechnology

• Ellen Hickey, Pesticide Action Network North

America

• John O’Malley Burns, Goat Hill Organic Farm

Inc., Washington, Virginia

• L. Christina Cobb, Director, Free Agency, New

York, New York

• Laura Ticciati, Executive Director, Mothers for

Natural Law

• Clean Water Action, Boston, Massachusetts

• Mark Huebner, North Carolina Citizens for Safe

Food

• Patricia O’Leary, CAFE (Consumers Against Food

Engineering), College Park, Maryland

• Professor Philip L. Bereano, Vice-President,

Washington Biotechnology Action Council

• Simon Harris, Organic Consumers Association

WHAT IS GENETIC ENGINEERING?

Genetic engineering (GE) is a set of biotechnological

methods used to transfer a foriegn DNA segment

over biological barriers of different species (’horizontal

gene transfer’), to form a new “improved” genetically

modified organism (GMO). For instance: by introducing

a gene from bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis) into a corn

plant, the plant become capable to produce a protein

with insecticidal effect and to protect itself from a cornborer

(Pirausta nubilalis).

To transfer a desired gene in such a way, in general

a recombinant DNA (rDNA) complex should be constructed

consisting from: (a) vector, (b) promoter, (c)

desired gene and (c) marker gene.

a) Vector is used to perform gene transfer. Usually

it is modified virus or bacterium.

b) Promoter gene is a gene, often from cauliflower

mosaic virus (CaMV 35S – closely related to human hepatitis

B virus and to other retroviruses such as HIV),

which determine beginning and intensity of a new introduced

gene action.

c) Desired gene should improve a certain characteristic

of a new GMO.

d) Marker gene is used to prove successful transfer

of a DNA construct into the tissue culture from which

a new GMO will be developed.

CLAIMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

To promote genetic engineering and market of products

from GMOs, biotechnology is trying to build

visions of perfect health and miracle food. The main

claims in support of GE are:

1. Genetic engineering is precise and safe.

2. Genetic engineering is necessary to feed the

world and to help developing countries.

3. Genetic engineering will protect environment by

lower use of herbicides and pesticides.

4. Genetically engineered food is like natural food

5. Genetic engineering is an extension of traditional

crossbreeding. (1,2)

6. However, these claims are mainly completely

unsubstantiated and wrong. The reality is entirely different.

DISCREPANCY BETWEEN CLAIMS AND FACTS

Ad 1

Genetic engineering is far to be precise… GE

determines and isolates the exact gene (segment of

DNA) and builds the transgenic construct – the artificial

combination of rDNA complex from different sources

(vector, promoter, desired gene and marker gene), to be

introduced into the host organism. However, transfer of

such artificial gene complex is random and error-prone,

it means, a scientist is not able to define a destination –

the chromosome, the location on it, nor its neighbour

gene in a new host cell. Depending on where the insert

lands, it could have entirely different and unpredictable

effects on the host genome (gene instability, gene silence

inactivation, over-expression, genome destabilisation

etc.). (3)

Genetic engineering is unstable and unreliable. For

instance, the cells transformed are kept in tissue culture,

a procedure known to generate uncontrollable soma-

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

14

M. Jo{t: IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

clonal variation that frequently changes the plant genome.

This can be one source of unpredictability, but

instability can also arise in later generations of GM

plants propagation. Up to now there are no molecular

data supporting the genetic stability of any transgenic

line of plants and animals that has been produced for

commercial use. (3)

…and genetic engineering is not safe – Safety

comes from accumulated experience, and in fact, there

has not been enough time essential for accumulating

sufficient experience to justify any broad claim to

safety.

How wrong this statement is was shown by the

experiment: two harmless substances, snowdrop lectin

and potato, when genetically engineered together led to

harmful effects on liver and kidney growth of young

rats, while the unmodified potatoes and lectin, when fed

to the control group, did not. The process of GE itself is

prone to unintended effects in the end product. The

damaging effects of GM potatoes found in young rats

were probably due to the CaMV promoter. (4)

Unknown allergen, even toxin could be introduced

by adding new protein, which has never been a part of

human food chain. Example is allergy of GM soybean

with genes from the Brazil nut (5) , Bt-corn StarLink (6) etc.

Around 30% of the European population are claimed to

suffer from some form of food allergy. Food allergies,

along with other types of allergy, appear to be on the

increase. (7) There is not enough knowledge about participation

of the modern biotechnology in these trends.

Also, the arrival of GE foods has coincided in the US

with a massive increase in reported food related illness,

and in UK a huge increase in birth defects during last

five years were observed. (8)

Scientists at the Center for Biology of Natural

Systems, Queens College, City University of New York

state that biotech-industry is based on 40 years old,

today unacceptable ’Central Dogma’ of neo-Darwinism,

insisting that genes (DNA segments) completely control

inheritance of all life forms. (9) According to the “Central

Dogma” transfer of genes from one organism to another

is specific, precise, predictable, and safe. The “Central

Dogma” lends support to the most hard line genetic

determinist assumption of neo-Darwinism. It was built

on an idea of connection between the chemical composition

of gene and respected protein which determine

inherited character. Accordingly, genes determine characters

in straightforward, additive way: one gene =

one protein. They are stable, and are passed on

unchanged to the next generation (exception could be

rare and random mutations). Genetic information flow

only in one direction, from DNA to RNA, then from RNA

to protein. Environmental influence, if any, can be neatly

separated from the genetic, and genomes cannot be

changed directly in response to the environment. (3) A

number of scientific papers and statements refer that

three billions US$ worth “Project of Human Genome”

showed that, based on the number of genes determined,

it is impossible to explain the amount of inheritable

differences between human being and lower forms of

plants and animals. This points out that some other, so

far unknown, factors should be involved. Under the

influence of specific proteins which carry or dictate

’alternative segregation’ certain gene is capable to code

a number of different proteins, and as a result, to control

a number of different inheritable characteristics. For

instance: a single gene from cells of the inner ear of

chicks (and of humans) gives rise to 576 variant proteins,

(10) or a single gene from the fruit fly as much as

38,016 variant protein molecules. (11) According to this,

it is not so easy to predict the function of particular gene

based on its chemical structure. All these are raising a

question mark on the main purpose of ’The Humane

Genome Project’ as well as biotechnology as such.

Genetically modified organisms represent a huge

uncontrolled experiment whose results can not be forecasted.

Due to the huge complexity of living cell, each

artificially changed genetically system should sooner or

later yield in perilous effects. (9) The “Central Dogma”

explains inheritance in an excessively simple manner,

but it still stays immune to ever more demanding

requests of opposing facts enabling biotechnology to

continue its influence on agriculture in a scientifically

unfounded manner. Today scientists show that complex,

self-organising, dynamic living systems are not reducible

only to constituent genes.

Andrew Kimbell, director of Center of Food Safety

explains: “For many years a multibillion biotech corporations

have been selling to American people and

Government assertions about the safety of their products.

Now, we can see that their beliefs about the

safety are based on wrong suppositions which can not

resist serious scientific critics”.

Ad 2

Is genetic engineering necessary to feed the

world? - According to the United Nations there are 815

million chronically under-nourished people, earning less

than one US$ a day. At least 13 million people in South

Africa risk starvation, with millions more hungry in

Afghanistan, North Korea, the West Bank and Gaza

Strip. By 2030 the world’s population is expected to

reach top eight billion. These facts complicate the huge

task for the world leaders of more than 100 countries at

the UN’s Johannesburg Earth Summit (24 August to 4

September 2002). It was a bitter first-world debate on

GM crops which, some say, is a solution to world hunger,

and others regard as a threat.

Can the world produce enough food to meet global

demands? Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)

report reveals GM crop are not needed to feed the

world. (12) Using a baseline year of 1995/7, according to

FAO the growth rate of world population indicates a drastic

deceleration, while the annual rate of growth in global

crop production, as well as global per capita food

consumption will grow significantly. The world average

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

M. Jo{t: IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

15

will exceed 3000 kcal/person/day by 2030, and the

number of countries having high incidence of undernourishment

will be reduced by 84% - all this by ignoring

the impact of any future developments in genetic

engineering. According to World Health Organisation

(WHO) the world already produces 50% more food than

it needs. Today we have plenty of food, but it is not distributed

equally. It means that hunger is not the result of

food shortage. It results from social and economic inequalities

between nations, and even between people of

the same nation. The little research that has been conducted

on the origins of famine reveals that the solution

of ’more food’ may be no solution at all. (13) Besides,

researchers have shown that in India, for instance, land

reform and simple irrigation systems could boost food

production by 50%.

Contrary to what has been promised, GE crops do

not yield more and often yield less than the best available

conventionally bred cultivar or hybrid. For instance:

the results of over 8200 university-based soybean

variety trials in 1998 showed the yield drag of over 5

percent. (14) Biotechnology was, and still is seen as a

major area of expansion for the US business interests.

The products of biotechnology have been highly attractive

to multinational corporations. They were patentable

and effectively promised control over the food chain to

country/company, which could develop the technology

first. Otherwise, if we want to use biotechnology to help

feed the world’s starving poor we have two options: We

can persuade government to do it, or we can mobilise

public opinion to persuade biotechnology companies to

donate technology to those who will never be able to

buy it. (15)

Ad 3

Genetic engineering will protect environment by

lower use of herbicides and pesticides -

Not true. If a herbicide is used on a continuous

basis, a weed population can build up resistance to that

compound. For instance: today, farmers growing RR

soybeans use 2 to 5 times more herbicides, thanks to

the increased degree of tolerance to Roundup (glyphosate)

in several weed species, or shift in weeds toward

less Roundup herbicide sensitive. There is evidence of a

’super weed’ creation by cross-pollination the wild relatives

of cultivated GM crops, or even worse: the production

of virtually undestructable weeds, such as multiple

resistant canola collecting resistance genes to

(16, 17)

glyphosate and gluphosinate.

It was shown that GI toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis

could have deleterious effects on other beneficial

insects: Green lacewings death rate increases when

they are fed on army worms eating corn engineered to

contain bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxin. (18)

Ladybugs life-span and fertility suffer when eating

aphids that have been fed genetically engineered potatoes.

(19) Transgenic pollen harms monarch butterfly larvae

(20) etc.

European corn borer can develop resistance to Bttoxin

in GE corn. To suppress this, at the beginning producers

were advised to hold back a 5 percent refugee,

planted with non-Bt hybrids. Later, the advice was to

increase this refugee zones for 10 percent, and today

the US EPA, and other biotech corporations’ advice the

increase for 20, or even 40 percent. The purpose of

refugee zone is to feed non resistant European corn

borer insects, which could mate with resistant one, and

produce susceptible offspring.

Ad 4

Is genetically engineered food like natural food

(’substantial equivalence’)? - In 1989 the US National

Research Council publicly concluded that crops derived

from GE did not differ substantially from those derived

using traditional techniques. This conclusion is based

upon the principle of ’substantial equivalence’ which

states that the introduction of a gene of known and safe

function into a crop of known characteristics is technologically

neutral, hence the resulting crop can be presumed

to be safe and it is not subjected to mandatory

testing prior to release. If so, why in 1999, the mainstream

British Medical Association (representing

115,000 doctors) published statement calling for moratorium

on planting GM crops and ban on releasing

GMOs into the environment.

Ad 5

Genetic engineering is not an extension of traditional

crossbreeding. The philosophy of traditional crossbreeding

is built on entirely different principles. It includes

different branches of genetics like: population genetics

and genetics of quantitative traits. Traditional crossbreeding

respect interactions between genes and environment,

it accepts that all agricultural important properties

of crop result from quantitative interactions of not one

but a number of genes and the environment. Traditional

crossbreeding is relatively slow (8-10 years are needed

to produce new improved organism), and during that

selection period the mentioned interaction is stabilised in

the best possible way, which can never be achieved by

any faster method, including GE. Even as such, traditional

crossbreeding can produce less valuable organism,

but in such case this is the failure of a breeder and his

incorrect breeding ideotype. For instance: by producing

semidwarf cereals, new crop has got ability for higher

yield in intensive (industrial) agriculture, but the quality

and feeding value of the grain is usually lower (less

micronutrients, less proteins etc). It is impossible to

improve yield and quality at the same time – it is well

known that they are in negative correlation.

Legislation and public opinion on genetically engineered

(GE) foods

The integration of ’the precautionary principle’ into

the Cartagena Protocol on biosafety (Montreal, 2000)

was a significant step in protecting biological diversity

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

16

M. Jo{t: IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

from potential hazards related to living modified organism

(LMO). The Cartagena Protocol belongs to the

Convention of Biological Diversity, and according to the

international law, its legal value is as strong as WTO

rules. As a result, a country has the right to reject growing

transgenic crops (LMO), but has to accept food

products containing GMO ingredients. The question

remains: Should GM food be labelled to give consumers

the right on their own decision what to buy? A few

examples:

EC Rule 97/35 requires mandatory labelling of products

containing over 0,9 percent GMO. European regulatory

framework on GMOs is now in force with stricter

legislation on deliberate release into the environment

(Directive 2001/18/EC), GM food and feed (Regulation

1829/2003) as well as traceability and lebelling

(Regulation 1830/2003). According to Business Day

(16 August 2002) Cape Town legislation to control the

labelling of genetically modified food could be passed

by the end of the year, once the South African Bureau of

Standards (SABS) finalises its system to segregate GM

from normal food. Also, many surveys of the US public

opinion regarding GM food have been recently conducted.

All of them very clearly and constantly indicate that

American people would like to have GM food labelled.

Just a few examples: (21)

• 92% of 36 thousand polled say they want GE

food labelled - 94% prolabelling responses are from

women, and 84% from men (Vance Publishing in Food

R&D, February 1995).

• 93% of Americans who responded to a Novartis

survey agree that GE foods should be labelled (Novartis,

February 1997).

• 93% of American women say they want all GE

food clearly labelled (National Federation of Women’s

Institutes, 1998).

• 92% of Americans support legal requirement for

labelling GM food. (BSMG World-wide for the Grocery

Manufacturers of America, September 1999).

• 93% of Americans say that the federal government

should require labels (ABC News.com poll, June

2001).

• 90% of American farmers support labels (Farm

Foundation/Kansas State University, September 2001).

• 90% of Americans say that GM food should have

special labels (Rutgers University’ Food Policy Institute

study, November 2001).

American people believe that the US government

has a constitutional duty to respect the people’s desire

to know what they eat. Instead, the US government

does not only ignore the opposition to genetic engineering

in the US, but also even threatens to use international

courts to force GM foods upon other nations (for

instance Croatia).

CONCLUSION

Genetically modified organisms represent a huge

uncontrolled experiment whose results can not be forecasted.

There is no recovery plan in case of disaster,

and it is not even clear who should be liable for negative

consequences. The multinational corporations, willing

to earn a profit by controlling the global food production,

owns patents on life, and use the safety claim

of GE as a marketing slogan. In this situation the only

scientific solution is to foster public scientific debate

and to delay application until all fundamental questions

are resolved

REFERENCES

1. Weeks, D.P. (1999): Promises and problems associated

with agricultural biotechnology. NABC Report 11 –

World food security and sustainability: The impact of

biotechnology and industrial consolidation. p. 16-20.

2. Brown, P. (2000): The promise of plant biotechnology –

The threat of genetically modified organisms.http://www.lifesciencenz.com/reposyitory/external_news_material/promise_opponent.htm

3. Mae-Wan, Ho, Cummins, J. (2002): Genetically modified

organisms 25 years on. The 1 st National Conference

on Life Sciences, Selangor, Malasia, 21-22 May, 2002.

ISIS Feature article: http://www.i-sis.org.uk

4. Ewen, S.W.B., Pusztai, A. (1999): Effect of diets containing

genetically modified potatoes expressing

Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Lancet,

354(9187).

5. Nordlee, J.D., Taylor, S.L., Townsend, J.A., Thomas,

L.A., Bush, R.K. (1996): Indentification of a Brazil nut

allergen in transgenic soyabean. New England Journal of

Medicine, 334(11):276.

6. Dawkins Kristin (2000): StarLink affair – Who’s going to

pay?Courrier de la Planete. 59:31-33.

7. Mills, C. (2002): Food allergy and intolerance in Europe

– Future directions within the ERA. Proc. EU/ICC

Conference 2002 “Implementation of the European

research area.” p.95-96.

8. Laurance, J. (2002): Huge rise in babies born with

defects. The Independent, London, March 18, 2002.

9. Commoner, B., Athanasiou, A. (2002): The Critical

Genetics Project. Harper’s Magazine, February, 2002.

10. lack, D.L. (1998): Splicing in the iner ear: a familiar

tune, but what are the instruments? Neuron, 20(2):165-

168.

11. Schmucker, D., Clemens, J.C., Shu, H., Worby, C.A.,

Xiao, J., Muda, M., Dixon, J.E., Zipursky, S.L. (2000):

Drosophila Dscam is an axon guidance receptor exhibiting

extraordinary molecular diversity. Cell, 101(6):671-

684.

12. FAO Report: Agriculture: Towards 2015/30. Rome,

2000. http://www.fao.org/es/ESD/at2015/toc-e.htm

13. Horton, R. Genetically modified food : consternation,

confusion, and crack-up. The Medical Journal of

Australia. http://www.mja.com.au

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

M. Jo{t: IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SECURITY

17

14. Benbrook, C. (1999): Evidence of the magnitude and

consequences of the Roundup Ready soybean yield

drag from University based varietal trials in 1998. Ag

BioTech InfoNet Technical Paper No.1.

15. Raeburn, P. (1999): Where do we go from here? The

view from Times Square. NABC Report 11 – World food

security and sustainability: The impact of biotechnology

and industrial consolidation. p. 149-152.

16. King, J. (1996): Could transgenic supercrops one day

breed superweeds. Science, 274:180-181.

17. MacArthur, M. (1998): Canola crossbreeds create tough

weed problem. Western Producer, 15 October, 1998.

18. Hilbeck, A., Baumgartner, M., Fried, P.M., Bigler, F.

(1998): Effect of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn

fed prey on the mortality and development time of

immature Chrisophera carnea (Neuroptera

Chrysopidea) Environmental Entomology 27(2):480-

487.

19. Birch, A.N.E., Geoghegan, I.E., Majerus, M.E.N.,

McNicol, J.W., Hackett, C.A., Gatehouse, A.M.R.,

Gatehouse, J.A. (1999): Tri-trophic interactions involving

pest aphids, predatory 2-spot ladybirds and transgenic

potatoes expressing snowdroplectin for aphid

resistance. Molecular Breeding, 5(1):75-83.

20. Losey, J.E., Rayor, L.S., Carter, M.E. (1999): Transgenic

pollen harms monarch larvae. Nature, 399:214. Center

for Food Safety, Washington D.C., USA: www.centerforfoodsafety.org

UTJECAJ POLJOPRIVREDNE BIOTEHNOLOGIJE NA OKOLI[ I

SIGURNOST HRANE

SA@ETAK

Primjena moderne biotehnologije u procesima poljoprivredne proizvodnje stvorila je nova eti~ka, ekonomska, socijalna

i okoli{na pitanja, suprotstavljaju}i znanstvenike {irom svijeta. Danas je postoje}e znanje nedovoljno za procjenu

obe}avane koristi i mogu}e opasnosti od geneti~ki preoblikovanih organizama (GMO), a na~elo „bitne jednakosti“

u poredbi GM i konvencionalne hrane je znanstveno neodr`ivo. Postoje}i GM usjevi, osim profita korporacijama,

trenutno farmeru gotovo da ne osiguravaju korist. TRIPS sporazum je omogu}io patentiranje gena i mikroorganizama,

kao i geneti~ki preoblikovanih organizama. To davanje patenta na `ivot potaklo je biopiratstvo i kra|u geneti~kog

bogatstva lokalnih zajednica. Istovremeno takav patentirani proizvod se prodaje po visokoj cijeni zemljama u

razvoju – onim istima iz kojih potje~e patentirani proizvod.

Klju~ne rije~i: GMO, geneti~ko in`enjerstvo, tvrdnje i ~injenice, zakonodavstvo, javno mi{ljenje

(Received on 17 April 2003; accepted on 18 December 2003 - Primljeno 17. travnja 2003.; prihva}eno 18. prosinca 2003.)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 57.087.1:633.15

BIOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEST SITES FOR

MAIZE BREEDING

D. [imi} (1) , J. Gunja~a (2) , Z. Zduni} (1) , I. Brki} (1) , J. Kova~evi} (1) Original scientific paper

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak

SUMMARY

Yield stability of genotypes and analysis of genotype×environment interaction (GEI) as

important objects in analyses of multienvironment trials are well documented in Croatia.

However, little is known about suitability and biometrical characters of the sites where

genotypes should be tested. Objectives of this study were in combined analysis of balanced

maize trials i) to compare test sites in joint linear regression analysis and ii) to compare

several stability models by clustering test sites in order to assess biometrical suitability

of particular test sites. Partitioning of GEI sum of squares according to the

symmetrical joint linear regression analysis revealed highly significant Tukey’s test,

heterogeneity of environmental regressions and residual deviations. Mean grain yields,

within-macroenvironment error mean squares, and stability parameters varied considerably

among 16 macroenvironments. The highest grain yields were recorded in Osijek in

both years and in Vara`din in 1996, with more than 11 t ha -1 . It seems that Feri~anci

would be optimum test site with relatively high and consistent yield and high values of

entry mean squares indicating satisfactory differentiation among cultivars. However,

four clustering methods generally did not correspond. According to three out of four clustering

methods, two macroenvironments of Feri~anci provide similar results. Employing

other methods such as shifted multiplicative models, which effectively eliminate significant

rank-change interaction, appears to be more reasonable.

Key-words: genotype by environment interaction (GEI), maize, stability analysis, test site

INTRODUCTION

Assessing yield stability is an important object in

analyses of multienvironment trials. Cultivar stability and

adaptability analyses as well as inherent genotype by

environment interaction analyses (GEI) are well documented

in Croatia (e.g. Sikora, 1973, Vasilj and Milas,

1981; 1984; Milas, 1989; Vujevi} and Brki}, 1992;

[imi} et al., 1994; Rozman, 1994; Rozman et al., 1997;

Gunja~a, 1997; Zduni}, 1998). However, the authors, at

most instances, did not take into consideration biometrical

characters of GEI. They supposed that the main

reason for this interaction is changeable sensitivity of

genotypes to environmental variables, i. e. significant

heterogeneity of genotypic regressions assuming that

all environments have equal environment regression

coefficient according to classical models of Finlay and

Wilkinson (1963) and Eberhart and Russel (1966).

Although there are modifications of these models which

take into account heterogeneity of environmental

regressions (Freeman and Perkins, 1971), little is

known about biometrical suitability of testing sites in

Croatia.

According to DeLacy et al. (1996), there is an

extensive set of methods for analysis of multienvironment

trials, including i) analysis of variance (ANOVA); ii)

stability analysis comprising joint linear regression

(Yates and Cochran, 1938; Finlay and Wilkinson, 1963)

and its subsequent modifications; iii) ordination (e.g.

principal components analysis; additive main effects,

multiplicative interaction - AMMI), and iv) grouping. All

these methods have some advantages, but joint linear

regression technique is mostly used. It is particularly

appropriate for complete and balanced data sets, which

cover the environmental range without any major discontinuities

(Hill et al., 1998).

(1) Ph.D Domagoj [imi}, Ph.D Zvonimir Zduni}, Ph.D Ivan Brki} and

Ph.D. Josip Kova~evi}, Prof., Agricultural Institute Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e

17, 31000 Osijek; (2) Ph.D Jerko Gunja~a, Department of Plant

Breeding, Genetics, Biometrics and Experimentation, Faculty of

Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Sveto{imunska 25, 10000 Zagreb

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

D. [imi} et al.: BIOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEST SITES MAIZE BREEDING

19

However, it is shown that non-additivity is frequently

present at GEI analyses (van Eeuwijk, 1996),

making regression analyses and univariate analyses of

variance unsuitable for GEI Characterizing. When linear

model is not fitted (non-additivity is significant), transformations

should be employed or, more often multivariate

procedures for the interpretations of the interaction.

Cluster analysis (Hallauer et al., 1988), the primary multivariate

technique used for grouping environments and

genotypes to improve the efficiency of breeding programs

has been used.

Rosielle and Hamblin (1981) suggested that the

most desirable approach in maize would be (Zea mays,

L.) choosing test sites being representative of environment

population for which the breeder wishes to improve

mean yield. Hamblin et al. (1980) concluded that

yields at the test site consistently correspond to their

yield over the range of target environment. The optimum

test site should maximize yield differences among cultivars

and it should be consistently high yielding.

Objectives of this study were in combined analysis

of balanced maize trials i) to compare test sites in joint

linear regression analysis and ii) to compare several

stability models by clustering test sites in order to

assess biometrical suitability of particular test sites.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Maize hybrids used in the study were presented in

detail by Zduni} (1998). The two-year experiment was

conducted in a randomized complete block design

with four replications at each of sixteen environments.

There were nine locations in 1995: Bizovac - Bi,

Bjelovar- Bj, \akovo - Dj, Feri~anci - Fe, Kutjevo - Ku,

Osijek - Os, Pitoma~a - Pi, Rugvica - Ru and Vara`din

- Va. The sites Bjelovar and Pitoma~a were not available

in 1996, making total of seven locations in this

year. Trials were planted in two-row plots. Each row

consisted of 12 hills with two plants per hill resulting

in 48 plants per plot. Fertilization, weed control, and

cultural practices were performed as in practical farming.

Grain yield data (t ha -1 ) were recorded in each

environment by 14% of moisture. Each year-location

combination was considered as a “macroenvironment”

(see e.g. Eberhart and Russel, 1966). Sixteen

macroenvironments were analyzed as a series of random

locations with entry means and effective error

variance (Cochran and Cox, 1957), which were used

for the combined analysis. In the combined ANOVA,

genotype by macroenvironment interaction sum of

squares was partitioned according to “symmetrical

joint linear regression analysis” (DeLacy et al, 1996)

proposed by Wright, 1971 and Utz, 1972 according to

the following model:

y ij

= m + g i

+ e j

+ag i

e j

+ c j

g i

+ b i

e j

+ ρ ij

where m is the grand mean over all genotypes and

environments, g i

is genotype effect, e j

environment

effect, ag i

e j

joint regression effect with a concordance

parameter a. Due to identical one degree of freedom

for a, joint regression effect was replaced with the

Tukey’s test for non-additivity (Tukey, 1949), as suggested

by Utz (1972); b i

is regression coefficient for

genotype i; c j

is regression coefficient for environment

j and ρ ij

is residual. Regression coefficients, deviation

mean squares, entry mean squares and GEI mean

squares were employed as yield stability parameters

for each macroenvironment. The Bartlett’s test of

homogeneity within macroenvironment error variances

gave a nonsignificant chi-square, so the hypothesis of

homogenous within macroenvironment error variances

was accepted.

Four methods of cluster analyses for evaluating

two-way classification data were carried out for the further

analysis of GEI since both Tukey’s test and the chisquare

test were significant. Method 1 is based on the

regression model, rows are grouped for similarity of

both intercepts and slopes (i.e. means and regressions).

Method 2 is based on the regression model as

well, and rows are grouped for similarity of slopes

alone. Method 3 is based on the ANOVA model: rows

are grouped for similarity of average effect (G) and interaction

(GE) combined. Method 4 is also based on the

ANOVA model, but rows are grouped for similarity of

interaction (GE) alone. PLABSTAT (Utz, 1995) and S116

were program packages used for the analyses.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Data from each macroenvironment were analyzed

separately showing highly significant effects of genotypes

in all environments (data not shown). In the combined

ANOVA, genotypes, environments and their interaction

were highly significant (Table 1). Differences between

macroenvironments accounted for 64.8 % of the

total sum of squares, while GE interaction accounted for

19.8%, and genotypes 15.4% of the total sum of squares.

Partitioning of GEI sum of squares according to the

symmetrical joint linear regression analysis, revealed

highly significant Tukey’s test, heterogeneity of environmental

regressions and residual deviations. Significant

Tukey’s test indicates that the GEI has more complex

nature than linear. Nevertheless, the nonlinear character

of the interaction is frequently reported stressing the

limitations of the linear regression technique, as summarized

by Hill et al., 1998. Moreover, since a significant

amount of the GEI variance remained unaccounted

for, the linear model is not completely satisfactory (Hill

et al., 1998). However, since heterogeneity of environmental

regression was significant as well, it justifies to

some extent further examination of stability parameters

for each macroenvironment separately.

Mean grain yields in16 macroenvironments, their

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

20

D. [imi} et al.: BIOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEST SITES MAIZE BREEDING

Table 1. ANOVA for grain yield of 24 maize hybrids grown in 16 environments combined over two years

Tablica 1. Kombinirana analiza varijance kroz dvije godine za prinos zrna za 24 hibrida kukuruza posijanih na 16

okolina

** Significant at the 0.01 probability level; ns = nonsignificant – ** Signifikantno na razini 0.01; ns = nesignifikantno

Table 2. Mean grain yield averaged across 24 maize hybrids, within-environment error, and stability parameters

for 16 macroenvironments in Croatia

Tablica 2. Srednje vrijednosti prinosa zrna uprosje~enih kroz 24 hibrida kukuruza, unutarokolinska gre{ka i parametri

stabilnosti za 16 makrookolina u Hrvatskoj

within-macroenvironment error mean squares, and stability

parameters are shown in Table 2. The highest grain

yields were recorded in Osijek in both years and in

Vara`din in 1996, with more than 11 t ha -1 . The lowest

yielding site was Kutjevo: average yield of 24 hybrids

was just the same in both years with 7.16 t ha -1 .

Macroenvironments differed greatly in their stability

parameters and also in their individual contribution to

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

D. [imi} et al.: BIOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEST SITES MAIZE BREEDING

21

Figure 1. Dendrogram for the classification of 16 macroenvironments in Croatia for grain yield evaluated across

24 maize hybrids in 4 replicates based on the regression model. Rows are grouped for similarity of both intercepts

and slopes (i.e. means and regressions)

Slika 1.Dendrogram za klasifikaciju 16 makrookolina u Hrvatskoj za prinos zrna procijenjen za 24 hibrida kukuruza u

4 ponavljanja na osnovi regresijskog modela. Redovi su grupirani prema sli~nosti srednjih vrijednosti i regresije

Figure 2. Dendrogram for the classification of 16 macroenvironments in Croatia for grain yield evaluated across

24 maize hybrids in 4 replicates based on the regression model. Rows are grouped for similarity of slopes (parallelism)

alone

Slika 2. Dendrogram za klasifikaciju 16 makrookolina u Hrvatskoj za prinos zrna procijenjen za 24 hibrida kukuruza u

4 ponavljanja na osnovi regresijskog modela. Redovi su grupirani samo prema paralelizmu

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

22

D. [imi} et al.: BIOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEST SITES MAIZE BREEDING

Figure 3. Dendrogram for the classification of 16 macroenvironments in Croatia for grain yield evaluated across

24 maize hybrids in 4 replicates based on the ANOVA model. Rows are grouped for similarity of average effect

(G) and interaction (GE) combined

Slika 3. Dendrogram za klasifikaciju 16 makrookolina u Hrvatskoj za prinos zrna procijenjen za 24 hibrida kukuruza u

4 ponavljanja na osnovi ANOVA modela. Redovi su grupirani zajedno prema sli~nosti efekta srednje vrijednosti (G) I

interakcije (GE)

Figure 4. Dendrogram for the classification of 16 macroenvironments in Croatia for grain yield evaluated across

24 maize hybrids in 4 replicates based on the ANOVA model. Rows are grouped for similarity of interaction (GE)

alone

Slika 4. Dendrogram za klasifikaciju 16 makrookolina u Hrvatskoj za prinos zrna procijenjen za 24 hibrida kukuruza u

4 ponavljanja na osnovi ANOVA modela. Redovi su grupirani samo prema sli~nosti GE interakcije

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

D. [imi} et al.: BIOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEST SITES MAIZE BREEDING

23

the interaction mean square. Notable highest values for

regression coefficients and deviations from regression

occurred in Vara`din in 1996. Interestingly, the environmental

regression coefficients for Feri~anci in both

years were exactly the same.

Classifications of the macroenvironments according

to clustering criteria of four methods are presented

in Figures 1-4. The same (low) yields and similar

regressions in both years resulted in small distances of

macroenvironments of Kutjevo 1995 and 1996 according

to Models 1 and 3. Analogously, dissimilarity index

due to identical regression coefficient was very low for

two macroenvironments in Feri~anci (Figure 1 and 2).

Vara`din 1996 and Rugvica 1996 made a separate

group according to Model 2. Vara`din 1996 was clearly

separated from the other seven locations according to

Model 4 and left unclustered. Macroenvironments

appeared most diverse in dendrogram for Model 4

(Figure 4).

Although environment rank changes (crossover

interactions) were not statistically tested, it seems that

they are considerable in magnitude. Thus, an appropriate

test, identifying crossover interactions, should be

employed. Furthermore, other methods such as shifted

multiplicative models (Cornelius et al., 1996; Crossa et

al., 1996) could effectively eliminate significant rankchange

interaction.

Generally, four clusterings did not correspond.

Compared with each other, clusterings based on the

same model, whether regression model or ANOVA, but

different grouping criterion, substantially rearranged

assignments of sites to clusters. It seems worthwhile to

apply combined criteria (Models 1 and 3) due to partly

analogous groupings. If these groupings emerge as

consistent patterns over several years of testing, a breeder

could identify a subset of “key” testing sites within

and thus reduce the cost of testing without losing information

on adaptation and performance of cultivars.

CONCLUSION

Apart form Kutjevo, Feri~anci and Osijek,

macroenvironments at the same sites did not yield

highly repeatable results. The consistently highest yielding

site was Osijek with relatively small errors and

appropriate regression coefficient and deviation mean

square. However, entry mean squares are not constantly

high. According to criteria proposed by Hamblin

et al., 1980, it seems that Feri~anci would be optimum

test site with relatively high consistent yield and high

values of mean squares indicating well differentiation

among cultivars at this site. Moreover, according to

three out of four clustering methods, two macroenvironments

of this site provide similar results.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This paper is dedicated to our dear mentor Prof.

\ur|ica Vasilj.

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svojstava. Genetika 13:105.-114.

23. Vasilj, \ and Milas, S. (1984): Relationship between stability

parameters estimated with different methods for

some maize and wheat genotypes, Vorträge

Pflazenzüchtung 7, 266 - 279.

24. Vujevi}, S. i I. Brki} (1992.): Procjena stabilnosti linija

kukuruza za razna svojstva u trogodi{njem pokusu u

Osijeku. Znan. prak. polj. tehnol. 22 Sv.2:245.-267.

25. Wright, A.J. (1971): The analysis and prediction of

some two factor interactions in grass breeding. J. Agric.

Sci., Camb. 76:301-306.

26. Yates F. and Cochran, W.G. (1938). The analysis of

groups of experiments. J. Agr. Sci. 28:556-580.

27. Zduni}, Z. (1998.): Stabilnost i adaptabilnost prinosa

novih Os hibrida kukuruza. Master thesis. University of

Zagreb.

BIOMETRIJSKA KARAKTERIZACIJA LOKACIJA ZA TESTIRANJE HIBRIDA U

OPLEMENJIVANJU KUKURUZA

SA@ETAK

Stabilnost prinosa genotipova i s tim povezana interakcija genotip × okolina (GEI) kao va`ni predmeti analize

vi{eokolinskih pokusa dobro su dokumentirani u Hrvatskoj. Me|utim, malo se zna o prikladnosti i biometrijskim

karakteristikama pojedinih lokacija gdje se genotipovi testiraju. Ciljevi ovoga rada su u kombiniranoj analizi varijance

balansiranih pokusa kukuruza i) usporediti lokacije za testiranje prema zdru`enoj linearno-regresijskoj analizi

i ii) usporediti nekoliko modela stabilnosti klasteriranjem lokacija za testiranje, kako bi se odredila biometrijska

prikladnost pojedine lokacije. Dioba sume kvadrata GEI prema simetri~noj regresijskoj analizi otkrila je visoko signifikantan

Tukeyev test, kao i heterogenost okolinskih regresija i devijacija ostatka. Srednje vrijednosti prinosa zrna,

unutarokolinska gre{ka i parametri stabilnosti zna~ajno su varirali izme|u 16 makrookolina. Najvi{i prinos bio je u

Osijeku u obje godine i u Vara`dinu 1996. godine, s vi{e od 11 t ha -1 . Me|utim, ~etiri metode klasteriranja op}enito

se nisu podudarale. ^ini se da su Feri~anci optimalna lokacija za testiranje s relativno visokim prinosom i visokim

vrijednostima varijanci hibrida, ukazuju}i na zadovoljavaju}u diferencijaciju izme|u kultivara. Nadalje, prema tri od

~etiri metode klasteriranja, dvije makrookoline lokacije Feri~anci dale su sli~an rezultat. Uporaba nekih drugih metoda,

kao {to su multiplikativni modeli koji bi eliminirali razlike u klasteriranju, ~ini se prihvatljivijom.

Klju~ne rije~i: interakcija genotip × okolina (GEI), kukuruz, analiza stabilnosti, lokacije za testiranje

(Received on 19 September 2003; accepted on 3 November 2003 - Primljeno 19. rujna 2003.; prihva}eno 3. studenoga

2003.)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 632.768:633.15(497.5)

CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica

virgifera virgifera LeConte) IN CORN PRODUCTION OF

EASTERN CROATIA

D. D`oi} (1) , Marija Ivezi} (2) , Emilija Raspudi} (2) , Mirjana Brme` (2) Original scientific paper

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak

SUMMARY

A new insect pest - the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)

was identified in Croatia in 1995. The first objective of this research was to determine

the population density of all stages, except eggs in commercial cor fields. The second

objective was to investigate the efficacy of three organophosphate insecticides on larvae.

The experiment was conducted in Gunja, Croatia in 1999 and 2000. Treatments

were commercial corn hybrids (OSSK 444, OSSK 552, Florencia,) and three soil insecticides

(terbuphos, chlorpyriphos-ethyl, chlormephos) applied at planting. Results showed

the highest number of larvae per plant (0.70) in the untreated plot of OSSK 552. In

1999, significant differences in larval numbers occurred among hybrids, but not among

the insecticides. In 2000, larval numbers only differed statistically between the insecticide

treatments. The highest beetles population counted per plant was 0.55 in 2000. This

population level is very close to economic threshold of 0.70 beetles per plant.

Significant differences in beetle numbers per plant between hybrids were only detected

in 2000. Pheromone traps containing the lure, Csal m N, caught significantly more beetles

than the Multigard ® yellow sticky-trap. Terbufos was the only soil insecticide providing

a significant yield advantage to the hybrids. Based on the current value of corn and

cost of insecticide, terbufos is the only soil insecticide cost-effective for growers. These

studies should be conducted with other insecticides, and growers should avoid planting

corn after corn in their fields.

Key-words: Corn, Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, soil insecticides

INTRODUCTION

The first manifestation of Western Corn Rootworm

(Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) (WCR) was noticed back

far in 1909 in USA. Today, this pest is the most dangerous

corn pest in USA, and the estimation of the damages

reaches around 1 bill. US $ yearly (Metcalf, 1986).

Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte probably

occured in Europe in 1989 or 1990, but the pest was

determined and confirmed as Diabrotica in 1992, near

Belgrade Airport – Sur~in, Serbia (Ba~a, 1993). In 1995

the pest was found in Croatia (Zlof, 1996) and Hungary

(Ripka & Princzinger, 2001) , in 1996 in Bosnia and

Herzegovina (Festic et al., 1997) and Romania (Vonica,

1996). In 1998 Bulgaria (Ivanova, 2001) was also infested,

and the pest was found in Italy, near Venezia

Airport (Furlan et al., 2000). During 1999, WCR was

found on Slovakia border (Sivicek, 2000), near Airport

Lugano in Switzerland (Bertossa et al., 2001). In 2001,

pest was recorded in Ukraine (Omelyuta & Filatova,

2002), and in 2002, in Austria (Cate, 2002).

WCR was found in Croatia in 1995 in village

Bo{njaci, near @upanja. In the last five years the pest

was spread on cca. 250 000 ha. The monitoring showed

that pest was spreading 35-40 km yearly, and 25%

of terrestrial land was infested (Igrc et al., 2000). Since

the populations increase every year, the first aim of this

study was to determine the population density of all stages,

except eggs in commercial corn fields. The second

objective was to investigate the efficacy of three organophosphate

insecticides on larvae.

(1) MSc. Dra`en D`oi} - Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Ul. grada

Vukovara 78, 10000 Zagreb; (2) Ph.D. Marija Ivezi}, Full Professor, Ph.D.

Emilija Raspudi}, Professor Assistant and MSc Mirjana Brme`, Young

Researcher - University of J.J. Strossmayer, Faculty of Agriculture in

Osijek, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

26

D. D`oi} et al.: CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) ...

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was conducted in Gunja, Croatia

(44 o 87’N, 18 o 94’ E) in 1999 and 2000. In 1999 the

experimental field was 1344 m 2 , while in 2000 it was

3360 m 2 . Three corn hybrids were used in the experiment,

OSSK 444, OSSK 552 and Florencia. It is important

to reveal that on experimental field corn was sown

after corn for four and five years respectively, which can

also contribute to the spread of WCR. Three soil insecticides

(terbufos, chlorpyriphos-ethyl, chlormephos)

were applied at planting, on each hybrid dosed as follows:

COUNTER G-5 (terbuphos)

DURSBAN G-7, 5 (chlorpyriphos-ethyl)

DOTAN 5-G (chlormephos)

22.5 kg/ha

17.5 kg/ha

9.0 kg/ha

So, each hybrid was sown in 16 row, and every

four row were treated with one insecticide plus 4 untreated

rows.

Roots checking for larvae was done at the beginning

of June, in order to determine the attack intensity

and eventually damages on root. Population density of

imagoes was determined by using pheromone traps

(Csal?m?N) and Multigard yellow sticky traps. One pheromone

and one Multigard trap were placed in every

treatment and in untreated plots. Traps were set apart

20–25 m, in zigzagging, and were replaced every 28

days with the new ones. Traps checking was done every

week during the monitoring period, from 26 th of June to

09 th October in 1999, and from 20 th of June to 13 th of

October in 2000 year. The monitoring in 2000 was finished

almost a month earlier compared to 1999, due to

extremely dry period during the vegetation in year 2000.

Beetles attack intensity was determined on corn

silk, by cutting the ear top with the silk at 2.5 cm length,

samples collecting into the plastic bag and counting the

number of imagoes (Luckman et al., 1975). It was done

on 4x10 plants in every treatments and untreated plot, in

both years of the investigation. Collected data were

analyzed statistically by using ANOVA and LSD multiple

range test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Larvae and pupae

Roots checking for larvae and pupae was done in

both years of investigation on all treatments (3 insecticide

treatments and untreated plot) on three corn

hybrids. Average numbers of larvae and pupae per corn

plant in 1999 were shown in Fig. 1 and 2, and for 2000

in Fig. 3 and 4.

The analyses of variance and LSD test showed no

differences between treatments in 1999 concerning

number of larvae and pupae, while in 2000, very significant

differences occurred in number of larvae between

all treatments with insecticides and untreated control. In

2000 there weren’t significant differences between

treatments regarding the number of pupae. It appears

that number of pupae was higher than number of larvae

in several cases in the same treatment. The reason is

because the larvae already transformed to pupae, and

moreover, at the end of June 2000, 224 imagoes were

caught by pheromone traps. Looking through hybrids,

significant differences occurred just in 1999 between

Florencia and both OSSK hybrids and very significant

difference between OSSK 552 and OSSK 444. In year

2000, statistically important differences weren’t

observed between hybrids.

The analyses of research results showed the

highest number of harmful larvae per plant (0.70) in

untreated plot of hybrid OSSK 552. This number did not

reach the economical injury, being according to

Edwards et al. (1994), two larvae per plant.

Figure 1. Number of larvae per plant in 1999

Grafikon 1. Broj li~inki po biljci u 1999. godini

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

D. D`oi} et al.: CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) ...

27

Figure 2. Number of pupae per plant in 1999

Grafikon 2. Broj kukuljica po biljci u 1999. godini

Figure 3. Number of larvae per plant in 2000

Grafikon 3. Broj li~inki po biljci u 2000. godini

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

28

D. D`oi} et al.: CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) ...

Figure 4. Number of pupae per plant in 2000

Grafikon 4. Broj kukuljica po biljci u 2000. godini

Beetles on silk

Number of beetles on corn silk was checked in

both years of investigation and the obtained results are

showed in Fig. 5 and 6.

Figure 5. Number of silk caught beetles in 1999

Grafikon 5. Broj imaga na svili u 1999. godini

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

D. D`oi} et al.: CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) ...

29

Figure 6. Number of silk caught beetles in 2000

Grafikon 6. Broj imaga na svili u 2000. godini

There weren’t any significant differences between

treatments regarding the number of beetles on corn silk,

for both years of investigations. Statistically significant

differences occurred between hybrids in 2000. Hybrid

Florencia had average of 0.369 beetles on silk/plant,

while OSSK 552 and OSSK 444 had 0.519 and 0.488

beetles on silk/plant respectively. Many authors considered

the threshold and recommended chemical control

for next year larval damage, when one beetle occurs per

corn plant (Luckman et al., 1975; Higgins et al. 1988;

Edwards et al. 1994), especially in continuously corn

growing field (Ostlie & Noetzel, 1987).

3. Beetles on traps

The majority of trap caught beetles in both years of

investigation belong to pheromone (Csal m N) traps,

while lower number were caught on Multigard yellow

sticky traps in all investigated treatments and hybrids

(Fig. 7 and 8). Pheromone traps (Csal m N) caught

approximately 10 times more beetles compared to

Multigard traps. Igrc-Bar~i} & Maceljski (1998) and

Ivezi} et al. (2000) have previously obtained similar

results.

Figure 7. Number of trap caught beetles in 1999

Grafikon 7. Broj imaga po mamcu u 1999. godini

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

30

D. D`oi} et al.: CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) ...

Figure 8. Number of trap caught beetles in 2000

Grafikon 8. Broj imaga po mamcu u 2000. godini

4. The yield of corn

The yield of corn was analyzed for both years of

investigation, and statistically significant differences

occurred between treatments and hybrids. The greatest

yield was achieved in treatments with Counter, in

all three hybrids in both years of investigation (Fig. 9

and 10).

Regarding the hybrids, in both years Florencia showed

the best results. Lower grain yield in 2000, across

all hybrids and treatments were caused by extremely

dry period in 2000. Based on the current value of corn

and cost of insecticide, as well as results of our

research, terbuphos is the only soil insecticide which

can be recommended as the most effective for growers.

Figure 9. The average yield (t/ha) of corn in 1999 (14% of moisture)

Grafikon 9. Prosje~an prinos (t/ha) kukuruza u 1999. godini (14% vlaga)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

D. D`oi} et al.: CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) ...

31

Figure 10. The average yield (t/ha) of corn in 2000 (14% of moisture)

Grafikon 10. Prosje~an prinos (t/ha) kukuruza u 2000. godini (14% vlaga)

CONCLUSION

Insecticide Counter (terbuphos) showed the best

results, and hybrid Florencia reached the best grain yield

in this investigation. Also, all insecticide treatments

were better compared the control plots without insecticides.

These studies should be conducted with other

insecticides, and growers should avoid planting corn in

these fields it is preceded by corn.

REFERENCES

1. Ba~a, F. (1993): New member of the harmful entomofauna

of Yugoslavia Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

LeConte (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). IWGO Newsletter.

Vol.XII, 1-2:21.

2. Bertossa, M., Derron, J., Colombi, L., Brunetti, R.

(2001): Update of monitoring data of Diabrotica virgifera

virgifera LeConte in Switzerland in 2001. Abstract

21 th IWGO Conference, VIII. Diabrotica subgroup meeting,

Venice, Italy, 2001: 32.

3. Cate, P.C. (2002): The Confirmation of WCR (Diabrotica

virgifera virgifera LeConte) in Austria: Occurrence,

expansion and future prospects. Book of abstract, 9 th

IWGO Diabrotica Subgroup Meeting and 8 th EPPO ad

hoc Panel, Belgrade, 2002: 16.

4. Edwards, C.R., Larry, W.B., Turpin, F.T. (1994): Field

crop insects managing corn rootworms 1994. Purdue

University, Cooperative extension Service, West

Lafayette, E-49: 1-6.

5. Festi}, H., Faginovi}, M., Berberovi}, H., Seratli}-Turki},

A. (1997): The result of monitoring Diabrotica virgifera

virgifera LeConte in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1997.

“Western Corn Rootworm 97” Abstract volume of 2 nd

FAO WCR/TCP Meeting, Gödöllö, Hungary, 10.

6. Furlan, L., Vettorazzo, M., Montagner, M., Donantoni, L.,

Funes, V. (2000): Diabrotica eradiction attempt in the

Veneto region of Italy. 7 th International IWGO –

Workshop, 16-17. November 2000, Stuttgart, Germany:

5-6.

7. Higgins, R.A., Gibb, T.J., Wilde, G.E. (1988): Corn rootworm

management in Kansas field corn. Cooperative

extension Service, Kansas State University, Mangatan

Entomology: 128.

8. Igrc-Bar~i}, J., Maceljski, M. (1998.): Novi {tetnik –

kukuruzna zlatica. Gospodarski list, prilog – mali gospodarski

savjetnik: 8.

9. Igrc-Bar~i}, J., Dobrin~i}, R., Maceljski, M. (2000): New

development of WCR in Croatia. IWGO Newsletter.Vol.

XIX, 1-2: 25-26.

10. Ivezi}, M., Tollefson, J.J., Raspudi}, E., D`oi}, D.

(2000): Effect of different traps on captures of adult corn

rootworm beetles (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

LeConte) in East Slavonia. IWGO Newsletter. Vol. XXI, 1-

2: 29.

11. Ivanova, I. (2001): Monitoring of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

in Bulgaria in 2001. Abstract 21th IWGO

Conference, VIII Diabrotica subgroup meeting, Venice,

Italy 2001: 30.

12. Luckman, W.N., Shaw, J.T., Kuhlman, D.E., Randell, R.,

Lesar, C.D. (1975): Corn rootworm pest management in

canning sweet corn. Illinois natural history survey,

Urbana, Illinois. Circular 54.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

32

D. D`oi} et al.: CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) ...

13. Metcalf, R.L. (1986): Forward: In: “Methods for study of

pest Diabrotica”. (Eds): Krysan, J.L., Miller, T.A.,

Springler Verlag, p.p. 1-23.

14. Omelyuta, V., Filatova, N. (2002): The Western Corn

Rootworm in Ukraine in 2002. Book of abstract, 9 th

IWGO Diabrotica Subgroup Meeting and (EPPO ad hoc

Panel, Belgrade, 2002: 11.

15. Ostlie, K., Noetzel, D. (1987): Managing Corn

Rootworms, Minnesota Extension Service and

University of Minnesota. AG-FO 3281: 1-4.

16. Ripka, G., Princziger, G. (2001): Monitoring of Western

korn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifea virgifera Le Conte)

in Hungary in 2001. Abstract 21th IWGO Conference,

VIII Diabrotica subgroup meeting, Venice, Italy 2001: 28.

17. Sivicek, P. (2000): Report on Survey Western Corn

Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) in the

Slovak Republic 2000. IWGO Newsletter XXI 1-2:37-38.

18. Vonica, I. (1996): Monitoring for Diabrotica virgifera in

Romania. IWGO Newsletter, Vol. 16, No. 2: 15-16.

19. Zlof, V. (1996): Monitoring of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

LeConte in Croatia in 1996. IWGO News letter, Vol.

16, No. 2: 16-17.

SUZBIJANJE KUKURUZNE ZLATICE (DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LECONTE)

U PROIZVODNJI KUKURUZA U ISTO^NOJ HRVATSKOJ

SA@ETAK

U Hrvatskoj je 1995. utvr|en novi {tetnik, kukuruzna zlatica (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). Cilj ovoga

istra`ivanja je bio utvrditi gusto}u populacije razli~itih stadija kukuruzne zlatice na polju, osim jaja. Osim toga

utvr|ena je efikasnost tri organofosforna insekticida na li~inke kukuruzne zlatice. Istra`ivanje je provedeno u Gunji,

1999. i 2000 godine. Tretmani su obuhva}ali komercijalne hibride kukuruza (OSSK 444, OSSk 552, Florencia), te tri

zemlji{na insekticida (trebufos, klorpirifos-etil, klormefos) koji su aplicirani pri sjetvi kukuruza. Najve}a brojnost

li~inki kukuruzne zlatice po biljci (0,70), utvr|eno je netretiranoj parceli hibrida OSSK 552. U 1999. godini statisti~ki

zna~ajne razlike pojavile su se izme|u hibrida, ali ne I izme|u insekticida. U 2000. godini, broj li~inki zna~ajno se

razlikovao samo izme|u ispitivanih tretmana s insekticidima. Najve}i broj imaga po biljci utvr|en je u 2000. godini

(0,55). To je vrlo blizu ekonomskog praga {tetnosti od 0,70 po biljci. Statisti~ki zna~ajne razlike s obzirom na broj

imaga utvr|ene su samo izme|u ispitivanih hibrida u 2000. godini. Feromonski mamci, Csal m N, uhvatili su statisti~ki

zna~ajno ve}i broj imaga od Multigard `utih ljepljivih plo~a. Utvr|eno je kako je trebufos jedini zemlji{ni insekticid

koji je omogu}io statisti~ki zna~ajno pove}anje prinosa kod hibrida kukuruza. Na temelju sada{nje cijene kukuruza

te cijene insekticida, terbufos se pokazao kao jedini insekticid ~ija je upotreba ekonomski opravdana.

Istra`ivanja bi trebalo nastaviti sa {to ve}im brojem hibrida te preporu~iti uzgajiva~ima kukuruza va`nost izbjegavanja

sjetve kukuruza u monokulturi.

Klju~ne rije~i: kukuruz, kukuruzna zlatica, Diabrotica virfigera virfigera, insekticid

(Received on 29 November 2003; accepted on 28 October 2003 - Primljeno 29. rujna 2003.; prihva}eno 28. listopada

2003.)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK =631.523:633.16

COMPARISON OF PEDIGREE AND SINGLE SEED DESCENT

METHOD (SSD) IN EARLY GENERATION OF BARLEY

A. Lali}, J. Kova~evi}, D. Novoselovi} , G. Drezner, D. Babi}

Original scientific paper

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak

SUMMARY

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of breeding methods on grain yield

and grain yield components in winter barley cross Timura * Osk.4.208/2-84 by growing

150 lines of F 4

generation advanced by single seed descent method (SSD) and 26 lines

of F 4

generation advanced by pedigree method under two planting densities (400 kernels/m

2 and 100 kernels/m 2 ). The mean value of the population for grain yield per plot

at both planting densities found by the pedigree method (400 kernels/m 2 and 100 kernels/m

2 ) was significantly increased compared to the SSD method. However, when five

most yielding lines developed from both breeding methods were compared, it was found

that SSD method was superior compared to the pedigree method at both planting densities

(400 kernels/m 2 and 100 kernels/m 2 ). Five most yielding lines advanced by the

SSD method were superior for the traits of lower heritability such as grain yield per plant

and the number of fertile tillers at thin planting density (100 kernels/m 2 ) in comparison

to the lines advanced by the pedigree method. Howerer, pedigree method was superior

for these traits at thick planting density (400 kernels/m 2 ). Phenotypic variability for all

analysed traits was reduced by pedigree method in comparison with SSD method. The

SSD method was important in preserving the variability of traits with high heritability

such as mass of one grain and the grain number per spike. It was found that even though

the selection response is greater in populations with a higher genetic variance it is possible

to grow the most yielding lines or lines with similar yields from the populations

with a reduced phenotypic variance, but with high mean value for grain yield.

Key-words: winter barley, single seed descent method, pedigree method, grain yield,

grain yield components, planting density

INTRODUCTION

The pedigree method is widely spread method in

the breeding of self-pollinating plants as it allows for

visual selection of plants across various generations

and control of a larger number of traits such as winter

hardiness and resistance to diseases till the final tests of

homozygous lines for grain yield. The procedure

encompasses selection of superior progenies at each

segregating generation and maintaining records of all

parent-progeny relationships being limited by the

amount of materials a plant breeder can handle (Allard,

1960).

The single seed descent method, proposed by

Goulden (1939) and later modified by Grafius (1965),

as a modification of the bulk breeding scheme, appears

to have the characteristics to overcome the problem of

natural selection and inadequate sampling in conventional

pedigree and bulk-population breeding. According to

Snape and Simpson (1984), selection among various

homozygotes is better than selection from a segregating

genetic material, being possible by the single seed

descent method (SSD). Furthermore, according to the

same authors, desired genes might disappear, if selection

proves to be inefficient in early generations (genetic

drift). Similar facts were suggested by Brumpton et

al. (1977), Boughey and Jinks (1978), Jinks and Pooni

(1981) and Kova~evi} (1986), who reported on poor

breeding success in case of traits of low to medium

heritability, based on selection of individual plants. The

same was confirmed by Tee and Qualset (1975), who

reported that, provided physiological factors affecting

the survive ability are not present in a population, the

Ph.D Alojzije Lali}, Ph.D Josip Kova~evi}, Ph.D Dario Novoselovi}, Ph.D

Georg Drezner, Darko Babi}, BAgr - Agricultural Institute Osijek, Ju`no

predgra|e 17, 31000 Osijek

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

34

A. Lali} i sur.: COMPARISON OF PEDIGREE AND SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD (SSD) IN EARLY ...

SSD method will show advantages as compared to bulk

populations. It was more suitable for preserving high

mean value and variability in a population.

Besides the methods of breeding, successful

selection depends on the expression of traits at different

planting densities. In early generations, plants and progenies

of individual plants are not homozygous and they

grow near other genotypes, which might considerably

affect the expected response to selection. According to

Kulshrestha (1989), none of the present form breeding

methods, which may considerably vary, has ascribed

enough importance to the problem of competition. The

author’s proposition is to apply modified pedigree

method of selection at two planting densities with greater

emphasis to the coefficient of productive tillering as

a noticeable indicator of the plant response to competition.

The objective of this study is to investigate the

effects of breeding methods on grain yield and grain

yield components by comparing 150 lines of F 4

generation

advanced by single seed descent method and 26

lines of F 4

generation advanced by the pedigree method

in barley cross Timura * Osk.4.208/2-84 under two

planting densities (400 kernels/m 2 and 100

kernels/m 2 ).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plant material

Material in this study includes parents, Timura and

line Osk.4.208/2-84 winter barley, and their 150 lines of

F 4

generation developed by SSD method and 26 lines of

F 4

generation developed by pedigree method with selection

intensity of 10 % after breeder’s criteria. This material

was included in the final trial in 1992/93 year.

Preparation of the material and selection from the crossing

till the F 4

generation were done in a thin stand (10

x 10 cm) with 2 m plot length.

Field experiment

Final trial in 1992/93 year was set up as a randomized

block design with three repetitions under two

planting densities (400 kernels/m 2 and 100 kernels/m 2 )

at the field of Agricultural Institute Osijek. The main thick

planting plot was a square, 25 x 25 cm, on which 36

kernels at 5 x 5 cm distance were planted corresponding

to the planting of 400 kernels/m 2 . The main thin

planting plot was a rectangle shape, 50 x 80 cm, on

which 48 kernels at 10 x 10 cm distance were planted

correspondsing to the planting of 100 kernels/m 2 .

Mixture of parents seeds were used for the plot margins

planting. Plants from plot margins were not taken for

analysis. Five plants were analysed from each plot.

Similar main plot was used by Hamblin and Donald

(1974), when 36 kernels were planted at 8 x 8 cm distance,

and by Kova~evi} (1986), who planted 36 kernels

at 5 x 5 cm distance. Laboratory measurements

were taken on a randomised sample of five plants per

plot for the following traits: culm length (cm), grain

weight per primary spike on the tallest tiller (g) the grain

number per primary spike on the tallest tiller, the number

of fertile tillers per plant, the grain yield per plant (g)

and the total above ground biomass (g). The average

mass of one grain per primary spike was derived from

the ratio between the grain weight on primary spike and

the grain number per primary spike. The harvest index

was calculated for each plant and expressed as percentage.

The grain yield per plot was calculated by using

the sum of the grain yield per plants analysed and other

plants on each plot.

Data analysis

An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and difference

testing of the difference between two mean values by

the t-test on samples of equal and different size were

carried out by using SAS/STAT software.

Estimates of phenotypic and environmental variances

were performed for each repetition separately.

Mean values were calculated across the repetitions.

Based on these calculations, phenotypic (C VP

%) and

genotypic (C VG

%) coefficients of variability were estimated.

RESULTS

It was found that the culm length, the grain weight

on primary spike, the grain number per spike, a grain

mass per primary spike and the harvest index are traits

showing less phenotypic (5.27-14.8%) and genotypic

(4.40–11.77%) variability. The number of fertile tillers,

the grain yield per plant and the grain yield per plot are

traits showing higher phenotypic (26.85–40.53%) and

genotypic (21.07–29.08%) variability (Table 1).

Applying the pedigree method compared to the SSD

method resulted in phenotypic variability being reduced

in grain yield and other traits (Table 1).

If we compare all tested lines for grain yield per

plot, those selected by pedigree method had significantly

(p=0.01) higher grain yields at both planting

densities (400 kernels/m 2 and 100 kernels/m 2 ) than

those grown by SSD method. However, five most yielding

lines grown by the SSD method at thin planting

(100 kernels/m 2 ) had a significantly (p=0.01) higher

grain yield per plot (174.4 g) than those grown by the

pedigree method (147.6 g). Likewise, at thick planting

(400 kernels/m 2 ), five most yielding lines grown by the

SSD method had a significantly higher (p= 0.05).

At thick planting (400 kernels/m 2 ), all tested lines

and five most yielding lines selected from a population

grown by the pedigree method had a significantly

(p=0.01 and p=0.05) higher culm length, compared to

those all tested and five most yielding lines grown by the

SSD method (Table 2).

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A. Lali} i sur.: COMPARISON OF PEDIGREE AND SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD (SSD) IN EARLY ...

35

Table 1. Coefficients of phenotypic (C VP

%) and genotypic (C VG

%) variability for grain yield and grain yield components

for pedigree and single seed descent methods (SSD)

Tablica 1. Koeficijenti fenotipskog (C VP

%) i genetskog (C VG

%) varijabiliteta za urod zrna i komponente uroda zrna za

pedigree metodu i metodu sjemenka po biljci (SSD)

Thick - planting density 5 x 5 cm (400 kernels/m 2 ); Thin - planting density 10 x 10 cm (100 kernels/m 2 )

Gusto - gusto}a sjetve 5 x 5cm (400 zrna/m 2 ); Rijetko - gusto}a sjetve 10 x 10cm (100 zrna/m 2 )

Significant differences (p=0.01) were found for

number of grains per spike (23.04 vs. 20.83) and grain

weight per spike (1.361 vs. 1.231) for all tested lines

grown by pedigree method at thin planting (100 kernels/m

2 ) when compared to all tested lines grown by

SSD method (Table 2).

Significant differences between pedigree method

and SSD method were not found (Table 2) for mass of

one grain and harvest index.

Significant differences (p=0.01) were found between

pedigree method (4.7) and SSD method (4.04) at

thick planting (400 kernels/m 2 ) wen we compared all

tested lines for number of fertile tillers per plant. Five

most yielding lines grown by the SSD method had a

significantly higher (p= 0.01) number of fertile tillers

(9.07 vs. 7.66) and grain yield per plant (9.494 vs.

8.33) at thin planting (100 kernels/m 2 ) when compared

to five most yielding lines grown by the pedigree method

(Table 2). This implies that genotypes with a higher

number of tillers per plant and higher grain yield per

plant are preserved in the population grown by the SSD

method at lower competition. Five most yielding lines

grown by the pedigree method had a significantly (p=

0.01) higher grain yield per plant ( 5.485 vs. 4.591) and

a higher number of fertile tillers (5.36 vs. 4.32) at thick

planting (400 kernels/m 2 ). This could be partially explained

by the breeder’s choice, who selected plant phenotypes

with a more upright leaf position and more uniform

tillers. Selection by the pedigree method can contribute

to the losing of genotypes from a population,

being more suitable for certain growing conditions such

as thinner stand and less favourable conditions.

DISCUSSION

The pedigree method with continuous individual

selection commonly used in breeding of self-pollinating

plants, is an attractive breeding method for the improvement

of grain yield. However, its value with regard to

the accuracy in estimating grain yield by yield components

could be disputable. Breeders can considerably

influence the direction and results of breeding towards

the desired goal. If physiological factors are not easily

recognised and show lower heritability, larger losses of

positive gene effects on grain yield are possible. As for

the application of the pedigree breeding method,

Kova~evi} (1986) reported the success in reducing the

culm length and increasing grain yield in barley, but

also, weakness of this method in increasing the 1000-

grain weight, the grain number per spike and the grain

weight per spike. The possible causes, according to the

author, are undesirable correlation of these traits with

the culm length and the number of fertile tillers.

In the investigations conducted, the value of lines

grown by the pedigree method was higher than for SSD

lines for the grain yield per plot and number of fertile tillers

per plant at thick planting (400 kernels/m 2 ).

According to the literature, SSD method maintains more

easily higher mean values and variability of the population

as compared to bulk method (Tee and Qualset,

1975; Srivastava, 1989), individual selection

(Srivastava et al., 1989; Kova~evi}, 1986) and the dihaploid

method (Riggs and Snape, 1977). According to

Peters et al. (1991), lines with a very low potential for

grain yield are easily discarded in the F 4

generation and

the risk of discarding high yielding lines is minimum.

Genotypes being superior for growing at thin planting

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

36

A. Lali} i sur.: COMPARISON OF PEDIGREE AND SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD (SSD) IN EARLY ...

Table 2. Mean values of the analysed traits for the lines of F 4

generation grown by pedigree method and single seed

descent (SSD) method

Tablica 2. Ostvarena dobit u linija F 4

generacije uzgojenih primjenom pedigree metode i metode sjemenka po biljci (SSD)

*, ** - significantly different at the level of probability of p = 0.05 and 0.01, ns - not significant

*, ** - zna~ajna razlika uz P≥ 0.05 i P≥ 0.01, ns - razlika nije zna~ajna

were preserved by the SSD method. Also, genotypes

being superior for the traits showing less heritability

such as the grain weight per plant and the number of

fertile tillers were preserved in a population by this

method. These traits are important elements for higher

yields at thin planting as evident from intensive tillering

and a better ability for compensation. This was confirmed

by the most yielding lines which were grown by

the SSD method at thin planting density of 100 kernels/m

2 . The SSD method is important in preserving

traits of high heritability such as the mass of one grain

and the grain number per spike. Targeted selection for a

specific trait was avoided with such selection.

Results indicated a lower phenotypic variability of

major traits in lines grown by the pedigree method, but

also higher mean values in selected lines as compared

to the lines grown by the SSD method (Tables 1 and 2).

Based on the literature data (O’Brien et al., 1978) and

the investigations conducted it was found that even

though the selection response is great in populations

with a higher genetic variance, it is possible to grow

most yielding lines from the populations with a lower

genetic variance, but with high mean value of the trait,

accomplished in these investigations by the pedigree

method.

REFERENCES

1. Allard, R.W. (1960): Principles of Plant Breeding. John

Wiley and Sons, New York.

2. Boughey, H., Jinks, J. L. (1978): Joint Selection for Both

Extremes of Mean Performance and of Sensitivity to

Macro-Environmental Variable. III The Determinants of

Sensitivity. Heredity, 40, 363-369.

3. Brumpton, R. J., Boughey, H. , Jinks, J. L. (1977): Joint

Selection for Both Extremes of Mean Performance and

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

A. Lali} i sur.: COMPARISON OF PEDIGREE AND SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD (SSD) IN EARLY ...

37

of Sensitivity to a Macro-Environmental Variable. I

Family Selection. Heredity, 30, 219-226.

4. Donald, C.M., J. Hamblin (1976): The biological yield

and harvest index of cereals as agronomic and plant

breeding criteria. Advances in Agronomy, 28, 361-405.

5. Goulden, C.H., (1939): Problems in plant selection.

Proc. Seventh International Genetical Congress

Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 132-133.

6. Grafius, J.E. (1965): Short cuts in plant breeding. Crop

Science 5:377.

7. Hamblin, J., Donald, C.M. (1974): The relationships

between plant form, competitive ability and grain yield in

a barley cross. Euphytica, 23, 535-542.

8. Jinks, J. L., Pooni, H. S. (1981): Properties of Pure -

Breeding Lines Produced by Dihaploidy, Single Seed

Descent and Pedigree Breeding. Heredity, 46, 391-395.

9. Kova~evi}, J. (1981.): Procjena heritabilnosti nekih

kvantitativnih svojstava dvorednog je~ma (Hordeum vulgare

L., conv. distichon). Magistarski rad.- Zbornik radova

Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek, 11, 151.-250.

10. Kova~evi}, J. (1986.): Kvantitativna analiza prinosa i

komponenata prinosa je~ma u odnosu na metode oplemenjivanja.

Doktorska disertacija. - Zbornik Poljoprivrednog

instituta Osijek, 1-111.

11. Kulshrestha, V.P. (1989): A modified pedigree method of

selection. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 78, 173-

176.

12. O’Brien, L., Baker, R.J., Evans, L.E. (1978): Response to

selection for yield in F3 of four wheat crosses. Crop

Science, 18., 1029-1033.

13. Peters, B., Spanakakios, A. and Weber W. E. (1991):

Efficiency of Early Selection for Yield Performance in

Wheat, Plant Breeding, Vol 107.(2), 97-104.

14. Riggs,T.J., Snape, J. W.(1977): Effects of Linkage and

Interaction in a Comparison of Theoretical Populations

Derived by Diploidised Haploid and Single Seed Descent

Methods. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 49, 111-

115.

15. SAS/STAT software, Release 6.12 version, SAS Institute

Inc., 1996.

16. Snape, J.W., Simpson, E. (1984): Early Generation

Selection and Rapid Generation Advancement Methods

in Autogamous Crops. In: Lange, W., Zeven, A. C.,

Hofenboom, N. G. eds. Efficiency in Plant Breeding.

Proceeding of the 10 th Congress of the Eucarpia,

Wageningen, the Netherlands, 82-86.

17. Srivastava, R. B., Paroda., R. S., Sharma, S. C., Yunus

Md. (1989): Genetic variability and advance under four

selection procedures in wheat pedigree breeding programme.

Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 77, 516-

520.

18. Tee, T. W., Qualset, C. O. (1975): Bulk Populations in

Wheat Breeding: Comparison of Single- Seed Descent

and Random Bulk Methods. Euphytica, 24, 393-405.

USPOREDBA PEDIGRE METODE I METODE SJEMENKA PO BILJCI (SSD) U RANIM

GENERACIJAMA JE^MA

SA@ETAK

Istra`ivanjima su analizirani u gustoj (400 zrna/m 2 ) i rijetkoj sjetvi (100 zrna/m 2 ) potomstva F 4

generacije kri`anja

Timura x Osk.208/2-84, uzgojena pedigre metodom (26 linija) i metodom sjemenka po biljci (150 linija). Pedigre

metodom u odnosu na metodu sjemenka po biljci zna~ajno (p≥0,01) smo pove}ali, u odnosu na SSD metodu, prosje~nu

vrijednost uzgojene populacije za urod zrna, ali uz smanjenu fenotipsku i genetsku varijabilnost uroda zrna i

ostalih istra`ivanih svojstava. Tom metodom ostvaren je ve}i uspjeh u oplemenjivanju na urod zrna u gustoj sjetvi,

vjerovatno pod utjecajem oplemenjiva~a i odabir fenotipa biljaka uspravnijeg polo`aja lista i ujedna~enijih vlati.

Metodom sjemenka po biljci o~uvani su u populaciji genotipovi superiorniji za uzgoj u rje|oj sjetvi, te su linije dobivene

ovom metodom oplemenjivanja u odnosu na linije dobivene pedigre metodom zna~ajno vi{eg uroda zrna kod

rijetke sjetve. Tom metodom u populaciji smo zadr`ali genotipove superiornije za svojstva ni`e nasljednosti, poput

mase zrna po biljci i broja plodnih vlati. Metoda sjemenka po biljci zna~ajna je i za o~uvanje svojstava visoke nasljednosti,

poput mase jednog zrna i broja zrna po klasu, a koja su opozitivnog odgovora na selekciju obzirom na izbor

na kra}u vlat. Na temelju saznanja iz literature i provedenih istra`ivanja ustanovili smo da iako je reagiranje na selekciju

veliko kod populacija s ve}om genetskom varijancom, najrodnije linije ili linije sli~ne razine uroda zrna mogu}e

je uzgojiti iz populacija sa smanjenom genetskom varijancom, ali velikom prosje~nom vrijednosti za urod zrna. To je

u provedenim istra`ivanjima ostvareno pedigre metodom.

Klju~ne rije~i: ozimi je~am, metoda sjemenka po biljci, pedigre metoda, urod zrna, komponente uroda zrna, gusto}a

sjetve

(Received on 9 September 2003; accepted on 7 December 2003 - Primljeno 9. rujna 2003.; prihva}eno 7. listopada 2003.)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 631.111.2:633.63

PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH

KRI@ANACA OVISNO O PLODNOSTI

A. Kristek, Suzana Kristek, Manda Antunovi}

SA@ETAK

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak

Original scientific paper

U poljskim pokusima ispitivane su proizvodne vrijednosti 5 diploidnih (2n=2x=18) cms

linija, 2 tetraploidna (2n=4x=36) i 2 diploidna polinatora te 10 diploidnih i 10 triploidnih

(2n=3x=27) hibrida {e}erne repe koji su dobiveni kri`anjem ispitivanih cms linija i

polinatora. Kao standard posijana su 2 triploidna hibrida, ra{irena u proizvodnji – Os

Sana i Iva. Istra`ivanja su provedena na dva lokaliteta (Osijek i \akovo) tijekom dvije

godine (2002. i 2003.). Godine su se me|usobno razlikovale po vremenskim prilikama,

a lokaliteti po osobinama tla. Prva godina istra`ivanja bila je vla`na i topla, a druga suha

i vru}a. Na lokalitetu Osijek tlo pripada ~ernozemno-livadskom, a u \akovu lesiviranom

pseudoglejnom tipu. Izme|u ispitivanih genotipova {e}erne repe, najve}i prosje~ni prinos

korijena ostvario je triploidni hibrid 15 (58,09 t/ha) te hibridi 11, 13, kao i standard

31. S obzirom na sadr`aj {e}era, najbolje rezultate je postigao standard 31 (15,15%) te

hibridi 15, 18, 17 i 11. Najve}i prinos {e}era imao je hibrid 15 (7,08 t/ha), a zatim sljede

hibridi 13, 11, 10 i 18.

Klju~ne rije~i: {e}erna repa, linije, hibridi, prinos, kvaliteta korijena

UVOD

U procesu oplemenjivanja {e}erne repe cilj je

pove}ati genetski potencijal kultivara za najva`nija kvantitativna

i kvalitativna svojstva, kao {to su prinos korijena

i sadr`aj {e}era, a istovremeno smanjiti sadr`aj topivih

ne{e}era (alfa amino du{ik, kalij, natrij) radi boljeg

iskori{tenja {e}era. Tako|er se `eli u podru~jima kao

{to je na{e, radi {to potpunijeg kori{tenja genetskog

potencijala, pove}ati otpornost prema uzro~nicima

najva`nijih bolesti lista (Cercospora beticola Sacc.),

koji redovito napadaju {e}ernu repu. Oplemenjiva~i

{e}erne repe zadane ciljeve nastoje ostvariti kori{tenjem

heterozisa i ploidnosti.

Kako je {e}erna repa biljka dvospolnih cvjetova, to

je za proizvodnju hibrida bilo nu`no prona}i samo-sterilne

biljke. Owen (1945.) je prona{ao mu{ki sterilitet, {to

je otvorilo put ka stvaranju hibrida i kod {e}erne repe.

Kri`anjem genetski razli~itih linija, populacija ili sorata u

F1 generaciji manifestira se hibridna snaga ili heterozis,

tj. pojava da su potomstva F1 generacije bujnija i rodnija

od roditelja. U istra`ivanjima inbred linija {e}erne

repe, Stewart i sur. (1946.) dobivene hibride analizirali

su kroz prinos korijena, sadr`aj {e}era i prinos {e}era.

Nekoliko hibrida zna~ajno je nadma{ilo prosjek roditelja

ili standarda, {to je obja{njeno kao jasan pokazatelj da

se heterozis doga|a i kod {e}erne repe. Heterozis je

najve}im dijelom uvjetovan neaditivnim djelovanjem

gena (dominacija i interalelna interakcija) te je za o~ekivati

da linije koje imaju superiorne aditivne u~inke gena

ne}e uvijek imati i superiorne kombinacijske sposobnosti

(Hecker, 1967., Smith i sur., 1973.).

Na prinos korijena vi{e djeluju neaditivni geni

(Smith i sur., 1973., Hecker, 1978., Scaracis i Smith,

1984.), dok je sadr`aj {e}era uvjetovan aditivnim genima,

a dominacija i superdominacija nemaju zna~aj u

naslje|ivanju te osobine. Hecker (1978.) je `elio dobiti

superiorno potomstvo za prinos korijena, sadr`aj {e}era

i prinos {e}era. Me|utim, u kri`anju nije prona|ena izuzetno

dobra specifi~na kombinacijska sposobnost za

prinos korijena i sadr`aj {e}era istovremeno niti u jednom

od 40 hibrida.

O geneti~koj kontroli i nasljednoj osnovi ne{e}era

(alfa amino du{ika, kalija, natrija), koji utje~u na iskori{tavanje

{e}era, ne zna se puno. Navodi Hra{ka i sur.

(1989.) ukazuju da se sadr`aj ne{e}era naslje|uje

uglavnom intermedijarno.

Dr.sc. Andrija Kristek, red. prof., dr.sc. Suzana Kristek, doc., dr.sc. Manda

Antunovi}, izv.prof. – Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku,

Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

A. Kristek i sur.: PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH KRI@ANACA ...

39

Prou~avaju}i genetsku osnovu otpornosti na cerkosporu,

razni istra`iva~i su dobili vrlo nejednake podatke.

Tako Smith i Gaskill (1970.) navode da otpornost

prema cerkospori kontrolira ve}i broj gena (4-5), a

Lewelen i Whithney (1976.) jedan gen kod rase C 2

Cercospora beticola, uz napomenu da taj gen nije efikasan

prema rasi C 1

. Kako genetska osnova, tako i rezultati

o na~inu naslje|ivanja, otpornosti prema cerkospori,

nisu ujedna~eni. Lewelen i Whithney (1976.) opisuju

da se otpornost u F 1

generaciji naslje|uje dominantno,

a Kohls (1950.) recesivno. Hasegawa i sur. (cit.

Kova~ev, 1982.) po tipu nepotpune dominacije recesivnog

roditelja, dok Smith i Gaskill (1970.) na~in

naslje|ivanja opisuju kao intermedijarni.

Osnovni broj kromosoma kod vrsta roda Beta je

x=9, a naj~e{}e 2n=18 kromosoma. Poliploidija je

uve}anje osnovnog broja kromosoma u genomu. Od

poliploidnih formi kod {e}erne repe je najinteresantnija

tetraploidna, odnosno triploidna, koja se dobije

kri`anjem diploidne i tetraploidne forme. Razlog za

komercijalno kori{tenje poliploida kod {e}erne repe dala

su istra`ivanja koja su pokazala da je negativna korelacija

izme|u prinosa korijena i sadr`aja {e}era kod tetraploida

manje izra`ena nego kod diploida (Kristek i sur.,

1993.).

Provedena istra`ivanja imala su za cilj utvrditi

proizvodne vrijednosti cms monogermnih diploidnih te

diploidnih i tetraploidnih multigermnih linija {e}erne

repe, kao i u~inak ploidnosti pri kri`anju cms linija s

tetraploidnim, odnosno diploidnim parovima. @eljelo se

utvrditi i proizvodnu vrijednost F1 hibrida u odnosu na

danas u proizvodnji ra{irene kultivare.

MATERIJAL I METODE

Proizvodne vrijednosti 5 cms (citoplazmatski

mu{ko sterilnih) linija {e}erne repe, 2 diploidna i 2 tetraploidna

polinatora te nastale kri`ance izme|u cms linija

i polinatora istra`ivali smo u poljskim pokusima. Sjeme

linija proizvedeno je 2000. godine u kasetama, uz prostornu

izolaciju od konoplje, a sjeme kri`anaca u 2001.

godini. Kri`anja cms linija (1-5) i tetraploidnih (6-7),

odnosno diploidnih polinatora (8-9), izvr{ena su tako da

je svaka linija kri`ana sa svakim polinatorom. Na taj

na~in dobiveno je 10 triploidnih i 10 diploidnih hibrida

{e}erne repe (Tablica 1.).

Pokusi su postavljeni na dva lokaliteta (Osijek i

\akovo), koji su se me|usobno razlikovali po tipu tla. U

Osijeku pokus se nalazio na ~ernozemno-livadskom tlu,

a u \akovu na lesiviranom pseudogleju. Istra`ivanja su

obavljena u 2002. i 2003. godini. Poljski pokusi su posi-

Tablica 1. Linije i proizvedeni kri`anci u poljskim pokusima

Table 1. Lines and produced crosses in the field trials

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

40

A. Kristek i sur.: PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH KRI@ANACA ...

Tablica 2. Koli~ina oborina i srednje mjese~ne temperature zraka za vegetaciju {e}erne repe u Osijeku 2002. i

2003.

Table 2. The precipitation and mean monthly air temperatures for sugar beet vegetation in Osijek 2002 and 2003

jani po shemi potpuno randomiziranog bloknog rasporeda

u ~etiri ponavljanja. Razmak izme|u redova bio je 50

cm, a u redu oko 20 cm. Du`ina reda iznosila je 10 m.

Veli~ina osnovne parcele bila je 20 m 2 . Sjetva {e}erne

repe obavljena je u drugoj dekadi o`ujka, a va|enje sredinom

listopada. Nakon va|enja utvr|en je prinos korijena,

sadr`aj {e}era, K, Na, amino-du{ika te izra~unat

{e}er u melasi ([uM) i prinos ~istog {e}era.

Vremenske prilike u godinama izvo|enja pokusa

(Tablica 2.) razlikovale su se i utjecale na tok porasta

{e}erne repe, prinos i kvalitetu korijena. Godinu 2002. u

vegetaciji karakterizira povi{ena mjese~na temperatura

zraka u odnosu na vi{egodi{nji prosjek za 1,2 0 C prosje~no.

Osobito topli, s temperaturom 22,1 0 C, odnosno

23,0 0 C bili su lipanj i srpanj. Koli~ina oborina u vegetaciji

iznosila je 477 mm, {to je za 97 mm vi{e od dugogodi{njeg

prosjeka za to podru~je. Druga godina istra`ivanja

(2003.), suprotno od prve, bila je izrazito suha. U vegetaciji

je palo svega 219 mm oborina. Malo oborina bilo je

i u vrijeme sjetve (o`ujak), svega 2,9 mm, te u vrijeme

nicanja (travanj), kada je palo 9,1 mm ki{e. Tako suho vrijeme

dovelo je do ote`anog nicanja i slabog porasta

{e}erne repe. Slabom porastu su doprinijele i visoke temperature.

Prosje~na mjese~na temperatura zraka u vegetaciji

iznosila je ~ak 20,2 0 C, odnosno, bila je za 2,6 0 C

vi{a od vi{egodi{njeg prosjeka. Visoke temperature zraka

bile su osobito u lipnju, srpnju i kolovozu (24,7; 22,9;

24,6 0 C), {to je utjecalo na porast, a zatim i na akumulaciju

{e}era. Vremenske prilike na drugom lokalitetu

(\akovo) imale su ista obilje`ja.

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA

Prinos korijena zavisio je od godine, lokaliteta i

genotipa. Prosje~ni prinos korijena za dvije godine i dva

lokaliteta iznosio je 47,54 t/ha (Tablica 3.). Statisti~ki

zna~ajno ve}i prinos korijena (P

A. Kristek i sur.: PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH KRI@ANACA ...

41

Tablica 3. Prinos korijena {e}erne repe i digestija po lokalitetima i godinama istra`ivanja

Table 3. Sugar beet root yield and sugar content by the localities and years of investigation

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

42

A. Kristek i sur.: PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH KRI@ANACA ...

Tablica 4. Sadr`aj {e}era u melasi i prinos ~istog {e}era po lokalitetima i godinama istra`ivanja

Table 4. Content of sugar in molasses and sugar yield by localities and years of investigation

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

A. Kristek i sur.: PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH KRI@ANACA ...

43

44

A. Kristek i sur.: PROIZVODNE VRIJEDNOSTI LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE I NJIHOVIH KRI@ANACA ...

- najve}i sadr`aj {e}era utvr|en je kod standarda

31. Od kri`anaca, najbolju digestiju imao je triploidni

hibrid 15, 18, 17 i 11, a od linija tetraploid 7 i cms linija

1.

- najve}i prinos {e}era postigli su triploidni kri`anci

15, 13, 11, 10, i 18 te standard 31, a od linija tetraploid

6 i 7 te cms linija 1.

LITERATURA

1. Culbertson, J.O. (1942): Inheritance of factors influencing

sucrose percentage in Beta vulgaris. Journal of

Agricultural Research, 64:153-172.

2. Doki}, P. (1972.): Efekt heterozisa i triploidnosti kod

me|usortnih hibrida u F1 generaciji {e}erne repe.

Genetika, 20: 217.-228.

3. Doki}, P. (1975.): Prou~avanje genetskog potencijala za

prinos korijena i {e}era monogermnih hibrida {e}erne

repe. Savremena poljoprivreda, 23:31.-42.

4. Hecker, R.J. (1967): Evaluation of three sugar beet breeding

methods. Journal of the American Society og Sugar

Beet Technologists, 14:309-318.

5. Hecker, R.J. (1978): Recurrent and reciprocal recurrent

selection in sugarbeet. Crop Science, 18: 805-809.

6. Hecker, R.J., Helmerick, R.H. (1985): Sugar beet breedint

in the United States. In: G. E. Russell (ed.), Progress

in plant bredding. Burrerworths, London. Pp. 37-61

7. Hill, K.W. (1948): The relationship of yield and size of

beets to sucrose percentage of beets grown in southern

Alberta, Canada. Proceedings American Society of

Sugar Beet Technologists, 5: 329-334.

8. Hra{ka, S., Barto{, P., Mar{alek, L. (1989.): Specialna

Genetika polnohospodarskych raslin. Priroda, Bratislava.

9. Kohls, H.L. (1950): A genetic study of 17 f1 hybrids and

their inbred patents. J. Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Techn,

165-170.

10. Kova~ev, L. (1982.): Naslje|ivanje prema Cercospora

beticola Sacc. kod F1 triploidnih hibrida {e}erne repe.

Zbornik «Matica srpska», 62, 151.-155.

11. Kova~ev, L., Mezei, S. (1986.): Produktivnost monogermnih

triploidnih hibrida {e}erne repe iste genetske

konstitucije kad se koriste razli~iti izvori mu{ke sterilnosti.

Savremena poljoprivreda, 34: 327.-334.

12. Kristek, A., Liovi}, I., Magud, Z. (1993.): Proizvodne

osobine diploidnih i triploidnih hibrida {e}erne repe.

Poljoprivredne aktualnosti, 29:365.-371.

13. Lewellen, R.T., Whitney, E.D. (1976): Inheritance of

resistance to rase C 2

of Cercospora beticola Sacc. In

Sugar beet. Crop Sci., 16(4):558-561.

14. McFarlane, J.S., Skoyen, I.O., Lewellen, R.T. (1972):

Performance of sugarbeet hybrids as diploids and triploids.

Crop Science, 12:118-119.

15. Owen, F.V. (1945): Cytoplasmatically inherited malesterility

in sugar beets. Journal of Agricultural Research,

71:423-440.

16. Scaracis, G.N., Smith, G.A. (1984): Prediction of threeway

top cross sugarbeet hybrid performance. Crop

Science, 24:55-60.

17. Smith, G.A., Gaskill, J.O. (1970): Inheritance of

Resistance to Cercospora Leaf Spot in Sugarbeet. J.

Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol., 16:172-180.

18. Smith, G.A., Hecker, R.J., Maag, G.W., Rasmuson, D.M.

(1973.): Combining ability and gene action estimates in

an eight parent diallel cross og sugarbeet. Crop Science,

13:312-316.

19. Stewart, D., Gaskill, J.O., Coons, G.H. (1946.):

Heterosis in sugar beet single crosses. Proceedings

American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists, 4:210-

222.

SUMMARY

PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGAR BEET LINES AND THEIR CROSSES DEPENDING

ON PLOIDITY

Five diploid (2n=2x=18) cms lines, 2 tetraploid (2n=4x=36) and 2 diploid pollinators, as well as 10 diploid and 10

triploid (2n=3x=27) sugar beet hybrids, given by the crossing of investigated cms lines and pollinators were investigated

in the field trials. Two triploid hybrids, widespread in sugarbeet production, were sown as standards – Os

Sana and Iva. The trials were conducted on two localities (Osijek and \akovo) during the two years (2002 and 2003).

There was a difference between years in weather conditions and between localities in terms of type and features of

soil. First year of the investigation was humid and warm and the second was dry and hot. Osijek locality was characterized

by chernozem-meadow type soil and \akovo by loessial pseudoglei. The best average root yield was

achieved between the investigated genotypes by the triploid hybrid 15 (58.09 t/ha) and the hybrids 11, 13 and standard

31. As for the content and utilization of sugar, the standard 31 achieved best results (15.15%) followed by the

standard hybrids 15, 18, 17 and 11. The best sugar yield was achieved by hybrid 15 (7.08 t/ha), followed by hybrids

13, 11, 10 and 18.

Key-words: sugar beet, lines, hybrids, yield, root quality

(Primljeno 2. rujna 2003.; prihva}eno 20. studenoga 2003. - Received on 2 September 2003; accepted on 20 November

2003)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 620.91:631.572

BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE

Ljiljanka Tomerlin

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak

Original scientific paper

SA@ETAK

U ovom je redu prikazana proizvodnja etilnog alkohola (biogoriva) iz kiselinskih hidrolizata

kukuruzovine, odnosno kukuruzovine, djelovanjem kvasaca Pichia stipitis y-7124 i

Pachysolen tannophilus y-2460 i Candida shehatae y-12856. Vla`na kukuruzovina (hibrid

OSSK 619) sklona je raspadanju djelovanjem filosferne ili epifitne mikroflore. Da bi se

za{titila (konzervirala), poprskana je pojedina~no mikrobicidima: Busanom-90,

Izosanom-G te formalinom i u obliku prizmati~nih bala dr`ana je na otvorenom prostoru

tijekom 6 mjeseci (listopad-o`ujak). Na po~etku pokusa te nakon 6 mjeseci provedena

je mikrobiolo{ka kontrola. Jedna nepoprskana (kontrola) i tri bale kukuruzovine, koje su

bile poprskane mikrobicidima nakon 6 mjeseci, pojedina~no su usitnjene i kuhane s razrije|enom

sumpornom kiselinom. Dobivena ~etiri kiselinska hidrolizata tih kukuruzovina

su kompleksni supstrati, osim {e}era (oko 11 g dm -3 pentoza i oko 5,4 g dm -3 heksoza),

sadr`e i te{ko razgradive sastojke kao lignin, karamelne {e}ere i uronske kiseline.

Provjerom aktivnosti navedenih kvasaca, utvr|eno je da kvasac Pichia stipitis y-7124

pokazuje najbolju sposobnost proizvodnje etilnog alkohola iz kiselinskih hidrolizata

kukuruzovina od 0,23 vol. % do 0,49 vol. %.

Klju~ne rije~i: kvasac, kiselinski hidrolizat kukuruzovine, etilni alkohol

UVOD

Dana{nji se svijet sve vi{e suo~ava s energetskom

krizom. Kako svake godine nastaju velike koli~ine poljodjelskih

otpadaka, koji su zapravo izvor ugljikohidrata

(Taherzadeh,1999.; Riley, 2002.) te se u svijetu nastoje

iskori{tavati za proizvodnju biogoriva. Posljednjih godina

porastao je interes da se iz kukuruzovine, ili slame,

proizvede biogorivo (Domac, 1998.). Kukuruzovina je

najva`niji, najobilniji i uz to obnovljivi poljodjelski proizvod

(Gagro, 1997.; Gong, 1999.).

Vla`na kukuruzovina sklona je brzom raspadanju,

~emu je uzrok prisutna filosferna 1 ili epifitna mikroflora 2

koja se nalazi na cijeloj njenoj povr{ini, tj. na stabljici,

listu i metlici (Dubovska, 1982.; Tomerlin,1990.). Da bi

se sprije~io raspad kukuruzovine, moraju se koristiti

kemijska sredstva (dezinficijensi) koja uni{tavaju mikrobe

u razli~itim medijima ili na povr{inama. Dezinficijensi

se me|usobno razlikuju po kemijskom sastavu, na~inu i

u~inku djelovanja, a ponekad i po na~inu upotrebe

(Gershenfeld, 1957.; Todar, 2000.). Gotovo da i nema

novijih informacija o kori{tenju mikrobicida, poput

Busana-90, Izosana-G i formalina u cilju konzerviranja

kukuruzovine, odnosno u cilju spre~avanja njenog propadanja

(Tomerlin, 1990.).

Osnovni kemijski sastav kukuruzovine je celuloza

(50,3%), hemiceluloza (23,9%) lignin (18,6%), pektin

(2,5%) i anorganska tvar (4,7%) (Gagro, 1997.;

Aristidou, 2000.). Hemiceluloza (heksoze i pentoze) iz

kukuruzovine relativno se lako hidrolizira razrije|enom

sumpornom kiselinom (Ghosh, 1993.; Aristidou;

2000.). Glavni produkt hidrolize je D−ksiloza, koje ima

80-90% od ukupno nastalih {e}era u hidrolizatu, dok su

ostali {e}eri arabinoza, galaktoza i glukoza.

Dugo se smatralo da kvasci ne mogu razgraditi ksilozu

kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine do etilnog

alkohola (Bruinenberg, 1984.; Ligtheln,1988.; Slininger,

1991.; Jeffries, 2000.). Me|utim, istra`ivanja su pokazala

da kvasci i plijesni razgra|uju D-ksilozu u D-ksilitol,

koji oksidacijom prevode u D-ksilulozu. D-ksilulozu-5-P

mnogi kvasci lako prevode u etilni alkohol. Bakterije prevode

D-ksilozu izomerizacijom u D-ksilulozu-5-P. Iz lite-

(1) Dr.sc. Ljiljanka Tomerlin, znan. savjetnik, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja

Strossmayera u Osijeku, Prehrambeno tehnolo{ki fakultet Kuha~eva 18,

31000 Osijek

1 filosfera = okoliš vezan uz listove biljaka u kojem odre|ene vrste

mikroorganizama nalaze svoje stanište (prema gr~koj rije~i phyllon=list)

2 mikrobicid = naziv sastavljen od imenice “mikrob” i glagola “occidere”,

što zna~i ubiti

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

46

Lj. Tomerlin: BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE

raturnih podataka uo~ava se da su naj~e{}e istra`ivani

kvasci Pichia stipitis, Pachysolen tannophilus i Candida

shehatae (Slininger, 1991.; Aristidou, 2000.; Govinden,

2001.).

Za dobar uzgoja kvasca ili bakterije u kiselinskom

hidrolizatu kukuruzovine te proizvodnju etilnog alkohola

potrebna je intenzivna aeracija, dobar izbor cjepiva te

optimalna temperatura, kao i pH-vrijednost (Ligthelm,1988.).

Cilj je ovog rada bio iz kukuruzovine (hibrid OSSK

619), odnosno kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine,

proizvesti etilni alkohol djelovanjem odabranog kvasca.

MATERIJAL I METODE

Kukuruzovina

Kukuruzovina (hibrid OSSK 619), uzgojena na seoskom

gospodarstvu na podru~ju Tvr|avice Osijek,

isje~ena je u pru}e duga~ko do 50 cm i slo`ena u obliku

prizmati~nih bala. Svaka bala pojedina~no je te`ila

oko 30 kg, a stranice su iznosile 56x88x26 cm, odnosno

zapremale su u prosjeku po 0,128 m 3 Zbog za{tite

od djelovanja nativne mikroflore vla`na je kukuruzovina

prije oblikovanja bala pojedina~no poprskana mikrobicidima:

Busanom-90 (2-bromo-4-hidroksiacetofenon,

koncentracija 2 cm 3 dm -3 destilirane vode, koli~ina

aktivnog sastojka 30%, pH-vrijednost 5), Izosanom-G

(natrij-dikloro-izocijanurat, koncentracije 2 g dm -3 destilirane

vode, koli~ina aktivnog sastojka 56%, pH-vrijednost

6) i formalinom (koncentracije 2 cm 3 dm -3 destilirane

vode, koli~ina aktivnog sastojka 37%, pH-vrijednost

6,3). Jedna bala kukuruzovine kori{tena je kao

kontrolna, odnosno nije bila poprskana mikrobicidom.

Bale kukuruzovine dr`ane su 6 mjeseci na otvorenom

prostoru (od listopada do o`ujka). Na po~etku i nakon

pokusa provedena je mikrobiolo{ka analiza (Tomerlin,

1991.).

Kiselinski hidrolizat kukuruzovine

Uzorci kukuruzovina i to kukuruzovina koja nije

poprskana mikrobicidom (K) te kukuruzovine poprskane

mikrobicidima: Busanom-90 (K+M1), ili Izosanom-G

(K+M2), ili formalinom (K+M3), pojedina~no su usitnjeni

i podvrgnuti kiselinskoj hidrolizi (Ghosh, 1993.) sa

4,4 %-tnom sumpornom kiselinom u trajanju od 50

minuta, pri 100 o C. pH-vrijednost kiselinskih hidrolizata

pode{ena je pomo}u ~vrstog Ca(OH) 2

na pH 4,5.

Sastav kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine prikazan je

Tablicom 1.

Mikroorganizam

Za razgradnju ksiloze u kiselinskom hidrolizatu kukuruzovine

kori{tena su tri soja kvasca: Pichia stipitis y-

7124, Pachysolen tannophilus y-2460 i Candida shehatae

y-12856, koji potje~u iz Zbirke mikroorganizama

Poljoprivrednog istra`iva~kog centra Peoria, Illinois, USA.

Kvasci se ~uvaju na kosom sladnom agaru pri + 4 o C.

Analiti~ke metode

Sve promjene u kiselinskom hidrolizatu kukuruzovine

tijekom fermentacije odre|ene su po APHA-standardu

(APHA, 1992.).

Supstrati za uzgoj mikroorganizama, ~vrsti i teku}i,

koji su u ovom radu kori{teni, pripravljani su po uputama

za mikrobiolo{ke metode (Collins, 1995.).

Tablica 1. Kemijski sastav kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine*

Table 1. The chemical components of acid hydrolysate of corn stover*

* U kiselinski hidrolizat kukuruzovine dodane su sljede}e soli (g dm -3 ): 1,5 (NH 4

) 2

HPO 4

; 1 (NH 4

) 2

SO 4

i 0,2 Mg SO 4

x7H 2

O - In

acid hydrolysat of corn stover are added the next salt (g dm -3 ): 1,5 (NH 4

) 2

HPO 4

; 1 (NH 4

) 2

SO 4

i 0,2 Mg SO 4

x7H 2

O;

** pH-vrijednost je korigirana s 2 mol dm -3 NaOH i 20 %-tnom H 2

SO 4

- pH value was corrected with 2 mol dm -3 NaOH and 20

% H 2

SO 4

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

Lj. Tomerlin: BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE

47

Metode rada

S kosog sladnog agara kvasci su precijepljeni na

sladni agar u Petrijevim zdjelicama, a zatim u sterilnu

teku}u podlogu koja je sadr`avala: glukozu (ili ksilozu)

20 g dm -3 ; Bacto pepton 10 g dm -3 ; kva{~ev ekstrakt 5

g dm -3 i agar 25 g dm -3 . Vrijednost pH prilago|ena je

oko 4,5. Umno`ena biomasa kvasca kori{tena je kao

po~etno cjepivo, a sposobnost odabranih kvasaca da

razgra|uju reduktivne sastojke kiselinskog hidrolizata

kukuruzovine u etilni alkohol provedena je u

Erlenmeyerovoj tikvici od 0,5 dm -3 i volumena kiselinskog

hidrolizata 0,2 dm -3 i pH-vrijednost 4,5.

Pojedina~ne po~etne koli~ine biomase kvasaca, kao

cjepiva, iznosile su 4,0 g dm -3 , odnosno 1,5 g dm -3 .

Uzorci su treseni na rotacijskoj tresilici (180-200 okretaja

min -1 ), pri temperaturi do 30 o C.

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA

Sastav filosferne mikroflore netom pobrane kukuruzovine

(hibrid OSSK 619) podudara se s rezultatima

sli~nih istra`ivanja doma}ih i stranih autora (Dubovska,

1982.; Tomerlin, 1990.). Uo~eno je da se koli~ina vode

u sve ~etiri bale kukuruzovine, dr`ane na otvorenom

prostoru od mjeseca listopada do o`ujka, od po~etnih

31% smanjila do 11% i pri tome je utjecaj imala promjena

u temperaturi (Slika 1.), vla`nosti zraka (Slika 2.) i

vjetar.

Mikrobiolo{kom kontrolom uo~eno je smanjenje

broja razli~itih vrsta mezofilnih fakultativnih mikroorganizama

(bakterije, kvasci, plijesni), kojih je na po~etku

bilo 36, i to samo na kukuruzovini koja je bila poprskana

kemijskim mikrobicidima. Pre`ivjelo je svega pet

Slika 1. Srednja dnevna temperatura mjerena 10. i 25.

dana u mjesecu tijekom ~uvanja bala kukuruzovine na

otvorenom prostoru od listopada do o`ujka

Figure 1. The average daily temperature measured on 10 th

and 25 th day of month during keeping bals corn stover on

opened space from Octobar to March

+

Slika 2. Srednja dnevna vla`nost zraka mjerena 10. i 25.

dana u mjesecu tijekom ~uvanja bala kukuruzovine na

otvorenom prostoru od listopada do o`ujka

Figure 2. The average daily air moisture measured on

10 th and 25 th day in month during keeping bals corn stover

on opened space from Octobar to March

vrsta i to: 3 bakterije (Bacillus sp., Psudomonas sp. i

Lactobacillus sp), 1 kvasac (Trichosporon sp) i 1 plijesan

(Mucor sp.) (Tomerlin, 1990.). U uzorku kukuruzovine

koja je kori{tena kao kontrola odre|en je isti broj

morfolo{ki razli~itih vrsta bakterija (17), kvasaca (7) i

plijesni (12), kao {to je odre|eno na po~etku pokusa

(Tomerlin 1 , 1991.).

Za proizvodnju etilnog alkohola iz kiselinskog hidrolizata

kukuruzovine ispitana su tri soja kvasca: Pichia stipitis,

Pachysolen tannophilus i Candida shehatae. Kao

{to rezultati pokazuju (Slike 3. i 4.), fermentacijska sposobnost

triju kvasaca razlikuje se ne samo po koli~ini, ve}

i po vremenu proizvedenog etilnog alkohola.

Kvasci Pichia stipitis i Candida shehatae proizvedu

tijekom prvih 48 sati 0,39 vol. %, odnosno 0,30 vol. %

etilnog alkohola, dok ga kvasac Pachysolen tannophilus

istovremeno proizvede svega 0,08 vol. %. Nakon 72

sata od postavljanja pokusa najve}u koli~inu etilnog

alkohola proizveo je kvasac Candida shehatae, tj. 0,36

vol. %, dok kod kvasaca Pichia stipitis i Pachysolen tannophilus

to iznosi 0,09 vol. % i 0,01 vol. %. Koli~ina cjepiva

u ovom pokusu (Slika 4.) iznosila je oko 4 g dm -3

(cjepivo je potjecalo iz prethodnog pokusa), pretpostavljeno,

a proizvedene koli~ine etilnog alkohola mogu

biti najve}e. Da bismo provjerili dobivene rezultate (Slika

3.) u sljede}em pokusu (Slika 4.), koli~ina cjepiva bila je

smanjena na 1,5 g dm -3 . Vrijeme razgradnje reduktivnog

sastojka smanjilo se na 48 sati. Uo~eno je da pri toj

koli~ini cjepiva ta tri kvasca nakon 24 sata ne nastavljaju

proizvoditi etilni alkohol, unato~ tome {to je jo{ preostalo

reduktivnog sastojka u kiselinskom hidrolizatu

kukuruzovine (Slika 4.). Mjerenjem je uo~eno smanjenje

koncentracije etilnog alkohola. Prema literaturnim

podacima, uzrok spre~avanja nastanka etilnog alkohola

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

48

Lj. Tomerlin: BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE

Slika 3. Usporedba razgradnje reduktivnog sastojka (A, B i C) kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine (kontrola 1) i proizvodnja

etilnog alkohola (A 1, B 2 i C 3) djelovanjem 4 g biomase kvasca Pichia stipitis (A 1) ili Pachysolen tannophilus (B 2) ili

Candida shehatae (C 3) pri po~etnoj pH-vrijednosti 4,5 tijekom 72 sata

Figure 3. The comparison of degradation reductive components (A, B and C) acid hydrolysate corn stover (control) and production

ethyl alcohol (A 1, B 2 and C 3) by 4 g biomass yeasts Pichia stipitis (A 1) or Pachysolen tannophilus (B 2) or Candida shehatae

(C 3) at initial pH value 4,5 during 72 hours

Slika 4. Usporedba razgradnje reduktivnog sastojka (A, B i C) kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine (kontrola 2) i proizvodnja

etilnog alkohola (A 1, B 2 i C 3) djelovanjem 1,5 g biomase kvasca Pichia stipitis (A 1) ili Pachysolen tannophilus (B 2) ili

Candida shehatae (C 3) pri po~etnoj pH-vrijednosti 4,5 tijekom 48 sati

Figure 4. The comparison of reductive components degradation (A, B and C) of acid hydrolysate corn stover (control) and production

of ethyl alcohol (A 1, B 1 and C 1) by 1,5 g of biomass Pichia stipitis (A 1) or Pachysolen tannophilus (B 2) or Candida

shehatae (C 3) yeasts at initial pH value 4,5 during 48 hours

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

Lj. Tomerlin: BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE

49

mo`e biti u nakupljanju nekog produkta metabolizma tih

kvasaca, kao ksilitola, odnosno inhibiciju mogu stvarati

aromatski spojevi u podru~ju molekulskih masa 1500,

100-200 (Glancer, 1989.). Tako|er se dalje navodi da

uzrok tome mo`e biti pomanjkanje nekih faktora rasta,

izbor cjepiva, pH-vrijednost, volumen supstrata, ili temperatura

pri kojoj se provodi fermentacija (Gong,

1983.).

Najbolju proizvodnju etilnog alkohola iz kiselinskog

hidrolizata pokazali su kvasci Pichia stipitis i

Candida shehatae. Iako su sva tri kvasca pokazala

dobru sposobnost proizvodnje etilnog alkohola, kvasac

Pichia stipitis postigao je najbolje iskori{tenje

reduktivnog sastojka kiselog hidrolizata kukuruzovine.

Sljede}i korak u tim ispitivanjima bio je ispitati utjecaj

po~etne koli~ine cjepiva kvasca Pichia stipitis (Slika

5.), po~etne pH-vrijednosti (Slika 6.) i volumena kiselinskog

hidrolizata na proizvodnju etilnog alkohola

(Slika 7.). Cjepivo za te pokuse uzeto je na po~etku

logaritamske faze, tijekom logaritamske faze i stacionarne

faze rasta kvasca (Slike 5. –7.).

ETOH 1 je etilni alkohol proizveden djelovanjem biomase

kvasca, koja je uzeta iz zavr{ne faze prethodnog

pokusa, a ETOH 2 je etilni alkohol proizveden djelovanjem

biomase kvasca, uzete u logaritamskoj fazi rasta.

ETOH-3 je etilni alkohol proizveden djelovanjem

biomase kvasca, uzete iz stacionarne faze rasta.

Uo~eno je da biomasa kvasca Pichia stipitis uzeta

na po~etku logaritamske faze rasta proizvede ve}u

koli~inu etilnog alkohola (ETOH 1) od onog uzetog tijekom

logaritamske faze rasta (ETOH 2), ili iz stacionarne

Slika 6. Usporedba proizvodnje etilnog alkohola (ETOH 1

i ETOH 2) tijekom 24 sata pri razli~itim po~etnim pH-vrijednostima

iz kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine (kontrolne)

djelovanjem 1,5 g dm -3 biomase kvasca Pichia

stipitis, uzete iz razli~itih faza uzgoja

Figure 6. The comparison of ethyl alcohol production

(ETOH 1 and ETOH 2) during 24 hours at different initial pH

value from corn stover acid hydrolysate (control) by 1,5 g

dm -3 of Pichia stipitis yeasts biomass taken from different

growth stages

Slika 5. Usporedba proizvodnje etilnog alkohola (ETOH 1

i ETOH 2) tijekom 24 sata iz kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine

(kontrolna) djelovanjem 1,5 g biomase kvasca

Pichia stipitis, uzete iz razli~itih faza uzgoja

Figure 5. The comparison of ethyl alcohol production

(ETOH 1 and ETOH 2) during 24 hours in corn stover acid

hydrolysate (control) by 1,5 g of Pichia stipitis yeasts biomass

taken from different growth stages

Slika 7. Usporedba proizvodnje etilnog alkohola (ETOH

1, ETOH 2 i ETOH 3) tijekom 36 sati u volumenu 0,22

dm -3 kiselinskog hidrolizata kukuruzovine (kontrolne) pri

po~etnoj pH-vrijednosti 4,5 djelovanjem 1,5 g dm -3 biomase*

kvasca Pichia stipitis, uzete iz razli~itih faza

uzgoja

Figure 7. The comparison of ethyl alcohol production

(ETOH 1, ETOH 2and ETOH 3) during 36 hours in volume

of 0,22 dm -3 of corn stover acid hydrolisate (control) at

initial pH value of 4,5 by 1,5 g dm -3 of Pichia stipitis yeasts

biomass taken from different growth stages

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

50

Lj. Tomerlin: BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE

faze rasta (ETOH 3) (Slika 7.). Biomasa kvasca Pichia

stipitis, uzeta iz logaritamske faze rasta pri po~etnoj pHvrijednosti

4,5, i volumen hidrolizata od 0,22 dm -3 ,

proizvedu do 0,35 vol. % etilnog alkohola, na {to

upu}uju i drugi istra`iva~i (Slininger, 1991.; Jefffries,

1994.). Optimalni parametri za razgradnju su po~etna

pH-vrijednost 4,5, volumen kiselinskog hidrolizata 0,22

dm 3 i izbor cjepiva.

Istim postupkom ispitana je sposobnost kvasca

Pichia stipitis da proizvodi etilni alkohol iz kiselinskih

hidrolizata kukuruzovina poprskanih mikrobicidima

(Slika 8.). Koli~ine proizvedenog etilnog alkohola iz tih

supstrata (K+M1; K+M2 i K+M3), nakon 40 sati djelovanjem

1,5 g dm -3 biomase kvasca Pichia stipitis,

razli~ite su. Adaptirani kvasac Pichia stipitis iz kiselinskih

hidrolizata (K+M1, K+M2 i K+M3) tijekom prvih

24 sata proizvede razli~ite koli~ine etilnog alkohola od

0,28 do 0,40 vol. %, me|utim, kao i u prethodnim pokusima,

(Slika 3. i 4.), taj kvasac nakon 24 sata koristi

proizvedeni etilni alkohol kao jednostavniji izvor ugljika.

ETOH-0 je etilni alkohol proizveden iz kiselinskog

hidrolizata kukuruzovine koja nije poprskana mikrobicidom

(kontrola).

Slika 8. Usporedba proizvodnje etilnog alkohola (ETOH

0, ETOH 1, ETOH 2 i ETOH 3) * iz kiselinskog hidrolizata

kukuruzovine (kontrola) i kiselinskih hidrolizata kukuruzovina

koje su poprskane mikrobicidima, a djelovanjem

1,5 g dm -3 biomase kvasca Pichia stipitis pri po~etnoj

pH-vrijednosti 4,5 i volumenu kiselinskog hidrolizata od

0,2 dm 3 tijekom 40 sati.

Fig 8. The comparison of ethyl alcohol production (ETOH-0,

ETOH-1, ETOH-2 and ETOH-3) from corn stover acid

hydrolysate (control) and corn stover acid hydrolysate

which are spasttered with microbicids by 1,5 g dm -3 of

Pichia stipitis yeasts biomass at initial pH-value of 4.5 and

acid hydrolysate volume of 0,2 dm -3 during at 40 hours

U literaturi se navodi da kvasac Pichia stipitis

nakon 24 sata naglo po~inje tro{iti etilni alkohol kao

jedini izvor ugljika te da nakon 72 sata potro{i svu

raspolo`ivu koli~inu (Malleszka i Schneider, 1982.). Kao

mogu}e inhibitore tih procesa navode se lignin, uronske

kiseline i karamelni {e}eri (Jeffries, 1985.;

Gong,1999.). Ti spojevi, dodani pojedina~no u kiselinske

hidrolizate kukuruzovine u koli~ini od 0,05 dm 3 /0,2

dm 3 , nisu ometali metaboliti~ke aktivnosti kvasca Pichia

stipitis u proizvodnji etilnog alkohola. Me|utim, nema

literaturnih informacija o pona{anju tog kvasca kada su

kori{teni mikrobicidi Busan-90, Izosan-G ili formalin.

ZAKLJU^AK

Mikrobicidi Busan-90, Izosan-G i formalin {tite

vla`nu kukuruzovinu od propadanja tijekom {estomjese~nog

stajanja u obliku prizmati~nih bala na otvorenom

prostoru. Kiselinski hidrolizati kukuruzovina dobiveni iz

njih prikladni su supstrati za proizvodnju etilnog alkohola

s dobro prilago|enim kvascem Pichia stipitis y-7214.

Postignuti rezultati ukazuju na mogu}nost iskori{tavanja

kukuruzovine kao sekundarne sirovine, vrijednog

obnovljivog lignoceluloznog materijala u proizvodnji etilnog

alkohola, odnosno biogoriva.

LITERATURA

1. Aristidou, A., Penttila, M., (2000): Current Opinion in

Biotechnology. 11: 187-198.

2. Bruinenberg, Peter M., de Bot, Peter, H.M., van Dijken,

Johannse, P., Scheffers, Alexander, W. (1984): NADHlinked

aldolase reductase: the key to anaerobic alcoholic

fermentation of xylose yeasts. Appl. Microbiol

Biotechnol., 19:256-260.

3. Collins, C.H., Lyyne, P.M., Grange, J.M. (1995):

Microbiological Methods. 7. izdanje, Butterworth-

Heinemann Ltd.

4. Domac, J. (1998): Biofuels production possibilities in

the Republic of Croatia. Nafta, 5 159-166.

5. Dubovska, A., Barnet, J. Horska, E. (1982): The phyllospheric

microflora of maize. Microbiology X , 31-38.

6. Gagro, M. (1997.): Ratarstvo obiteljskog gospodarstva

(`itarice i zrnate mahunarke). Hrvatsko Agronomsko

dru{tvo Zagreb.

7. Ghosh, P., Singh (1993): Physicochemical and

Biological Treatment for Enzymatic/Microbial Conversion

of Lignocellulosic Biomass, Advances in Applied

Microbiology, 39:295-333.

8. Gong, C.S., Cao, N.J., Du, J.N., Tsao, G.T. (1999):

Ethanol Production from Renewable Resource.

Advance Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol. 65 207-241.

9. Gershenfeld, L., Iodine. In Reddish, G.F. (1957):

Antiseptic, Desinfectants, Fungicides and Chemical and

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

Lj. Tomerlin: BIOGORIVO IZ KUKURUZOVINE

51

Physical Sterilization, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA,

USA, 223-277.

10. Jelavi}, V., Domac, J. (1999.): Biomasa-izvor energije za

obuzdavanje emisije stakleni~kih plinova. Energija,

1:35.-39.

11. Govinden, R., Pillay, B., van Zyl, W.H., Pillay, D. (2001):

Xylitol production by recombinat Saccharomyces cerevisiae

expressing the Pichia stipitis and Candida shehatae

XYL! genus. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 55:76-80.

12. Jeffries, T.W. (2000): Ethanol and Thermotolerance in

the Bioconversion of Xylose bay Yeasts. Advances in

Applied Microbiology 47: 222-268.

13. Ligthelm, M.E., Prior, B.A., du Preez, J.C. (1988): The

oxygen requirements of yeasts for fermentation of D-

xylose and D-glucose to ethanol. Appl. Microbiol

Biotechnol, 63-68.

14. Riley, C. (2002): AIChE Spring Conference.

15. Slininger, P.J,. Branstrater, L.E., Bothast, R.J., Okos,

M.R, Ladisch, M.R. (1991): Growth, Death and Oxygen

Uptake Kinetics of Pichia stipitis of Xylose. Biotechnol.

Bioeng. 37: 973-980.

16. Taherzadah, M.J. (1999): Ethanol from lignocellulose:

Physiological Effects of Inhibitors and Fermentation

Strategies. Department of Chemical Reaction

Engineering, Göteborg, Sweden, 1-56.

17. Tomerlin, Lj., Glanser, M., Landeka, T. (1990.): Doprinos

istra`ivanju fungalnih populacija kukuruzovine,

Mikrobiologija, 27(2):129.-138.

18. Tomerlin, Lj. (1991): The investigation of the utilization

of cornstover conserved by means of diferent microbicides

as a secundary raw material of the biological production

of ethanol. II. Jugoslovensko savjetovanje

Za{tita `ivotne sredine u procesnoj industriji, 39-47.

19. Todar, K. (2000): The control of Microbial growth.

University of Visconsin-Medison.

20. Glancer, M., Ban, S.N. (1989): Biodegradation of lignin

from the Acid Hydrolysate of Cornstover by Selected

Mixed Culture of Yeasts, Process Biochemistry,109-

113.

21. APHA-standardi, American Public Health Association,

Standard Methods for the Examination of Waste and

Waste Water, APHA (1992).

BIOFUEL FROM CORN STOVER

SUMMARY

This paper deals with production of ethyl alcohol (biofuel) from corn stover acid hydrolysate by yeasts, respectively

at Pichia stipitis y-7124 and Pachysolen tannophilus y-2460 and Candida shehatae y-12856. Since moist corn stover

(Hybryds 619) is proving to decomposition by phyllospheric microflora. It was (conserved) spattered individually by

microbicids: Busan-90, Izosan-G and formalin. In form of prismatic bales, it was left in the open air during 6 months

(Octobar - March). At the beginning and after 6 months the microbiological control was carried out. The only one

unspattered (control) and three stover corn bals being individually spattered by microbicids were fragmented and

cooked with sulfur acid. The obtained four acid hydrolysates are complex substratums, containing, apart from the

sugars (about 11 g dm -3 pentosa and about 5.4 g dm -3 hexose), decomposite components as lignin, caramel sugars

and uronic acids. By controlling the activity of the mentioned yeasts it was confirmed that yeasts Pichia stipitis y-

7124 obtained best capability of ethyl alcohol production from corn stover acid hydrolysate at 0.23 vol. % to 0.49

vol. %.

Key-words: yeasts, acid hydrolysate of corn stover, ethyl alcohol

Zahvala

Izradba ovoga rada potpomognuta je sredstvima odobrenim od Ministarstva znanosti i tehnologije, SVIBOR - projekt

pod brojem 4-07-108.

(Primljeno 7. velja~e 2003.; prihva}eno 2. rujna 2003 - Received on 7 February 2003; accepted on 2 September 2003)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 631.422

SOIL BULK DENSITY AS RELATED TO SOIL PARTICLE SIZE

DISTRIBUTION AND ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT

T. Askin (1) , N. Özdemir (2) Original scientific paper

Izvorni znanstveni èlanak

SUMMARY

Soil bulk density is a dynamic property that varies with the soil structural conditions. The

relationships between some soil physical and chemical properties such as, clay content

(C), silt content (Si), sand content (S), very fine sand content (Vfs) and organic matter

content (OMC) with soil bulk density (ρ b

) were studied using path analysis on 77 surface

soil samples (0-20 cm). Soil bulk density showed positive relationships with S and

Vfs and negative relationships with Si, C and OMC. It was determined that the direct

effects of some soil properties on ρ b

were in the following order; S>C>Si>OMC>Vfs. On

the other hand, the indirect effects of soil particle size distribution varied among soil

bulk densities. The indirect effects of the soil particle size distribution generally occured

through sand content. Sand content was the most effective soil property that affected

bulk density in soils.

Key-words: soil bulk density, clay content, silt content, sand content, organic matter content

INTRODUCTION

Soil bulk density is defined as the ratio of ovendried

mass weight to its bulk volume depends on the

soil particles densities such as sand, silt, clay and

organic matter and their packing arrangement. Bulk density

values are required for converting gravimetric soil

water content to volumetric and to calculate soil porosity

which is the amount pore space in the soil (Blake

and Hartge, 1986). Researchers often need a bulk density

value to use in models, characterize field conditions,

or convert to volumetric measurements (Reinsch

and Grossman, 1995). Soil bulk density is a basic soil

property influenced by some soil physical and chemical

properties. Bulk density is a dynamic property that

varies with the structural condition of the soil. This condition

can be altered by cultivation, trampling by animals,

agricultural machinery, weather, i.e. raindrop

impact (Arshad et al., 1996). Knowledge of soil bulk

density is essential for soil management, and information

on the soil bulk density of soils is important in soil

compaction and structure degradation as well as in the

planning of modern farming techniques. If both, bulk

density and particle density are known, the total porosity

can be calculated by using these values (Hillel,

1982). Soil bulk density should be used as an indicator

of soil quality parameter. Akgül and Özdemir (1996) studies

on relationships between soil bulk density and

some soil properties explained that these constants can

be estimated by means of developed regression

models. A unit increases in organic matter and clay

content caused a relatively larger decrease in soil bulk

density. A soil system can be thought as a network of

soil properties. Path analysis may be used to investigate

the relationships among these soil properties. The

path diagram gives a picture of network of relations

among the characters, as quantitative evaluation is possible

from the data (Wright, 1968).

The objective of this study was to determine relationships

between soil particle size distribution and

organic matter content and soil bulk density by using

path analysis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Samples of seventy-seven surface soils (0-20 cm

depth) were taken from grassland in Samsun district in

Turkey. This area has a brown forestry soil. Annual

(1) Ph.D Tayfun Askin, Associate Professor - Karadeniz Technical

University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, 52200,

Ordul, Turkey; (2) Ph.D. Natullah Özdemir, Full Professor – Faculty of

Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, 55139, Samsun, Turkey

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

T. Askin et al.: SOIL BULK DENSITY AS RELATED TO SOIL PARTICLE SIZE ...

53

mean of precipitation is 670.4 mm and mean temperature

is 14.2 0 C (Anonymous, 2002). Bulk soil samples

were air dried and then crushed to pass through a 2 mm

sieve.

Soil organic matter content was measured by a

modified Walkley-Black method (Nelson and Sommers,

1982); soil particle size distribution was determined by

the hydrometer method (Gee and Bauder, 1979); lime

content was measured by Scheibler Calcimeter (Soil

Survey Staff, 1993); soil pH was measured by using a

1:2.5 (w/v) soil-water ratio by pH-meter with glass electrode

(Black, 1965). Bulk density was determined by

means of the clod method (Blake and Hartge, 1986).

The soil bulk density was selected as dependent

variables to determine statistical relationships between

soil particle size distribution and organic matter content

(C, Si, S, Vfs, and OMC) and soil bulk density. Also,

direct and indirect effects of the variables were determined

with path analysis (Wright, 1968), using TARIST

computer package program.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Soil Properties

Some descriptive statistical results for some soil

physical and chemical properties are given in Table 1.

The results can be summarized as; soil samples

have mostly fine in texture, neutral in pH, high in organic

matter (average of 4.65 %), low in lime content (average

of 2.35 %), and alkaline problem free (ESP

54

T. Askin et al.: SOIL BULK DENSITY AS RELATED TO SOIL PARTICLE SIZE ...

Table 2. Path analysis results on soil bulk density and relationships with some soil properties

Tablica 2. Path analiza rezultata volumne gusto}e tla i odnos izme|u nekih svojstava tla

** pVfs. It was suggested that the

sand fraction of soils should also be assessed in soil

management.

REFERENCES

1. Akgül, M., Özdemir, N. (1996): Regression models for

predicting bulk density form measured soil properties.

Tr. J. Of Agriculture and Forestry, 20:407-413.

2. Anonymous (2002): Samsun Meteorology Bulletin

Reports. Samsun, Turkey.

3. Arshad, M.A., Lowery, B., Grossman, B. (1996):

Physical tests for monitoring soil quality. In: J.W. Doran

and A.J. Jones(eds.) Methods for assessing soil quality,

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. 49:123-142, SSSA,

Madison, WI, USA.

4. Bauer, A., Black, A.L.(1992): Organic carbon effects on

available water capacity of three soil textural groups. Soil

Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56:248-254.

5. Black, C.A. (1965): Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1,

American Society of Agronomy, No 9.

6. Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H. (1986): Bulk Density. Methods

of Soil Analysis, Part 1, Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 363-376,

Madison, WI, USA.

7. Gee, G.W., Bauder, J.W. (1979): Particle size analysis by

hydrometer: A simplified method for routine textural

analysis and a sensitivity test of measured parameters.

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43:1004-1007.

8. Gupta, S.C., Larson, W.E. (1979): A model for predicting

packing density of soils using particle size distribution.

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43:758-764.

9. Hillel, D. (1982): Introduction to Soil Physics. Academic

Press Limited, 24-28 Oval Road, London.

10. Nelson, D.W., Sommers, L.E. (1982): Total Carbon,

Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. In: A. L. Page(ed.)

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Chemical and

Microbiological Properties, Agronomy Monograph No.

9, p. 539-580, ASA Inc., SSSA Inc., Madison, WI, USA.

11. Reinsch, T.G., Grossman, R.B. (1995): A method to predict

bulk density of tilled Ap horizons. Soil & Tillage

Research, 34:95-104.

12. Wagner, L.E., Ambe, N.M., Ding, D. (1994): Estimating a

Proctor density curve from intrinsic soil properties.

Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 37:1121-1125.

13. Wright, S. (1968): Path Analysis: Theory, Evolution and

The Genetics of Populations, Volume:1, 299-324, The

University of Chicago Press.

14. ………. Soil Survey Staff , 1993. Soil Survey Manuel.

USDA Handbook No:18, Washington, USA.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

T. Askin et al.: SOIL BULK DENSITY AS RELATED TO SOIL PARTICLE SIZE ...

55

POVEZANOST VOLUMNE GUSTO]E TLA S DISTRIBUCIJOM VELI^INE ^ESTICA

TLA I SADR@AJEM ORGANSKE TVARI

SA@ETAK

Volumna gustoæa tla je dinami~ko svojstvo koje varira sa stanjem strukture tla. U radu je istra`ena povezanost nekih

fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstava tla, kao što su sadr`aji gline (C), mulja (Si), pijeska (S), vrlo finog pijeska (Vfs) i

organske tvari (OMC), s volumnom gusto}om tla (ρ b

) pomo}u path analize na 77 površinskih uzoraka tla (0-20 cm).

Volumna gusto}a tla pokazala je da postoji pozitivna korelacija sa S i Vfs i negativna korelacija sa Si, C i OMC.

Utvr|eno je da su direktni u~inci nekih svojstava tla na ρ b

bili sljede}i: S>C>Si>OMC>Vfs. Nasuprot tome, indirektni

u~inci distribucije veli~ine ~estica tla varirali su kod volumne gusto}e tla. Indirektni u~inci distribucije veli~ine

~estica uglavnom su se javljali ovisno o sadr`aju pijeska. Sadr`aj pijeska bilo je naju~inkovitije svojstvo tla koje je

utjecalo na volumnu gusto}u tala.

Klju~ne rije~i: gusto}a tla, sadràj gline, sadràj mulja, sadràj pijeska, sadràj organske tvari

(Received on 10 April 2003; accepted on 1 September 2003 - Primljeno 10. travnja 2003.; prihva}eno 1. rujna 2003.)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

56

T. Rastija et al.: CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASURES IN LIPIZZANER ...

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 636.061.4:636.1

CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASURES IN LIPIZZANER

MARES AND STALLIONS

T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Bogut, \. Sen~i}

SUMMARY

Original scientific paper

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak

Investigations of correlation between some body measurings refer to Lipizzaner mares

and stallions raised in \akovo stud. Measures were carried out with 16 stallions and 34

mares by Lydtin stick and cattle tape measure. Achieved correlation values indicate correlation

among some body measures. The correlation ranged from slightly negative to

highly positive with correlation coefficients from -0.242 to 0.894 ** . The poorest correlation

was determined between forehead width and cannon bone circumference with other

body measures whereas positive correlations were found out with other body measures.

Key- words: Lipizzaner mares and stallions, correlation, body measures

INTRODUCTION

Correlation between some body measures plays

an important role in successful performance of breeding-selection

work in horse breeding. If the correlation

is positive this improvement of one property will result

in other interrelated properties improvement effecting

selection success. Former investigations refered to

basic body measures processing and colour inheriting

(Romi}, 1975). Body measures correlation of Croatian

draft horse were investigated by Rastija et al. (1994). In

1988 and 1995 Rastija et al. investigated correlation

between main developing Lipizzaner foals body measures.

Saastamoinen (1990) found out interrelation between

body measures of diverse foal age structures.

Morphological description, resemblance and distinctness

analysis of Lippizaner horses population were stated

in the investigations conducted by Zechner et al.

(1998 and 2001) and Sõlkner et al. (2001). These investigations

aimed to determine correlation between some

body measures of grown up Lipizzaner stallions and

mares.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The investigations comprised 34 mares and 16

stallions of Lipizzaner breed raised in \akovo stud.

Measurings of the above mentioned heads were conducted

by cattle tape measure and Lydtin stick. Chest

girth, cannon bone circumference, head length, forehead

width and withers height were measured by a cattle

tape measure whereas other measures were carried

out by Lydtin stick. On finishing the experiment results

of the body measures were exposed to basic statistical

processing (a single variance analysis and correlation)

and processed by a computer statistical program

StatSoft, Inc. (2001).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The investigation results from Table 1 indicate that

stick measured stallion withers height was higher by

3.59 cm and tape measured by 2.09 cm compared to

mare withers height. Attained withers height differences

were highly significant (P

T. Rastija et al.: CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASURES IN LIPIZZANER ...

57

Table 1. Body measures of Lipizzaner stallions and mares (cm)

Tablica 1. Korelacijski koeficijenti tjelesnih mjera lipicanskih pastuha

58

T. Rastija et al.: CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASURES IN LIPIZZANER ...

Also slight correlation was determined between

cannon bone circumference and other body measures

whose values ranged between -0.112 and

0.451.Correlation between other body measures is

mainly positive. From the Table 2 it could be seen that

correlation between the above mentioned properties

ranged from slightly negative to highly positive with correlation

coefficients ranged from -0.242 to 0.894**.

Correlation values between mares body measures

of Lipizzaner breed in \akovo could be seen from the

Table 3. The correlation ranged from slightly negative to

highly positive with correlation coefficients from -0.304

to 0.826**. Significant (P

T. Rastija et al.: CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASURES IN LIPIZZANER ...

59

Table 2. Correlation coefficients among Lipizzaner stallions body measures

Tablica 2. Korelacijski koeficijenti tjelesnih mjera lipicanskih pastuha

1 Withers height (stick) –

1 Visina grebena ({tapom);

2 Withers height (tape measure) –

2 Visina grebena (vrpcom)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

60

T. Rastija et al.: CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASURES IN LIPIZZANER ...

Table 3. Correlation coefficients among Lipizzaner mares body measures

Tablica 3. Korelacijski koeficijenti tjelesnih mjera lipicanskih kobila

1 Withers height (stick) –

1 Visina grebena ({tapom);

2 Withers height (tape measure) –

2 Visina grebena (vrpcom)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

T. Rastija et al.: CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASURES IN LIPIZZANER ...

61

REFERENCES

1. Baban, Mirjana, Rastija, T., Caput, P., Kne`evi}, I., Stipi},

N. (1999.): Genetske i fenotipske korelacije nekih morfolo{kih

svojstava populacije lipicanskih konja.

Poljoprivreda 5, 1.-5.

2. Butler, Ines, Kelnhofer, R., Pirchner, F. (1986):

Phenotypic correlations between conformation and performance

traits of trotters. 37th Annual Meeting of the

European Association for Animal Production. 1986.

3. Ljube{i}, J., Rastija, T., Kne`evi}, I., Mandi}, I. (1997.):

Morfolo{ka i reprodukcijska svojstva lipicanaca po

krvnim linijama. Poljoprivreda 3, 53.-56.

4. McCann, J.S., Heird, J.C., Ramsey, C.B., Long, R.A.

(1988): Skeletal bone and muscle proportoniality in

small-and large-farmed mature horses of different

muscle thickness. Equine Vet. Sci., 8, 255-261.

5. Rastija, T., Kne`evi}, I., Bari{i}, A. (1988.): Korelacijska

povezanost razvoja tjelesnih mjera `drebadi lipicanske

pasmine. Znanost i praksa u poljoprivredi i prehrambenoj

tehnologiji, 2-3, 308.-314.

6. Rastija, T., Baban Mirjana, Kne`evi}, I., Mandi}, I.,

Antunovi}, T. (1991.): Komparacija tjelesnih mjera lipicanaca

po linijama u ergelama \akova i Prnjavor.

Poljoprivredne aktualnosti, 3-4, 679.-684.

7. Rastija, T., Kne`evi}, I., Jovanovac Sonja, Ljube{i}, J.,

Baban Mirjana (1994): Korelacija tjelesnih mjera kobila

hrvatskog hladnokrvnjaka. Poljoprivredne aktualnosti,

30, 6, 765-769.

8. Rastija, T., Kne`evi}, I., Jovanovac Sonja, Mandi}, I.

(1995): Heritability and phenotypic correlations among

Body Measurments of Lipizzaner Horses. Sto~arstvo,

49, 9-12, 299-302.

9. Romi}, S. (1975): Kapacitet rasta i privredna svojstva

hrvatskog hladnokrvnjaka. Praxis veterinaria, 2, 23, 75.

10. Saastamoinen, M. (1990): Heritabilities for Body Size

and Growth Rate and Phenotypic Correlations among

Measurements in Young Horses. Acta. Agri. Scand., 40,

377-386.

11. Sölkner, J., Zechner, P., Zohmann, F., Achmann, R.,

Bodo, I., Marti, E., Habe, F., Brem, G. (2001): Analysis

of diversity and population structure in the Lipizzan

horse breed based on pedigrees and morphometric

traits. 52 nd Annual Meeting of the European

Association for Animal Production (EAAP). Budapest.

12. StatSoft, Inc. (2001): Statistica (data analysis software

system), version 6. www.statsoft.com.

13. Zechner, P., Zohmann, F., Sölkner, J., Brem, G., Bodo, I.,

Habe, F. (1998): Analyse der morphologischen Ähnlichkeit

von Lipizzanern aus Staatsgestüten Mittel-und

Südosteuropas. Vortragstagung der DGfZ/Gft, Berlin.

14. Zechner, P., Zohmann, F., Sölkner, J., Bodo, I., Habe, F.,

Brem, G., (2001): Morphological description of the

Lipizzan horse population. Livestock Production Science

69, 2, 163-177.

KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST TJELESNIH MJERA LIPICANSKIH

KOBILA I PASTUHA

SA@ETAK

Istra`ivanja korelacijske povezanosti pojedinih tjelesnih mjera odnose se na kobile i pastuhe lipicanske pasmine

uzgojenih u ergeli \akovo. Mjerenja su provedena Lydtinovim {tapom i sto~nom vrpcom na 16 pastuha i 34 kobile.

Dobivene vrijednosti korelacije ukazuju na povezanost izme|u pojedinih tjelesnih mjera. Ta se povezanost se kretala

od slabo negativne do vrlo jake pozitivne, s korelacijskim koeficijentima od –0.242 do 0.894. Najslabija povezanost

utvr|ena je izme|u {irine ~ela i opsega cjevanice s ostalim tjelesnim mjerama, dok su kod ostalih tjelesnih

mjera utvr|ene pozitivne korelacije.

Klju~ne rije~i: lipicanske kobile i pastusi, koreacije, tjelesne mjere

(Received on 16 September 2003; accepted on 17 November 2003 – Primljeno 16. rujna 2003.; prihva}eno 17. studenoga

2003.)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 636.084:636.32./38

EFFECT OF FEEDING SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE AND

PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF EWES AND SUCKLING LAMBS

Z. Antunovi}, Z. Steiner, \. Sen~i}, M. Doma}inovi}, Z. Steiner

Original scientific paper

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak

SUMMARY

This paper aims to investigate feeding season effect (winter and summer) on reproductive

and productive traits of the ewes and suckling lambs. Biological investigations were

conducted on 60 Merinolandschaf breed ewes aged 4 years on the average and their

lambs (123) in the suckling-ablactation period. In the winter feeding season ewes were

fed grain mixture (300 g daily) containing 60% oats, 30% maize and 10% soybean meal

as well as hay (ad libitum). The lambs were suckling and they received forage mixture,

quality hay and fresh water ad libitum. During the summer feeding season ewes grazed

on the pastures. The lambs were suckling and received forage mixture, quality hay ad

libitum and pasture green mass in smaller portions. While comparing winter to summer

feeding season the ewes had longer gravidity period (150.76 and 150.40 days), more

lambs at parturition (1.21 and 1.11) and ablactation (1.10 and 1.07), more twins (12 and

8), higher body weight during gravidity (65.52 kg and 61.86 kg) and increased body

weight losses after lambing (7.72 kg and 6.44 kg). As for the body weight losses after

lactation (7.94 kg and 7.78 kg) no statistically significant differences were determined

between the feeding seasons. Birth weight of lambs was higher by 26.91% (4.15 kg and

3.27 kg) and at 60 days of age it was higher by 11.40% in winter compared to summer

feeding season. Faster daily gains of lambs (by 7.21%) was determined during the winter

feeding season. However, it was noticed that lambs aged from 40 th to 60 th and 20 th

to 60 th day obtained higher daily gains (by 6.25% and 1.74%) in summer feeding season.

Key-words: ewes, suckling lambs, feeding seasons, reproduction and production traits

INTRODUCTION

Sheep production success depends on a number

of genetic and paragenetic factors. Of paragenetic factors

feed has an important impact on ewe and lamb

reproductive and productive traits. Feed quality considerably

affects sexual activities, conception success,

embryo survival and later foetus growth of the reproductive

sheep. Some authors (Lopez and Robinson,

1994; Gonzales et al. 1997; Robinson et al. 2001) found

significant feed influence on ewe-breeding reproduction

success. Insufficient feed and feed of bad quality in

reproductive sheep, especially during the last third of

pregnancy, brings about reproduction problems and

reduces sheep fertility (Fekete and Huszenicza, 1996).

Since there is no sufficient literature data on feeding

season effect, the aim of this paper was to investigate

its impact on the ewe and suckling lamb reproductive

and productive traits.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Biological investigations have been conducted on a

sheep farm “Jasenje” comprising two feeding seasons

(winter and summer).

Winter feeding period lasted from October 1 when

the ewes were in the third gravidity month till February

1 when they were non lactating. Longtime average temperature

of this area was to 4.3 0 C in the winter feeding

season whereas the longtime average precipitations

were 362.1 mm/m 2 .

Summer feeding period started on May 1 when the

ewes were in the third gravidity month and finished by

Ph.D Zvonko Antunovi}, Associate Professor, Ph.D Zdenko Steiner, Full

Professor; Ph.D \uro Sen~i}, Full Professor, Ph.D Matija Doma}inovi},

Associate Professor and MSc. Zvonimir Steiner, Assistant – University of

J.J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Department

of Animal Science, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

Z. Antunovi} et al.: EFECT OF FEEDING SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE ...

63

Table 1. Feed chemical composition (%)

Tablica 1. Kemijski sastav hrane (%)

their non-lactating period on 18 September. The experiment

with lambs from winter and summer feeding season

was running from birth to ablactation (60th day).

Many years’ average temperature of this region has

been 17.7 0 C during the summer feeding season whereas

a long time average amount of the total precipitations

was 466.7 mm/m 2 .

Sixty Merinolandschaf breed ewes aged 4 years on

the average, healthy, in good condition and their lambs

(123) in the suckling-ablactation period were used as

the experimental material.

In the winter feeding season ewes were in stable

boxes and fed 300 g grain mixture (60% oats + 30%

maize + 10% soybean grits) per ewe and received quality

hay, salt lick and fresh water ad libitum. The lambs

were suckling and received forage mixture, quality hay

and fresh water ad libitum.

During the summer feeding season ewes were

exposed to pasture (Lolium perenne, Lolium italicum,

Phleum phleoides, Trifolium repens and Dactylis glomerata).

On their return to the stable ewes consumed

hay ad libitum. The ewes were given salt lick and fresh

water (ad libitum). The lambs were suckling and they

received forage mixture, quality hay (ad libitum) and

pasture green mass in smaller portions.

Chemical composition of the forage mixtures, hay,

grains and green mass mixture was prepared according

to A.O.A.C. (1984) as displayed in Table 1.

Crude proteins share was determined by Kjehldahl

method, whereas crude fiber by Henneberg and

Stochman method. Ash share was investigated by samples

burning in a Muffol oven at a temperature of 550 0

C within two hours and crude fats by Soxhlet method.

Dry matter content was determined by samples drying

at a temperature of 105 0 C for 1 hour untill a constant

weight was reached.

During the feeding season the following reproductive

indicators were observed: gravidity duration, number

of parturited lambs, sex, male/female lambs ratio,

number of twins and their sex ratio, number of lambs

per ewe (at admission, lambing and ablactation) and

post lambing fertilityof ewes.

To investigate productive indicators the following

traits were monitored: body weight of the pregnant ewes

(15 days prior to lambing), body weight instantly after

lambing and body weight after ablactation. Each ewe

weighing was followed by the calculation and registration

of the ewe body weight losses per lambing, as well

as the ewe body weight losses during the suckling

period.

In winter and summer season the lambs body

weights were observed immediately after parturition, as

well as on 20 th , 40 th and 60 th suckling day (ablactation).

Daily gains of lambs were registered instantly after parturition.

Calculated of the suckling lambs daily gains

was accomplished for the period to 20 th day, from 20 th

to 40 th , from 20 th to 60 th , from 40 th to 60 th and on the

average from the parturition to 60 th day.

Statistical analysis of data was performed by computer

program STATISTICA (StatSoft, Inc. 2001). The

results were statistically evaluated using Student’s t-

test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Reproductive traits of ewes

The ewes gravidity period during the feeding season

can be seen in Table 2.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

64

Z. Antunovi} et al.: EFECT OF FEEDING SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE ...

Table 2. The ewes gravidity period depending on the feeding season (days)

Tablica 2. Trajanje gravidnosti ovaca u ovisnosti o sezoni hranidbe (dani)

As for the feeding season, slightly longer average

gravidity period was recorded with the ewes during the

winter compared to the summer feeding season

(150.76 and 150. 40 days), in the case of twins

(148.09 and 147.50 days) and in the case of male offsprings

(152.20 and 151.23 days). However, gravidity

period in the case of female offsprings was uniform

(150.35 and 150.37 days). Similar to these investigations

Miti} (1984) claimed that gravidity period was longer

(1-2 days) with male lambs, and reduced (by 3-5

days) if the ewes were having twins. Kompan et al.

(1996) reported shorter gravidity period with more

lambs at parturition. The average gravidity period of

150.9 days was recorded in the investigation conducted

by Beri} et al. (1994) with Merinolandschaf breed

ewes. Similar gravidity period was determined by

Petrovi} et al. (1995) with Wûrtemberg breed ewes

(149.81 days). The average ewes gravidity period of

152.7 days, ewes gravidity with twins of 152.8 days as

well as ewes gravidity with one lamb of 151.6 days was

recorded by Ozturk and Aktas (1996) in Turkey.

Feeding season had a significant effect on the total

number of lambs (Table 3), while larger number of

lambs (70 compared to 62 lambs), as well as larger

Table 3. Number and sex of the lambs, ewes fertility depending on the feeding season

Table 3. Broj i spol janjadi te plodnost ovaca u ovisnosti o sezoni hranidbe

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

Z. Antunovi} et al.: EFECT OF FEEDING SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE ...

65

number of twins (12 compared to 8) was recorded

during the winter feeding season compared to summer

one. This can be in relation with nutrition (Table 1) and

slightly higher summer environment temperatures.

Namely, Alexander and Williams (1971) obtained less

lambs in the summer compared to the winter pregnancy.

The reason, according to them, are high summer

temperatures. Guun et al. (1995) obtained that

nutrition during late pregnancy can influence subsequent

lifetime reproductive performance of the ewes

and that this can influence the pre-natal losses.

More female lambs (52.86% and 53.23%) compared

to male lambs (47.14% and 46.77%) were obtained

during both feeding seasons. Thus, there were no significant

differences between the feeding seasons.

In both winter and summer feeding season pregnant

ewes lambed more twins with various sex ratios

(41.66% and 50.00%), less male lambs (33.34 and

37.50%) and least female lambs (25.00% and 12.50%).

Similar number of the male lambs (49.86% and

49.96%) was obtained by Kent (1995 and 1996) with

Ireland ewes (crossed with Suffolk) during ten and nine

year lambing season. The same investigation showed

that there were more male lambs born as singles

(52.88% and 53.04%) as well as more female lambs in

numerous litters (45.46% and 45.54% male lambs).

A number of lambs per admissed and lambed ewe

and by ablactation was higher during the winter feeding

season (1.17; 1.21 and 1.10) compared to the summer

feeding season (1.03, 1.11 and 1.07). Similar number

of lambs per lambed ewe (1.20) and per ablactation

(1.02) was determined by Brash et al. (1994) where differences

between lambing seasons and insemination

(spring and autumn) were significant. Beri} et al. (1994)

recorded similar number of lambs per admissed (1.10)

and lambed ewe (1.20).

Winter season period resulted in both. More lambs

per ewe and higher percent of the pregnant ewes were

observed in winter compared to the summer feeding

season (116.67% and 103.33%). Somewhat higher fertility

percent in Wûrtemberg breed ewes (120.05%) was

obtained by Petrovi} et al. (1995). Lower fertility

(84.4%) was recorded by Ploumi et al. (1997) of Florina

breed ewes in Greece.

Productive traits of ewes

Body weight range of ewes and its losses during

both feeding seasons can be seen in Table 4. The average

body weights of pregnant ewes during the winter

season were statistically significant (P

66

Z. Antunovi} et al.: EFECT OF FEEDING SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE ...

Table 5. Body weights and daily gains of the suckling lambs depending on the feeding season

Tablica 5. Tjelesne mase i dnevni prirasti sisaju}e janjadi u ovisnosti o sezoni hranidbe

** (P

Z. Antunovi} et al.: EFECT OF FEEDING SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE ...

67

(2.92, 3.17 kg and 12.70, 13.50 kg). Similar results

were accomplished by Beri} et al. (1994) and Antunovi}

et al. (1999). Statistically significant decrease of the

birth weight by 0.4 – 0.6 kg compared to summer

lambs was determined by Alshorepy and Notter (1998)

with autumn lambs. The authors attributed this fact to

the impact of summer gestation length impact, climatic

conditions and individual sheep influence. Higher birth

weight of the Charollais breed lambs and cross

(Booroolo x Charollais and improved Wallachian x

Bergshaf) was recorded by Kuchtik et al. (1997) during

the summer season.

During the winter feeding season very significantly

higher (P

68

Z. Antunovi} et al.: EFECT OF FEEDING SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE ...

16. Lopez S., Robinson J.J. (1994): Nutrition and pregnancy

in sheep. Invest. Agraria, Prod. Sani dad Animals, 9:

189-192.

17. Masters, D.G., Yu, S.X., Purser, D.B., Yang, R.Z., Lu, D.X.

(1991): Identifying mineral deficiencies in grazing sheep

in northern China. Trace Elem.in Man and Anim., 7:5-8.

18. Mitchell, L.M., King, M.E., Gebbie, F.E., Ranilla, M.J.,

Robinson, J.J. (1998): Resumption of oestrous and ovarian

cyclicity during the postpartum period in autumlambing

ewes in not influenced by age or dietary protein

content. Animal Sci., 67 (1): 65-72.

19. Miti}, N. (1984.): Ov~arstvo. Zavod za ud`benike i

nastavna sredstva, Beograd, p. 508.

20. Odoherty, J.V., Crosby, T.F. (1998): Blood metabolite

concentrations in late pregnant ewes as indicators of

nutritional status. Animal Sci., 66, (3):675-683.

21. Orr, R.J., Treacher, T.T. (1989): The effect of concentrate

level on the intake of grass silages by ewes in late pregnancy.

Animal Prod., 48:109-120.

22. Ozturk, A., Aktas, A.H. (1996): Effect of environmental

factors on gestation length in Konya Merino sheep.

Small Ruminant Res., 22: 85-88.

23. Petrovi}, P.M., @ujovi}, M., Stojkovi}, M. (1995):

Reproduction characteristic of Wûrtemberg breed of

sheep. 3 rd International conference of sheep and goat

production & 1 st Symposium on the reproduction of

domestic animals, Proceedings p. 18-23, 5.-9.

September 1995. Ohrid, Macedonia.

24. Ploumi, K., Christodoulou, V., Vainas, E., Giouzelyannis,

A., Katanos, J. (1997): Performance analysis of the

Florina (Pelagonia) sheep for lamb production and

growth. Zivocisna Vyroba, 42: 391-397.

25. Robinson, J.J., Mc Evoy, T.G., Ashworth, C.J. (2001):

Nutrition in the expression of reproductive potential. J.

Anim. Feed Sci., 10, (1):15-27.

26. Snowder, G. D., Glimp, H.A. (1991): Influence of breed,

number of suckling lambs, and stage of lactation on ewe

milk production and lamb growth under range conditions.

J. Anim. Sci., 69:923-930.

27. Sormunen-Cristian, R., Suvela, M. (1995): Out-Of-

Season Lambing Of Finnish Landrace Ewes. 46 th Annual

Meeting of the Europen Association of Animal

Production, Prague, 4-7 September 1995, (1):244-250.

28. ……………STATISTICA StatSoft, Inc. (2001), data

analysis software system, version 6, www.statsoft.com.

UTJECAJ SEZONE HRANIDBE NA REPRODUKCIJSKA I PROIZVODNA SVOJSTVA

OVACA I PORAST SISAJU]E JANJADI

SA@ETAK

Cilj ovoga rada bio je istra`iti utjecaj sezone hranidbe (zima i ljeto) na reproduktivna i proizvodna svojstva ovaca i

sisaju}e janjadi. Biolo{ka istra`ivanja provedena su sa 60 ovaca pasmine merinolandschaf, prosje~ne dobi 4 godine,

i njihovoj janjadi (123) tijekom sisaju}eg razdoblja. Tijekom zimske sezone hranidbe gravidne ovce su dva mjeseca

pred janjenje i tijekom laktacije hranjene s 300 g smjese `itarica (60% zobi + 30% kukuruza + 10% sojine

sa~me) te su po volji jele kvalitetno livadno sijeno. Janjad je sisala i jela po volji krmnu smjesu i kvalitetno livadno

sijeno te uzimala svje`u vodu. Tijekom ljetne sezone hranidbe, ovce su bile na pa{njaku, a janjad je sisala i uzimala

krmnu smjesu i livadno sijeno po volji te zelenu masu. Tijekom zimske, u odnosu na ljetnu sezonu hranidbe, ovce su

imale du`i graviditet (150,76, odnosno 150,40 dana), ve}i broj janjadi pri janjenju i odbi}u (1,21 i 1,10, odnosno 1,11

i 1,07), ve}i broj blizanaca (12, odnosno 8), ve}e tjelesne mase tijekom graviditeta (65,52 kg, odnosno 61,86 kg) i

ve}e gubitke tjelesne mase nakon janjenja (7,72 kg, odnosno 6,44 kg). U pogledu gubitaka tjelesne mase nakon laktacije

(7,94 kg, odnosno 7,78 kg), nisu utvr|eni statisti~ki zna~ajne razlike izme|u sezona hranidbe. U zimskoj, u

odnosu na ljetnu sezonu hranidbe, utvr|ena je vi{a porodna masa janjadi za 26,91% (4,15, odnosno 3,27 kg) i tjelesna

masa janjadi, mjerene 60. dana za 11,40%. Tijekom zimske sezone hranidbe utvr|en je ukupno br`i porast janjadi

(za 7,21%), no uo~eno je da je janjad tijekom ljetne sezone hranidbe u dobi od 40. do 60. i od 20. do 60. dana

ostvarila ve}e dnevne priraste (za 6,25 i 1,74%). Na temelju rezultata istra`ivanja potrebno je uravnote`iti obroke

ovaca i janjadi tijekom ljetne sezone hranidbe, ovisno o kvaliteti pa{e.

Klju~ne rije~i: ovce, sisaju}a janjad, sezona hranidbe, reproduktivna i proizvodna svojstva

(Received on 3 September 2003; accepted on 17 November 2003 - Primljeno 3. rujna 2003.; prihva}eno 17. studenoga

2003.)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

ISSN 1330-7142

UDK = 616.995.132:636.4(497.5)

ZNA^AJ MONITORINGA I MJERA ZA SUZBIJANJE TRIHINELOZE

U SVINJOGOJSTVU ISTO^NE HRVATSKE

T. Florijan~i} (1) , D. Rimac (1) , B. Antunovi} (1) , A. Marinculi} (2) , H. Gutzmirtl (3) , I. Bo{kovi} (1)

Pregledni znanstveni ~lanak

Scientific review

SA@ETAK

Sto~arstvo isto~ne Hrvatske, posebice na obiteljskim gospodarstvima, poznato je po tradicionalnom

na~inu uzgoja svinja te obradi mesa i mesnih prera|evina. Ve}a u~estalost

pojave trihineloze u svinja u posljednjem desetlje}u rezultirala je pove}anjem broja

oboljelih ljudi. Osim ljudskog zdravlja, ta bolest izravno ugro`ava i svinjogojsku proizvodnju.

Ukoliko se bolest dijagnosticira u samo jedne `ivotinje, neophodno je ne{kodljivo

ukloniti sve svinje iz doti~ne proizvodnje. Na taj na~in nastaju i veliki ekonomski gubici,

kako za vlasnika, tako i za dr`avu. Sustavnim monitoringom i dosljednim

provo|enjem zakonski propisanih mjera za suzbijanje i sprje~avanje trihineloze u posljednje

~etiri godine zna~ajno je smanjen broj invadiranih svinja, ~ime je izravno smanjena

i {teta u uzgoju i selekciji svinja.

Klju~ne rije~i: trihineloza, zoonoza, svinja, svinjogojstvo

UVOD

Trihineloza je parazitarna zoonoza uzrokovana

nametni~kim obli}em iz roda Trichinella, u kojem je do

danas identificirano deset genotipova (T1-T10) (Pozio i

La Rosa, 2000.). Naj~e{}i genotip T1 nominiran je kao

vrsta Trichinella spiralis, koja predstavlja tipi~ni etiolo{ki

~imbenik trihineloze. U zemljama u kojima se trihineloza

u uzgojima svinja javlja u enzootskom obliku, T. spiralis

se obi~no javlja i u divljih `ivotinja, sinantropnih glodavaca,

odnosno u ~ovjeka (Pozio, 1998.; Dupouy-Camet,

1999.). U Republici Hrvatskoj, T. spiralis naj~e{}i je

uzro~nik trihineloze u doma}ih svinja, a T. britovi u divlja~i

(Marinculi} i sur., 2001.). Murrell i Pozio (2000.)

navode da se u posljednjih desetak godina u svijetu

zna~ajno pove}ao broj ljudi oboljelih od te bolesti.

Uzroke tomu treba tra`iti u socijalnim, politi~kim i ekonomskim

problemima zemalja u razvoju i tranziciji,

demografskim promjenama (\or|evi} i sur., 2003.),

rapidnim promjenama u distribuciji hrane i marketin{kog

sustava (Murrell i Pozio, 2000.), kao i u ratovima te

one~i{}enju okoli{a (Florijan~i} i sur., 2002.).

U Republici Hrvatskoj broj oboljelih ljudi pove}ao

se za vrijeme Domovinskog rata (1991.-1995. godine),

a posebice u godinama nakon uspostavljanja teritorijalne

cjelovitosti (1996.-1999. godine) (Ga{par i

Marinculi}, 2000.). Pri tome se najve}i broj oboljelih

invadirao mesom trihineloznih doma}ih svinja, dok se

manji broj invadirao konzumiranjem termi~ki nedovoljno

obra|enim mesom divlje svinje, jazavca ili medvjeda

(Beus, 1999.). Najve}i broj oboljelih zabilje`en je u

isto~noj Slavoniji, s naglaskom na Vukovarsko-srijemskoj

`upaniji, ~ije je cijelo podru~je, kao i dijelovi `upanija

Osje~ko-baranjske, Brodsko-posavske i Viroviti~kopodravske,

ozna~eno kao endemi~no podru~je trihineloze

u Republici Hrvatskoj. Zna~ajnu ulogu u epizootiologiji

te bolesti ima divlja~ u kojoj je nametnik konstantno

prisutan (Vu~emilo i sur., 1998.; 2001.; Tucak i sur.,

2000.; Kova~ i sur., 2001.; Florijan~i} i Ozimec, 2003.),

zbog ~ega se ona smatra prirodnim rezervoarima trihineloze.

Navedena situacija imala je za posljedicu

dono{enje zakonskih i podzakonskih akata, koji propisuju

odre|ene mjere koje treba provoditi s ciljem suzbijan-

(1) Mr.sc. Tihomir Florijan~i}, mr.sc. Damir Rimac, dr.sc. Boris Antunovi}

i Ivica Bo{kovi}, dipl.in`. -Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ili{ta Josipa Jurja

Strossmayera u Osijeku, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek;

(2) Prof.dr.sc. Albert Marinculi} - Veterinarski fakultet Sveu~ili{ta u

Zagrebu, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb;

(3) Hrvoje Gutzmirtl, dr.vet.med - Centar za unapre|enje sto~arstva d.d.,

Vinkova~ka 63,31000 Osijek

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

70

T. Florijan~i} i sur.: ZNA^AJ MONITORINGA I MJERA ZA SUZBIJANJE TRIHINELOZE U ...

ja i sprje~avanja te bolesti (Narodne novine 143/98.;

81/99.; 145/99.). To se prije svega odnosi na obvezni

trihineloskopski pregled mesa svinja kod klanja za

potrebe vlastitog doma}instva. U slu~aju pozitivnog

nalaza pretrage, sve svinje iz «invadiranog dvori{ta» prisilno

su zaklane, a njihove le{ine ne{kodljivo uklonjene.

Budu}i su glodavci, posebice {takori, najzna~ajniji

rezervoari i posrednici u {irenju te bolesti, propisana je

obvezna sustavna deratizacija u endemi~nim

podru~jima. Osim toga, neadekvatan veterinarsko-sanitarni

nadzor, neprovo|enje sustavne deratizacije, sanitarni

nered, nerije{eno pitanje deponija i odlagali{ta

komunalnog otpada te nerije{eno zbrinjavanje le{ina,

konfiskata i otpadne animalne tvari, zasigurno su pogodovale

{irenju te bolesti te predstavljale ozbiljan socioekolo{ki

problem i prijetnju svinjogojstvu, kao zna~ajnoj

sto~arskoj grani u gospodarstvu isto~ne Hrvatske u

ratno i poratno vrijeme. Stoga se pristupilo postupnom

rje{avanju tih problema, ponajprije osnivanjem “Radne

grupe za trihinelozu” u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj `upaniji,

~iji su zadaci bili planiranje, organiziranje i dosljedno

provo|enje pobrojanih mjera, kao i sustavni monitoring.

S ciljem provjere uspje{nosti i svrsishodnosti

provo|enja navedenih mjera, analizirali smo broj pretra`enih

uzoraka mesa dostavljenih na pretragu u

ovla{tene veterinarske organizacije i u klaonicama tijekom

~etverogodi{njeg razdoblja primjene tih mjera

(1999.-2002.) u Vukovarsko-srijemskoj `upaniji, ukupno,

po sezonama, te pojedina~no po mjesecima.

Dobivene rezultate usporedili smo s brojem pozitivnih

nalaza, odredili trend kretanja broja invadiranih svinja te

utvrdili najve}a enzootska `ari{ta.

MATERIJAL I METODE

Podaci za analizu uzeti su iz sredi{nje baze podataka

“Radne grupe za trihinelozu”, a odnose se na ukupan

broj pregledanih i pozitivnih uzoraka svinjskog mesa u

Vukovarsko-srijemskoj `upaniji u razdoblju od 1999. do

2002. godine. Pretrage su obavljene u ovla{tenim veterinarskim

organizacijama, metodom klasi~ne trihineloskopije

uzoraka mesa s obiteljskih gospodarstava,

odnosno umjetnom probavom u klaonicama. U skladu s

ciljem istra`ivanja, svaka je godina podijeljena na 12

mjeseci, 4 sezone: 1 (XII., I. i II. mjesec); 2 (III., IV., V.);

3 (VI., VII., VIII.) i 4 (IX., X., XI.) te 11 ovla{tenih veterinarskih

organizacija.

Za statisti~ku obradu podataka kori{tene su uobi-

~ajene metode za opis varijabilnosti svojstava, dok je za

utvr|ivanje razlika izme|u godina, sezona i veterinarskih

organizacija kori{tena analiza varijance. Podaci su obra-

|eni uz pomo} ra~unalnog programa STATISTICA 6.0.

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA

U promatranom razdoblju ukupno je pregledano

734.699 uzoraka svinjskog mesa, od ~ega je 5.220

uzoraka bilo pozitivno (0,71 %). Navedeni podaci detaljno

su prikazani u Tablici 1. te u Grafikonu 1.

Grafikon 1. Relativan broj pozitivnih uzoraka svinja s

obiteljskih gospodarstava i iz klaonica u promatranom

razdoblju od ~etiri godine

Chart 1. Relative number of positive pork samples from

family enterprises and slaughter-houses in the four- years

monitoring period

Iz Tablice 1. i Grafikona 1. vidljiv je opadaju}i trend

pozitivnih uzoraka svinjskog mesa na obiteljskim gospodarstvima

kroz promatrano razdoblje, dok je u klaonicama

tijekom promatranog razdoblja zabilje`en varijabilni

trend broja pozitivnih uzoraka.

Tablica 1. Ukupan broj pregledanih i pozitivnih uzoraka svinjskog mesa s obiteljskih gospodarstava i klaonica u

promatranom razdoblju

Table 1. Total number of examined and positive pork samples from family enterprises and slaughter-houses in the

monitoring period

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71

Tablica 2. Varijabilnost relativnog broja pozitivnih uzoraka svinjskog mesa po godinama promatranja

Table 2. Relative variability of positive pork samples by year of observation

Koeficijent varijacije u Tablici 2. ukazuje da se varijabilnost

pozitivnih uzoraka svinjskog mesa iz godine u

godinu pove}avala, dok je prosje~an broj pozitivnih uzoraka

opadao, {to ukazuje na vrlo veliku varijabilnost

pojavljivanja trihineloze na podru~ju Vukovarsko-srijemske

`upanije. To govori da se zbog primijenjenih mjera

za smanjivanje trihineloze u ukupnom svinjogojstvu

Vukovarsko-srijemske `upanije broj pozitivnih uzoraka

svinjskog mesa u pojedinim dijelovima smanjivao, dok

je u drugim dijelovima bolest bila konstantno prisutna,

odnosno da u @upaniji postoje stalna `ari{ta te bolesti.

Analiziraju}i broj pregledanih i pozitivnih uzoraka svinja

prema sezonama, utvrdili smo da je apsolutno najve}i

broj pregledanih i pozitivnih uzoraka svinjskog mesa bio

u prvoj i ~etvrtoj sezoni, tj. zimi i u jesen (Tablica 3.),

odnosno u studenome i prosincu (Tablica 4.), {to je u

skladu s kalendarom tradicionalne slavonske svinjokolje

na obiteljskim gospodarstvima.

Ukoliko se podaci o broju pregledanih i pozitivnih

uzoraka u veterinarskim organizacijama i klaonicama

rasporede po mjesecima i godinama, uo~ljivo je

zna~ajno smanjenje broja pozitivnih uzoraka svinjskog

mesa u 2002. godini u usporedbi s 1999. godinom,

kada su se mjere za suzbijanje trihineloze po~ele ozbiljno

provoditi (Tablica 5.).

Analiza varijance relativnih vrijednosti za utjecaj

godine, sezone i veterinarske organizacije pokazala je da

su razlike izme|u godina, sezona i veterinarskih organizacija

postojale i da su bile visoko signifikantne

72

T. Florijan~i} i sur.: ZNA^AJ MONITORINGA I MJERA ZA SUZBIJANJE TRIHINELOZE U ...

Tablica 5. Broj pregledanih i pozitivnih uzoraka po mjesecima i godinama

Table 5. Number of examined and positive samples through months and years

Tablica 6. F – vrijednosti analize varijance za relativan broj pozitivnih uzoraka svinja

Table 6. F – values for ANOVA concerning relative number of positive pork samples

*** P

T. Florijan~i} i sur.: ZNA^AJ MONITORINGA I MJERA ZA SUZBIJANJE TRIHINELOZE U ...

73

LITERATURA

1. Beus, A. (1999.): Klini~ke osobitosti trihineloze u ~ovjeka.

U: Knjiga sa`etaka 1. hrvatskog simpozija o trihinelozi

s me|unarodnim sudjelovanjem, Kutjevo, 28.-29.

svibnja 1999.

2. \or|evi}, M., Ba~i}, M., Petri~evi}, M., ^uperlovi}, K.,

Malakauskas, A., Kapel, C.M.O., Murrell, K.D. (2003):

Social, political and economic factors responsible for

the reemergence of trichinellosis in Serbia. A case

study: J. Parasitol. 89(2):226-231.

3. Dupouy-Camet, J. (1999): Is human trichinellosis an

emerging zoonosis in the European community.

Helmintologia 36:201-204.

4. Florijan~i}, T., Ozimec, S. (2003): Occurence of

Trichinellosis in Wild Game at forest habitats in the

eastern Croatia. Proceedings of international scientific

conference «50 Years University of Forestry», Sofia,

110-112.

5. Florijan~i}, T., Rimac, D., Antunovi}, B. (2002):

Trichinellosis as an ecological problem in Republic of

Croatia. Acta Agraria Kaposvariensis 6(2):301-305.

6. Ga{par, A., Marinculi}, A. (2000.): Stanje trihineloze u

Republici Hrvatskoj i mjere suzbijanja. Zbornik radova

Drugog hrvatskog veterinarskog kongresa, Cavtat, 459.-

467.

7. Kova~, Z., Peri{ki}, M., Krznari}, M., Bali}, D.,

Marinculi}, A. (2001.): U~estalost trihineloze u lisice

(Vulpes vulpes) na podru~ju Slavonije. Zbornik sa`etaka

2. hrvatskog simpozija o trihinelozi s me|unarodnim

sudjelovanjem, Vinkovci, 26.-28. travnja 2001.

8. Marinculi}, A., Ga{par, A., Durakovi}, E., Pozio, E., La

Rosa, G. (2001): Epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in

the Republic of Croatia. Parasite J. Soc. Fr. Parasitol. 8(2

Suppl S):92-94.

9. Murrell, K.D., Pozio, E. (2000): Trichinellosis: the zoonosis

that won’t go quietly. Int. J. Parasiotol. 30 (12-

13):1339-1349.

10. Pozio, E., La Rosa, G. (2000): Trichinella murrelli n.

spp.: etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in temperate

areas of North America. J. Parasitol. 86, 134-139.

11. Pozio, E. (1998): Trichinelosis in the European Union:

epidemiology, ecology and economic impact. Parasitol.

Today 14, 35-38.

12. Rimac, D., Florijan~i}, T., Antunovi}, B., Bari}, J.

(2003.): Va`nost monitoringa i suzbijanja trihineloze za

uzgoj svinja. Zbornik priop}enja 38. znanstvenog skupa

hrvatskih agronoma, Opatija, 487.-490.

13. Tucak, Z., Florijan~i}, T., Dragi~evi}, P., Tu{ek, T. (2000):

Incidence of trichinellosis in Wild boar in hunting areas

of Osijek-baranja county. Agriculture 6(1):152-153.

14. Vu~emilo, M., Bodako{, D., Vinkovi}, B., Tofant, A.,

Desnica, B. (2001): Prevalence of sylvatic trichinellosis

in wild boars in game preserve in east Croatia and the

present status of trichinellosis in swine and people in the

region. Z. Jagdwiss. 47(4):259-267.

15. Vu~emilo, M., Had`iosmanovi}, M., Tofant, A. (1998):

The Role of Wild Boars in the spread of trichinellosis in

east Croatia. Z. Jagdwiss. 44(2):98-101.

16. …………… Narodne novine broj 143 (1998.): Naredba

o obveznom trihineloskopskom pregledu mesa svinja

kod klanja za potrebe vlastitog doma}instva, Zagreb.

17. …………… Narodne novine broj 81 (1999.): Pravilnik

o mjerama za suzbijanje i iskorjenjivanje trihineloze svinja,

Zagreb.

18. …………… Narodne novine broj 145 (1999.): Naredba

o mjerama za{tite `ivotinja od zaraznih i nametni~kih

bolesti i njihovom financiranju, Zagreb.

19. ………… StatSoft, Inc. (2001): Statistica (data analysis

software system), version 6. www.statsoft.com

IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND TRICHINELLOSIS ERADICATION MEASURES IN

EASTERN CROATIA SWINE BREEDING

SUMMARY

Animal husbandry in Eastern Croatia, especially concerning family husbandries, is well known for its traditional way

of swine breeding and processing meat and its products. Higher frequent occurrence of trichinellosis in swine during

last decade has resulted in increased number of people reported to be infected. Beside human health, this disease

directly threatens swine breeding, as well. If only one animal is found to be trichinellotic, it is necessary to remove

harmlessly all the other swine from the same production group. This makes huge economical losses, both for the

owner and country itself. Systematic monitoring and persistent practicing of by low regulated trichinellosis eradication

and preventive measures during the last three years has significantly reduced number of infected swine, which

directly reduced harmful effects on swine breeding and selection.

Key-words: trichinellosis, zoonosis, swine, swine breeding

(Primljeno 16. rujna 2003.; prihva}eno 7. studenoga 2003. - Received on 16 September 2003; accepted on 7 November 2003)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

SSN 1330-7142

UDK = 638.141:638.15

U^INKOVITOST FORMIRANJA NUKLEUSA P^ELINJIH ZAJEDNICA

S CILJEM KONTROLE POPULACIJE NAMETNIKA Varroa

destructor (ANDRESON I TRUEMAN, 2000.) U KO[NICI

Z. Pu{kadija (1) , T. Florijan~i} (1) , I. Bo{kovi} (1) , P. Miji} (1) S. Ozimec (2) Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak

Original scientific paper

SA@ETAK

Formiranje nukleusa u~inkovita je metoda za usporavanje rasta populacije nametnika

Varoa destructor, s ciljem smanjivanja njenog infestacijskog pritiska na p~elinju zajednicu.

Prednost ove biotehni~ke mjere je u tome {to se mo`e primijeniti u vrijeme vegetacijske

sezone, odga|aju}i uporabu kemijskih sredstava za kontrolu populacije Varroa

destructor u ko{nici za razdoblje poslije glavnih p~elinjih pa{a. Nukleusi p~elinjih zajednica

formirani su od oko polovice zatvorenog legla (35,5±5,8 dm 2 ) i od prosje~no 5

915±912 p~ela. Rezultati prebrojavanja parazita pokazuju kako je formiranjem nukleusa

iz mati~nih zajednica uklonjeno prosje~no 37,2±5,6% varoa, minimalno 30,8%, a

maksimalno 45,5%. Zbog tako relativnog malog u~inka, tu se metodu ne mo`e preporu~iti

kao jedinu, ali mo`e biti vrlo u~inkovita ako se primjeni nakon proljetne pa{e kao

dio strategije koja ima za cilj sprje~avanje rasta populacije Varroa destructor u ko{nici.

Klju~ne rije~i: p~ele, Varroa destructor, ekolo{ka proizvodnja, biotehnolo{ki postupci

UVOD

Formiranje nukleusa u~inkovita je metoda za usporavanje

rasta populacije nametnika Varroa destructor, s

ciljem smanjivanja njenog infestacijskog pritiska na

p~elinju zajednicu. Prednost te biotehni~ke mjere je u

tome {to se mo`e primijeniti u vrijeme vegetacijske

sezone, odga|aju}i uporabu kemijskih sredstava za

kontrolu populacije Varroa destructor u ko{nici za razdoblje

poslije glavnih p~elinjih pa{a.

Istra`ivanjima se `eljelo dokazati koliki se dio populacije

nametnika Varroa destructor ukloni iz mati~ne

zajednice formiranjem nukleusa p~elinje zajednice

po~etkom lipnja na podru~ju kontinentalne Hrvatske.

Istra`ivanje je provedeno 2002. godine na podru~ju

Baranje, lokalitet Koha – Kozarac.

MATERIJAL I METODE

Nukleusi su formirani po~etkom lipnja 2002. godine

od jakih p~elinjih zajednica smje{tenih u LR ko{nice,

koje te iste godine do tada nisu bile tretirane protiv

Varroa destructor. U pokusu je bilo osam mati~nih

p~elinjih zajednica, od kojih je formirano osam nukleusa.

Nukleusi p~elinjih zajednica formirani su od oko

polovice zatvorenog legla (35,5±5,8 dm 2 ) i od prosje~no

5915±912 p~ela. Veli~ina mati~nih p~elinjih

zajednica i formiranih nukleusa procijenjena je nakon

podjele mati~nih zajednica metodom po Liebefeldu.

Nakon formiranja, nukleusi su odvezeni na p~elinjak

udaljen od mati~nog p~elinjaka oko 8 km. U mati~noj

zajednici matica je tijekom tri tjedna bila blokirana.

Nukleusima je dodana selekcionirana oplo|ena matica.

Nakon tri tjedna, i mati~na zajednica i nukleus nisu imali

poklopljenog legla te je izvr{eno tretiranje Perizinom (50

ml). Sakupljene su mrtve varoe i prebrojene na `icom

za{ti}enim podlo{cima umetnutim u podnicu ko{nice, i

u mati~nim zajednicama i u nukleusu. Ukupno prebrojene

mrtve Varroa destructor u mati~nim zajednicama i

u nukleusima predstavljaju 100% populacije parazita

prije diobe mati~ne zajednice.

(1) Mr.sc. Zlatko Pu{kadija, asistent, mr.sc. Tihomir Florijan~i}, Ivica

Bo{kovi}, dipl.in`. agr. i mr.sc. Pero Miji} - Poljoprivredni fakultet,

Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku,Trg Svetog Trojstva,

31000 Osijek; (2) Mr.sc. Sini{a Ozimec - Pedago{ki fakultet Sveu~ili{ta

Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Jegerova 9, 31000 Osijek

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

Z. Pu{kadija i sur.: U^INKOVITOST FORMIRANJA NUKLEUSA P^ELINJIH ZAJEDNICA ...

75

Tablica 1. Veli~ina mati~nih zajednica i nukleusa procijenjeni po Liebefeldu

Table 1. Size of parental and nucleus colonies estimated by Liebefeld method

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA

Mati~ne p~elinje zajednice podijeljene su 08. lipnja

2002. godine, nakon ~ega je obavljena procjena veli~ine

mati~nih zajednica i formiranih nukleusa (Tablica 1.) po

Liebefeldu.

Tri tjedna nakon diobe mati~nih zajednica i tretiranja

Perizinom (50 ml), prebrojana je otpala mrtva Varroa

destructor na `icom za{ti}enoj podlo{ci u podnici

ko{nice mati~ne zajednice i nukleusa. Rezultati prebrojavanja

parazita pokazuju kako je formiranjem nukleusa

iz mati~nih zajednica uklonjeno prosje~no 37,2±5,6%

varoa, minimalno 30,8% a maksimalno 45,5% (Grafikon

1.). Charriere i sur. su provode}i sli~na istra`ivanja u

[vicarskoj, na ko{nicama tipa Dadant, izmjerili kako se

formiranjem nukleusa od oko polovice zatvorenog legla

krajem svibnja mo`e iz mati~ne zajednice ukloniti minimalno

17% i maksimalno 45% varoa, tj. prosje~no 35%

varoa.

Kao dodatni u~inak primjene metode formiranja

nukleusa krajem prolje}a, u literaturi je navedeno

sprje~avanje pojave rojidbenog nagona kod proizvodnih

zajednica, dok nukleusima ostaje dovoljno vremena da

se razviju kako bi sigurno prezimili i sljede}e godine bili

jake proizvodne zajednice. Prodajom tako formiranih

nukleusa mo`e se na p~elinjaku ostvariti i dodatna zarada.

Zbog tako relativnog malog u~inka, tu se metodu

ne mo`e preporu~iti kao jedinu, ali mo`e biti vrlo u~inkovita

ako se primjeni nakon proljetne pa{e, kao dio strategije

koja ima za cilj sprje~avanje rasta populacije

Varroa destructor u ko{nici. Ritter (1999.) nagla{ava

zna~aj primjene biotehni~kih metoda, naro~ito formiranja

nukleusa u prolje}e, za dobrobit zimskih p~ela. Isti

autor upozorava i na opasnost primjene kemijskih sredstava

u vrijeme medonosne pa{e, zbog mogu}nosti

pojave rezidua primjenjenih lijekova u borbi protiv varoe

u medu. Upravo biotehni~ke metode imaju vrlo veliku

primjenjivost u to doba godine. Zbog tih istih razloga,

Kristiansen (1999.) isti~e kako se ekolo{ka proizvodnja

meda mo`e bazirati samo na biotehni~kim metodama,

kojima pripada i formiranje nukleusa te na primjeni

organskih kiselina (mravlje, mlije~ne i oksalne).

ZAKLJU^AK

Formiranjem nukleusa od oko polovice zatvorenog

legla u mati~noj (proizvodnoj) zajednici krajem svibnja

mo`e se u pa{nim i klimatskim uvjetima kontinentalne

Hrvatske iz mati~ne zajednice ukloniti prosje~no 37,2 %

± 5,6 % od ukupne populacije parazita Varroa destructor.

Ta biotehnolo{ka metoda mo`e se primijeniti samo

kao dio godi{nje strategije za kontrolu parazita Varroa

destructor. Kako se tijekom primjene te metode ne koriste

kemijska sredstva, metoda formiranja nukleusa s

ciljem smanjivanja infestacijske razine nametnika Varroe

destructor, pogodna je za ekolo{ku p~elarsku proizvodnju.

LITERATURA

1. Berg, S., Bubalo, D. (2002.): Tehnologija p~elarenja i

integrirana koncepcija u borbi protiv varoe. Savjetovanje

p~elara – Rezidue u p~elinjim proizvodima kao posljedica

lije~enja p~ela». November, Selce, Hrvatska. Zbornik

radova 23.-39.

2. Bharriere, J.D., Maquelin, C., Imdorf, A., Bachofen, B.

(2001): What Part of Varoa population is removed by

creating a nucleus?, http://www.apis.admin.ch, Swiss

Bee Research Centre

3. Charriere, J.D., Imdorf, A. (1999): Ecological Varoa

Control – notes on control strategies for Central Europe.

November 13.-14., Agricultural Research Centre-Ghent,

Merelbeke, Belgium. Proceedings from the meeting, 65-

70.

4. Imdorf, A., Gerig, L., Kilchenmann, V., Wille, H. (1987.):

Uberprufung der schatzmethode zur ermittlung der brutflache

und der anzahl arbeiterinnen in freifliegenden bienenvolkern.

Apidologie, 18(2): 137.-146.

5. Imdorf, A., Gerig, L. (1999.): Lehrgang zur Enfasung der

Volkstärke. ttp://www.apis.admin.ch/deutsch/pdf/Volksentwicklung/Lehrgang99_d.pdf.

On line february 2002.

6. Imdorf, A., Charriere, J.D., Maquelin, C., Kilchenmann,

V., Bachofen, B. (1995): Alternative Varoabekampfung.

Schweiz. Bienenztg. 118(8), 450-459.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

76

Z. Pu{kadija i sur.: U^INKOVITOST FORMIRANJA NUKLEUSA P^ELINJIH ZAJEDNICA ...

Grafikon 1. Populacija Varroe destruktor u mati~nim zajednicama i u pripadaju}im nukleusima

* broj p~elinje zajednice 9 predstavlja srednju vrijednost uzorka

Figure 1.Population of Varroa destructor in parental and in belonging nucleus colonies

*number of 9 th bee colony is average value of sample

7. Kristijansen, P.(1999): Ekological varoa control.

Coordination in Europe of research on integrated control

of Varroa mites in honey bee colonies, Merelbeke,

Belgium

8. Nach Gerig, L. (1983.): Lehrgang zur erfassung der

volksstarke. Schweiz, Bienen-Zeitung 106 (4) 1099.-

204.

9. Ritter, W. (1999): Building strategies for varoa control.

Coordination in Europe of research on integrated control

of Varoa mites in honey bee colonies. November 13-14.,

Agricultural Research Centre-Ghent, Merelbeke,

Belgium. Proceedings from the meeting, 4-9.

10. …………. StatSoft, Inc. (2001). STATISTICA (data

analysis software system), version 6.

www.statsoft.com.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

Z. Pu{kadija i sur.: U^INKOVITOST FORMIRANJA NUKLEUSA P^ELINJIH ZAJEDNICA ...

77

EFFICIENCY OF FORMING NUCLEUS COLONIES IN ORDER TO DECREASE

POPULATION OF Varroa destructor (ANDRESON AND TRUEMAN, 2000)

IN BEEHIVES

SUMMARY

Forming of nucleus colonies is efficient method in growth control of Varroa destructor population. Its goal is to

decrease parasite’s pressure on bee colony. The advantage of this bio-technical measurement lays in its implement

during vegetation season which delays use of the chemical resources for Varroa destructor control population in

beehives for the post major honey harvest period. Nucleus colonies were formed from approx. half of sealed brood

(35.5 ± 5.8 dm²) and average of 5915 ± 912 bees. Results showed that there were 37.2 ± 5.6% mites removed from

parental colonies. Minimum was 30.8%, and maximum was 45.5%. Due to such relatively small efficiency, this

method cannot be recommended as unique, but it can be effective if it is applied in the post spring’s honey harvest

period as a part of growth reduction strategy of Varroa destructor population in beehive.

Key-words: Varroa destructor, ecological product, bio-technical measurement

(Primljeno 9. rujna 2003.; prihva}eno 22. listopada 2003. - Received on 9 September 2003; accepted on 22 October 2003)

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

79

UPUTE AUTORIMA

“POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis” (ISSN 1330-7142), kojega publiciraju Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku i

Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, objavljuje znanstvene i stru~ne radove na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku. Objavljuju se radovi koji nisu

tiskani u drugim ~asopisima, niti predani u tisak. Izvodi, sa`eci, sinopsisi, magistarski radovi, disertacije te izlaganja na znanstvenim

i stru~nim skupovima ne smatraju se objavljenim radovima. U dodatku ~asopisa mogu se objaviti prikazi knjiga ili njihove recenzije,

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Radovi se {alju u Uredni{tvo ~asopisa u 2 primjerka, a moraju zadovoljiti sljede}e tehni~ke propozicije:

• Maksimalni obujam rada (uklju~uju}i tablice, grafikone, slike i sheme) je 10 stranica A-4 formata (max. znakova 30000,

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shema treba pisati podebljanim slovima, a engleske prijevode njihovih naslova, kao i sadr`aja, treba pisati u kurzivu

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obvezno dolazi to~ka.

Radovi }e biti recenzirani od najmanje 2 recenzenta iz odgovaraju}eg podru~ja i lektorirani. Recenzenti obavljaju kategorizaciju

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jeziku moraju imati kurzivom napisane engleske prijevode Naslova, Sa`etka, Klju~nih rije~i te tablica i grafikona, i obrnuto. U radu

tiskanom na hrvatskom jeziku engleske verzije Sa`etka i Klju~nih rije~i dolaze na kraju rada, iza poglavlja Literatura, i obrnuto.

Radovi u pravilu sadr`e:

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MATERIJAL I METODE: detaljno se opisuju samo nove ili modificirane metode. Za poznate metode i postupke daje se samo

literaturni izvor.

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA: opisuju se utvr|ene ~injenice i zakonitosti, obja{njavaju pojave te potvr|uje ili negira postavljena

hipoteza. U raspravi treba usporedbom s radovima drugih autora potkrijepiti zna~aj vlastitih istra`ivanja. Treba voditi ra~una da se

isti podaci ne ponavljaju u tablicama, grafikonima te ponovno u tekstu.

ZAKLJUÂK: sadrì sintezu istraìvanja i rezultata. Pri njegovom pisanju va`na je postupnost u izlaganju.

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izdava~, mjesto izdavanja, stranice). Autore ne pisati velikim slovima.

Zadnju verziju rada, ispravljenu prema primjedbama recenzenata, treba poslati Uredni{tvu u jednom primjerku, kao

i snimak rada na disketi. Rukopisi radova i diskete se ne vra}aju.

Adresa: Uredni{tvo časopisa “Poljoprivreda”, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv.Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek

Kontakt osobe i tehni~ki urednici: Manda Antunovi}, tel. +385 31 224 255; Fax: +385 31 207 017; E-mail:

Manda.Antunovic@pfos.hr i Danica Han`ek, tel. +385 31 224 240; E-mail: dhanzek@pfos.hr

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

80

GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS

“AGRICULTURE Scientific and Professional Review” (ISSN 1330-7142) is published by The Faculty of Agriculture in

Osijek and The Osijek Agricultural Institute. Scientific and professional papers are published in both Croatian and English language.

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Address: Editorial Board of the Journal “Agriculture”, The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000

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Contact persons and technical editors: Manda Antunovi}, Tel.: +385 31 224 255; Fax: +385 31 207 017; E-mail:

Manda.Antunovic@pfos.hr and Danica Han`ek, Tel. + 385 31 224 240; E-mail: dhanzek@pfos.hr

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142

A G R I C U L T U R E

Scientific and Professional Review

Volume 9; Number 2; December, 2003

CONTENTS

Aleksandra Sudari}, Marija Vratari}, T. Duvnjak, J. Klari}

PHENOTYPIC GRAIN YIELD STABILITY OF SEVERAL SOYBEAN OS-CULTIVARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Jošt M.

IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND FOOD SECURITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

D. Šimi}, J. Gunja~a, Z. Zduni}, I. Brki}, J. Kova~evi}

BIOMETRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEST SITES FOR MAIZE BREEDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

D. D`oi}, Marija Ivezi}, Emilija Raspudi}, Mirjana Brme`

CONTROL OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) IN CORN PRODUCTION OF

EASTERN CROATIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

A. Lali}, J. Kova~evi}, D. Novoselovi}, G. Drezner, D. Babi}

COMPARISON OF PEDIGREE AND SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD (SSD) IN EARLY GENERATION

OF BARLEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

A. Kristek, Suzana Kristek, Manda Antunovi}

PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGAR BEET LINES AND THEIR CROSSES DEPENDING ON PLOIDITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Ljiljanka Tomerlin

BIOFUEL FROM CORN STOVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

T. Askin, N. Özdemir

SOIL BULK DENSITY RELATED TO SOIL PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT . . . .52

T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Bogut, \. Sen~i}

CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MEASURES IN LIPIZZANER MARES AND STALLIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Z. Antunovi}, Z. Steiner, Ð. Sen~i}, M. Doma}inovi}, Z. Steiner

EFFECT OF FEEDING SEASON ON REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF EWES AND SUCKLING LAMBS .62

T. Florijan~i}, D. Rimac, B. Antunovi}, A. Marinculi}, H. Gutzmirtl, I. Bo{kovi}

IMPORTANCE OF MONITORING AND TRICHINELLOSIS ERADICATION MEASURES IN EASTERN CROATIA SWINE

BREEDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Z. Puškadija, T. Florijan~i}, I. Boškovi}, P. Miji}, S. Ozimec

EFFICIENCY OF FORMING NUCLEUS COLONIES IN ORDER TO DECREASE POPULATION OF Varroa destructor

(ANDRESON AND TRUEMAN, 2000) IN BEEHIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

OSIJEK

2003.

2Vol. 9

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