Download PDF - pcaarrd - Department of Science and Technology

OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR 

Dear Reader: 

For the past 30 years, PCARRD has steadfastly provided the directions in 

developing and modernizing the agriculture, forestry, and natural resources sectors to 

meet the country’s ever-challenging demands for food security, economic growth, and 

sustainable development. 

In order to keep a top-caliber research system, PCARRD has streamlined its 

R&D efforts by pursuing important commodities on crops, livestock, agricultural 

resource management, forestry and environment, and socioeconomics. To this end, 

PCARRD has come up with this special publication, R&D Status and Directions (2000 

and Beyond), composed of different volumes. Each volume provides essential information 

on the R&D status and directions of a specific commodity prioritized by PCARRD and the 

National Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Network (NARRDN). 

This volume specifically discusses banana and mango. PCARRD hopes that 

the information contained in this book will pave the way to more focused R&D work on 

these commodities. 

Very truly yours, 

PATRICIO S. FAYLON 

Executive Director

R&D Status 

and Directions 

(2000 and Beyond) 

Banana and Mango 

PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL 

RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

Department of Science and Technology 

Los Baños, Laguna 

2003

First Edition 2003 

ISBN 971-20-0514-3 

Bibliographic Citation: 

National Fruit Crops R&D Team, 2002. R&D status 

and directions (2000 and beyond): Banana and 

mango. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST, 

2003. 47p. 

Volume Editors: 

• Mr. Angelito T. Carpio 

Crops Research Division 

PCARRD 

• Mr. Ruel S. Pagcaliwagan 

Applied Communication Division 

PCARRD 

ii 

............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Foreword 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

F 

or the past 30 years, the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural 

Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) has been tasked to determine 

knowledge levels, identify research and development (R&D) gaps, establish a system of 

R&D priorities, and provide directions for agriculture, forestry, and natural resources 

R&D, among others. To effectively achieve these tasks, the R&D performance for the 

different commodities has to be assessed and reviewed. 

The fruit industry contributes significantly to the country’s economy in terms of 

employment, income, and foreign exchange generated from sales of both fresh and processed 

fruits. The fruit sector occupies almost 600,000 ha, including at least 20 different fruit 

crops. It is estimated that about 10 M (million) people are dependent on the fruit 

industry alone. Fruit cultivation not only provides employment and income, but it also 

supplements Filipino diet and offers ecological benefits such as soil erosion control, better 

micro-environment, enhanced landscape and aesthetic values, and complements 

reforestation and agroforestry efforts. 

The R&D Directions for the two major fruit crops: banana and mango, presented in this 

volume will provide the R&D community and decision/policy makers with information on 

the industries’ competitiveness, challenges/issues that lie ahead, and the required science 

and technology (S&T) interventions to address the R&D gaps. It also presents the industry 

status for mango and banana, and major R&D programs to improve the industries’ 

performance. 

It is hoped that the farmers, extension agents, researchers, and policy makers will 

benefit from the information contained in this volume. 

PATRICIO S. FAYLON 

Executive Director 

PCARRD 

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 

iii

Acknowledgment 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

PCARRD gratefully acknowledges the technical support, participation, and cooperation 

of the following in preparing this comprehensive publication: 

• Members of the National Fruit Crops R&D Team 2002, for painstakingly reviewing 

and providing valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript during series 

of meetings and consultations; 

• Management and staff of the Crops Research Division particularly Dr. Jocelyn E. 

Eusebio and Dr. Ester L. Lopez for their supervision and guidance in preparing, 

reviewing, and editing of the manuscript; Mr. Angelito T. Carpio and Ms. Joan C. 

Andres for the research and consolidation of data; and Ms. Criselda T. Bautista and 

Ms. Filipina S. Olegario for clerical and computer work. 

Appreciation is also due to Dr. Beatriz P. del Rosario, Deputy Executive Director for 

Research and Development for the overall direction; the Applied Communication Division 

particularly Dr. Norma V. Llemit, for reviewing the manuscript, Dr. Lorna C. Malicsi for 

supervising the production process; Mr. Ruel S. Pagcaliwagan and Mr. Ricardo R. Argana 

for editing; Ms. Marina T. de Ramos for the layout and camera-ready proof; Mr. Simeon R. 

Manahan, Jr. for the cover design; and Ms. Carmelita B. Alamban for coordinating the 

overall production flow. 

iv 


National Fruit Crops 

R&D Team, 2002 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Team Leader: 

Members: 

Dr. Roberto E. Coronel 

Research Professor 

National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory 

Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) 

University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) 

College, Laguna 

Dr. Domingo E. Angeles 

Associate Professor 

Department of Horticulture 

UPLB, College, Laguna 

Ms. Rosemarie G. Castillo 

Chief 

Food and Food Preparation Division 

Bureau of Export Trade and Promotion 

Department of Trade and Industry 

5F-8F New Solid Building 

357 Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue 

Makati City 

Dr. Salvador P. Catelo 

Dean 

College of Economics and Management 


Dr. Hernani G. Golez 

Agricultural Center Chief 

National Mango Research and Development Center- 

Bureau of Plant Industry 

Department of Agriculture 

Jordan, Guimaras 

Dr. Maria Concepcion C. Lizada 


Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center 



v

Dr. Leon C. Namuco 


Department of Horticulture 


Dr. Oscar S. Opina 


Department of Plant Pathology 


Ms. Daisy E. Tañafranca 

Researcher 

Industrial Technology Development Institute 

Department of Science and Technology 

Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila 

Dr. Violeta N. Villegas 


IPB-UPLB 

College, Laguna 

Program 

Specialist: 

Mr. Angelito T. Carpio 

Science Research Specialist 

Crops Research Division (CRD) 

PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna 

vi 


Contents 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Foreword ...................................................................................................................... 

Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... 

National Fruit Crops R&D Team, 2002 ..................................................................... 

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................... 

iii 

iv 

v 

x 

Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 

PART I. R&D STATUS 

Commodity Industry Situation .................................................................................. 5 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 7 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 10 

Key Industry Players ............................................................................................ 13 

Technological Milestones ........................................................................................... 16 

R&D Investments .................................................................................................. 16 

Major Completed and Ongoing Projects ............................................................. 17 

Major Technological Milestones ................................................................................ 20 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 20 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 20 

R&D Gaps ..................................................................................................................... 22 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 22 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 22 

PART II. R&D DIRECTIONS 

Challenges and Issues ................................................................................................. 29 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 29 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 29 

Competitiveness of the Commodity .......................................................................... 30 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 30 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 30 

S&T Interventions ....................................................................................................... 32 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 32 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 34 

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... vii

Technology Forecasts .................................................................................................. 37 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 37 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 37 

Major R&D Programs .................................................................................................. 42 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 42 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 42 

Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 44 

Banana .................................................................................................................... 44 

Mango ...................................................................................................................... 44 

References .................................................................................................................... 45 

Appendices 

1. Major Technological Milestones, 1990–2000 ....................................................... 46 

List of Tables 

1 Area and production of major fruits in the Philippines, 1998 ......................... 5 

2 Quantity and value of Philippine fruit exports, 1994-1998 ............................. 6 

3. Harvest area, value, and volume of production of selected fruits 

in the Philippines, 1993 and 1997 ...................................................................... 6 

4. Statistics on area and production of banana in the Philippines, 

1994–1998 .............................................................................................................. 8 

5. Top ten banana-producing countries, in terms of volume of 

production, 2000 ................................................................................................... 11 

6. Quantity of banana exports, Philippines (‘000 t), 

1999–2000 .............................................................................................................. 11 

7. Value of banana exports (M US$), 1996–2000.................................................... 11 

8. Mango production area and volume, 1996–2000 ............................................... 12 

9. Top ten mango-producing countries, 1993-2001 ............................................... 13 

10. World fresh mango exports: quantity (t) and percent share of 

selected countries, 1995–2000 ........................................................................... 14 

11. Volume, value, and unit prices of Philippine mango products exported 

by major country of destination, 2000............................................................... 14 

12. Major R&D problems on banana ......................................................................... 22 

13. Major R&D problems on mango .......................................................................... 24 

14. SWOT analysis for banana (Saba, Lakatan, and Latundan) ............................ 30 

15. SWOT analysis for mango ................................................................................... 31 

16. S&T interventions for banana: short - and long-term research thrusts......... 32 

17. S&T interventions for mango: short - and long-term research thrusts.......... 34 

18. Technology forecasts on banana ......................................................................... 37 

19. Technology forecasts on mango .......................................................................... 39 

viii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

List of Figures 

1. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in area 

covered, 2000 ........................................................................................................ 9 

2. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in volume, 

2000 ........................................................................................................................ 9 

3. Domestic utilization of banana products, 1991–2000 ....................................... 10 

4. Importing countries of Philippine fresh banana, 1999–2000 ........................... 12 

5. Importing countries of Philippine banana (chips/crackers), 

1999–2000 .............................................................................................................. 12 


ix

List of Acronyms 

and Abbreviations 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

BAS - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics 

BBT - banana bunchy top 

BBTD - banana bunchy top disease 

BBTV - banana bunchy top virus 

BIOTECH - Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 

BOI-DTI - Board of Investments-Department of Trade and Industry 

BPI - Bureau of Plant Industry 

CA - controlled atmosphere 

CEAT - College of Engineering and Agricultural Technology 

CMU - Central Mindanao University 

CVIARC - Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Research Center 

DA - Department of Agriculture 

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid 

DMMMSU-NLUC- 

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University- Northern Luzon 

University Campus 

DNCRDC - Davao National Crop Research and Development Center 

DOST - Department of Science and Technology 

FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization 

EPPMI - Enhancing Productivity of the Philippine Mango Industry 

GATT-WTO - General Agreements on Tariff and Trade-World Trade Organization 

GES - Guimaras Experiment Station 

ha - hectare 

HACCP - hazard analytical critical control points 

HVCC - High Value Commercial Crops Program 

HWT - hot water treatment 

IFST - Institute of Food Science and Technology 

IDRC - International Development Research Center 

IPB - Institute of Plant Breeding 

IPM - integrated pest management 

IPP - Investment Priority Plan 

IRDP - Integrated R&D Program 

ITDI - Industrial Technology Development Institute 

LPG - liquefied petroleum gas 

M - million 

MA - modified atmosphere 

MAT - male annihilation technique 

MIN - Mango Information Network 

MMSU - Mariano Marcos State University 

x 


NCPC - National Crop Protection Center 

NMRDC - National Mango Research and Development Center 

NPK - nitrogen phosphorus potassium 

NVSIT - Nueva Vizcaya State Institute of Technology 

OFF - oriental fruit fly 

PSU - Pangasinan State University 

PHTRC - Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center 

PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources 

Research and Development 

PNRI - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute 

QMP - quality management practice 

ROS - Research Outreach Station 

R&D - research and development 

SCUs - state colleges and universities 

SIT - sterile insect technique 

S&T - science and technology 

STAND - Science and Technology Agenda for National Development 

STIARC - Southern Tagalog Integrated Agricultural Research Center 

SWOT - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats 

TADECO - Tagum Agricultural Development Corporation 

TRRC - Twin Rivers Research Center 

UAE - United Arab Emirates 

UNDP - United Nations Development Programme 

UPLB - University of the Philippines Los Baños 

USA - United States of America 

USDA - United States Department of Agriculture 

USM - University of Southern Mindanao 

ViSCA - Visayas State College of Agriculture 

VHT - vapor heat treatment 


xi

Introduction 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

The Philippine fruit industry contributes 

significantly to the economy in terms of 

employment, income, and foreign exchange. 

Fruit cultivation and production is an 

important source of livelihood especially for 

small operators/growers, with 26% having 

less than 1 ha (hectare) and 64% with less 

than 3 ha. It offers ecological benefits such 

as soil erosion control, better microenvironment, 

landscape and aesthetic 

values, and complements reforestation 

and agroforestry activities. 

The strength of the fruit sector lies on 

its big hectarage, which in 1998 is almost 

621,861 ha. The competitiveness of selected 

major fruits in the global market especially 

fresh is well established. However, the 

changing competitiveness across countries 

and variations in domestic production may 

bring about changes in the country’s export 

shares for fruit commodities. As the world 

market opens up with full implementation 

of the General Agreements on Tariff and 

Trade–World Trade Organization (GATT– 

WTO) provisions, the fruit industry should 

be able to take advantage of the new 

opportunities by capitalizing on the strength 

of the commodity and addressing the 

various problems and constraints affecting 

the industry.

R&D Status 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Commodity Industry Situation 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

The Philippines is an archipelago of 7,100 

islands and islets in the Pacific. A 

tropical country located 0.5-20 o north of the 

equator, it has a warm and humid climate 

with temperature (about 27 o C) and relative 

humidity (about 80%) that remain constant 

throughout the year. This climatic feature 

and its fertile soils of mostly volcanic origin 

make the Philippines an ideal place for 

growing tropical fruits and nuts. In fact, 

more than 300 indigenous and exotic, edible 

fruit-bearing species are found in the 

country. 

The fruit sector is an important 

component of Philippine agriculture. In 

1998, it occupied a growing area of 

621,861 ha (Table 1). During the 1994–1998 

period, the fruit sector generated 

foreign exchange ranging from US$0.44 M 

(million) to 0.96 M (Table 2). Among the 

major fruits, banana, mango, and pineapple 

contribute significantly to the economy in 

terms of income, employment, and foreign 

exchange. 

In recent years, the fruit crop industry 

has exhibited increasing trends in terms 

of production, area, and yield. The 

contributions of specific crops to total 

production in 1993 and 1997 are presented 

in Table 3. During these periods, fruits 

covered 6.59% of the 12.79 M ha total 

crop area harvested. Fruit production 

comprised 14.35% of the 66.78 M t (million 

tons) of total volume of crops produced, 

with a share of 19.9% in the total value of 

production of P230.81 M. 

The Philippines enjoys a major share of 

export of banana and mango in the world 

Table 1. Area and production of major fruits 

in the Philippines, 1998. a 

Area Production 

Fruit (ha) (t) 

Banana 334,668 3,755,164 

Mango 96,883 508,887 

Pineapple 64,925 1,254,372 

Citrus 35,230 163,090 

Durian 13754 55,016 

Jackfruit 13540 93,540 

Lanzones 10,530 26,724 

Papaya 8,807 94,037 

Avocado 8,807 22,726 

Caimito 7,600 25,389 

Cashew 7,130 4,900 

Rambutan 3,524 12,720 

Chico 3,140 11,890 

Guayabano 3,073 8,573 

Pili 2,580 4,631 

Atis 2,057 6,262 

Marang 3,067 12,875 

Mangosteen 1,058 2,331 

Tiesa 1,028 1,936 

Balimbing 460 2,111 

Total 621,861 6,067,174 

a Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS), 1999. 

market. The advantage of the country as a 

world fruit supplier is attributed to its 

warm, tropical climate; fertile soil; 

production areas outside the typhoon belt; 

state-of-the-art technology and skilled 

technicians; and nearness to the Asian and 

Pacific markets. 

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Table 2. Quantity and value of Philippine fruit exports, 1994–1998. a 

Growth 

% Share Rate %/yr 

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1994–98 1994–98 

A. Quantity t 

Banana, fresh/chips 1,170,658 1,231,182 1,270,573 1,162,429 1,164,072 69.98 0 

Pineapple, all forms 459,711 448,465 439,235 410,834 371,116 24.84 -5.16 

Mango, all forms 35,985 51,396 46,313 54,574 56,966 2.86 13.79 

Papaya, fresh/dried 3,832 2,719 1,688 694 230 0.11 -48.18 

Others, all forms 31,744 36,451 32,999 43,954 38,016 2.21 5.24 

Total 1,701,930 1,770,213 1,790,808 1,672,485 1,630,400 100.00 -0.98 

B. Value 1,000 US$ FOB 

Banana, fresh/chips 231,321 244,247 258,533 240,434 235,791 51.82 0.33 

Pineapple, all forms 145,592 140,320 156,570 149,798 178,657 31.73 0.33 

Mango, all forms 40,895 556,345 51,068 53,128 51,347 10.79 4.49 

Papaya, fresh/dried 1,392 1,283 835 587 339 0.19 -4,439.00 

Others, all forms 20,146 23,098 26,422 30,527 27,432 5.47 8.61 

Total 439,346 965,293 493,428 474,474 493,566 100.00 1.45 

Annual Average 

573M 

a BAS 1999. 

Table 3. 

Harvest area, value, and volume of production of selected fruits in the Philippines, 

1993 and 1997. 

1993 and 1997 

1993 % 1997 % Average % 

Harvest Area ( ‘000 ha) 

All Crops 12,549 13,025 12,790 

Fruits 815 6.49 877 6.73 846 6.59 

Banana 326 2.60 338 2.60 328 2.57 

Mango 61 0.49 92 0.71 77 0.61 

Pineapple 43 0.34 40 0.31 43 0.34 

Papaya 6 0.05 6 0.05 5 0.04 

Citrus 29 0.23 31 0.24 31 0.24 

Durian 4 0.03 4 0.03 4 0.03 

Other fruits 346 2.76 366 2.81 281 2.78 

Production Value (million P) 

All Crops 177,472 276,826 230,807 

Fruits 36,465 20.55 58,925 21.29 19.9 

Banana 10,564 5.95 14,921 5.39 12,693 5.55 

Mango 6,716 3.78 10,554 3.81 9,556 4.15 

Pineapple 5,394 3.04 11,090 4.01 6,957 2.98 

Papaya 289 0.16 255 0.09 280 0.12 

Citrus 1,561 0.88 1,745 0.63 1,697 0.75 

Durian 739 0.42 885 0.32 840 0.38 

Other fruits 11,202 6.31 19,475 7.04 13,873 5.96 

6 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Table 3. 

(Continued). 

1993 and 1997 

1993 % 1997 % Average % 

Production Volume (‘000 t) 

All Crops 65,767 68,301 66,778 

Fruits 8,694 13.22 11,059 16.19 9,585 14.35 

Banana 3,144 4.78 3,760 5.51 3,378 5.07 

Mango 440 0.67 1,028 1.51 708 1.06 

Pineapple 1,287 1.96 1,638 2.4 1,448 2.17 

Papaya 65 0.10 65 0.10 62 0.09 

Citrus 142 0.22 143 0.21 144 0.22 

Durian 28 0.04 29 0.04 28 0.04 

Other fruits 3,588 5.46 4,396 6.44 3,817 5.71 

a BAS 1998. 

Two of the country’s major fruits 

selected, banana and mango are proven 

export winners. The following discussions 

demonstrate the importance of these two 

major fruit crops in terms of economic 

contribution, production and yield 

performance, and market potential. 

Banana 

Banana is the prime fruit commodity of 

the Philippines in terms of hectarage and 

commercial value. It is widely grown 

throughout the country, either as a 

component of existing farming systems or 

as the main crop in large plantations in 

Mindanao. It is an important source of 

income for small farmers who constitute 75% 

of the banana growers. 

Banana is used in several ways. Fruits 

are usually eaten fresh but can also be 

processed into banana cue, puree, jam, jelly, 

chips, catsup, figs, spread, and preserve. 

Banana chips are the top dollar earner 

among the processed fruit products. Other 

industrial products prepared from banana 

include ethyl alcohol, flour, dye, floor wax, 

paste, and cork board. The pseudostem is a 

good source of fiber for handicraft materials. 

In commercial farms in Mindanao, reject or 

excess bananas are utilized as swine and 

cattle feeds. 

Area planted to banana increased from 

336,542 ha in 1994 to 337,082 ha in 1998. 

Southern Mindanao topped banana 

production with 1.58 M t (Table 4). 

The most popular banana cultivars 

planted are Cavendish, Saba, Lakatan, 

Latundan, and Bungulan. Cavendish is the 

best grown variety for fresh export and 

grown by most corporate farms in Mindanao. 

Saba is the primary source of chips/crackers 

and flour/powder, and is basically the main 

ingredient for breakfast, cereals, tail mixes 

(used for flavoring), and confections. 

Latundan and Lakatan are the cultivars 

famous in the local market. Figure 1 shows 

that among the major cultivars planted in 

2000, Saba (44%) accounts for the highest 

share in terms of area covered, followed by 

Latundan (20%), Lakatan (12%), Cavendish 

(10%), and Bungulan (6%). Figure 2 

presents the distribution of major cultivars 

in terms of volume produced. 

Of the country’s total banana production 

(1991–2000), 50% is utilized in fresh form 

for food, 35% is processed for food, and 15% 


Table 4. Statistics on area and production of banana in the Philippines, 1994–1998. 

Area (ha) Production (t) 

Region 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 

CAR 3,577 3,532 3,444 3,493 3,394 35,618 31,856 25,513 28,070 27,696 

Ilocos Region 11,180 11,167 10,733 10,056 9,890 65,056 64,366 51,981 55,447 53,962 

Cagayan Valley 13,023 12,755 26,557 29,383 28,616 27,250 30,743 92,330 249,563 229,463 

Central Luzon 2,626 2,623 2,641 2,500 2,317 31,117 29,768 27,536 35,102 24,925 

Southern Tagalog 45,927 44,052 51,120 53,465 52,399 151,061 137,638 105,939 149,053 141,169 

Bicol Region 12,714 12,476 11,658 12,868 12,840 39,605 29,865 21,691 29,593 22,812 

Western Visayas 40,861 40,277 39,264 39,581 40,671 236,126 233,944 204,867 238,238 228,247 

Central Visayas 10,676 10,760 10,574 15,807 14,738 63,925 84,706 75,806 87,292 76,067 

Eastern Visayas 27,949 24,906 26,320 26,602 25,707 135,108 126,537 109,924 134,596 117,307 

Western Mindanao 30,332 21,748 22,282 21,843 22,329 110,635 116,980 101,093 131,896 120,124 

Northern Mindanao 22,550 22,551 18,433 16,899 16,420 200,923 202,196 176,465 188,684 183,545 

Southern Mindanao 42,878 45,593 48,717 48,146 47,973 1,399,831 1,700,363 1,706,420 1,689,932 1,580,963 

Central Mindanao 14,296 14,447 7,924 9,221 9,023 288,178 293,060 260,773 354,267 343,601 

CARAGA 42,260 38,967 30,599 31,596 33,881 254,533 249,142 204,251 227,843 232,196 

ARMM 15,693 16,154 16,647 16,817 16,884 161,874 167,935 147,248 175,206 178,686 

Total 336,542 322,008 326,913 338,277 337,082 3,200,840 3,499,099 3,311,837 3,774,782 3,560,763 

a BAS 1999. 


Latundan 

20% 

Bungulan 

6% 

Others 

8% 

Saba 

44% 

Lakatan 

12% 

Cavendish 

10% 

Fig. 1. 

Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in area 

covered, 2000. (Total area: 382,490 ha). 

Lakatan 

13% 

Latundan 

10% 

Bungulan 

4% 

Others 

3% 

Saba 

38% 

Cavendish 

32% 

Fig. 2. 

Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in volume, 

2000. (Total volume: 4.93 t). 


goes to waste (Fig. 3). On a per capita 

basis, consumption fell from 33 kg in 1980 

to only 24 kg in 1990 and 23 kg in 1998 

(DA-AMAS). This is because the prices of 

locally sold banana have increased through 

the years. Table bananas found in 

supermarkets are mostly local (rejects) 

Cavendish and Lakatan (Gorrez, personal 

communication). 

Wastes 

15% 

Fresh (food) 

50% 

Processed 

into food 

product 

35% 

amounted to only 18,280 t valued at 

US$ 20.83 M in 1996–2000 (Tables 6 and 7). 

Of the total volume of chips exported from 

1999 to 2001, 38% went to Hongkong, 25% 

to Japan, 17% to Singapore, 11% to 

Netherlands, and 9% to Korea (Fig. 5). 

The Philippines enjoys export advantage 

over its ASEAN neighbors in terms of 

production and marketing because of its 

proximity to the major importing countries 

and technological advances in the 

production and handling systems. This is 

primarily because the infrastructure for 

export has long been established in 

Mindanao since the late 1960s. However, 

in most of the banana-growing areas 

especially the sites for Saba, Lakatan, and 

Latundan, the necessary infra-support 

system is still lacking and/or insufficient to 

become competitive. 

Fig. 3. 

Domestic utilization of banana 

products, 1991–2000. 

Mango 

The Philippines ranked fifth among the 

world’s top major suppliers of banana in 

2000, with 3.56 M t or a share of 6.1% of the 

world production (FAO, 2000). India had the 

biggest share (18.9%), followed by Brazil 

(9.3%), China (8.9%), and Ecuador (8.6%). 

Indonesia occupied the sixth rank, while 

Thailand ranked ninth (Table 5). 

The major banana products being 

exported are fresh banana, chips/crackers, 

and catsup. The fresh bananas constitute 

the main bulk of our export representing 

almost 98% of the total volume exported. In 

1996-2000, the average volume exported 

reached to about 1.31 M t valued at 

US$ 261 M (Tables 6 and 7). Figure 4 shows 

the major importing countries of the fresh 

banana in 1999-2000 where Japan occupies 

the biggest share (61%), followed by China 

(16%), Korea (8%), Taiwan (6%), and United 

Arab Emirates (UAE) (6%). On the other 

hand, the average exported chips/crackers 

Mango is grown practically all over the 

Philippines. It ranks second among the 

important fruit crops in terms of areas and 

production. In 2001, the total volume of 

production reached 879,737 t (Table 8). 

Several mango cultivars are grown in the 

country but the most important are 

‘Carabao’ and ‘Pico.’ The Carabao mango, 

which accounts for 70% of total production, 

is recommended for both local and foreign 

markets. Other varieties such as ‘Pahutan’ 

and ’Katchamita’ are also grown in 

considerable quantity. 

In 2001, the Philippines ranked seventh 

among the largest mango producers, with 

884,272 t or 4% of the total global output of 

25.1 M t (Table 9). The largest mangoproducing 

country was India with 11.5 M 

(52%), followed by China with 3.21 M t (14%), 

Mexico with 1.46 M t (6.6%), Thailand with 

1.35 M t (6.19%), Indonesia with .95 M t 

(4.3%), and Pakistan with .94 M t (4.3%). 


Table 5. Top ten banana-producing countries, in terms of volume of production, 2000. a 

2000 

Country Rank Production (‘000 t) % Share 

India 1 11,000 18.86 

Brazil 2 5,449 9.34 

China 3 5,216 8.94 

Ecuador 4 5,000 8.57 

Philippines 5 3,561 6.10 

Indonesia 6 3,166 5.43 

Costa Rica 7 2,101 3.60 

Mexico 8 1,720 2.95 

Thailand 9 1,720 2.95 

Columbia 10 1,570 2.69 

Burundi - 1,516 2.60 

Other countries 16,231 

Total 58,250 

a FAO 2001. 

Table 6. Quantity of banana exports, Philippines (‘000 t), 1999–2000. a 

Item 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average 

Bananas, fresh 1,253.17 1.143.33 1,147.11 1,319.63 1,599.35 1,292.52 

Bananas, chip/ 

crackers 17.41 19.20 16.20 20.88 17.72 18.28 

Total 1,310.80 

a Foreign Trade Statistics 2001. 

Table 7. Value of banana exports (M US$), 1996–2000. a 

Item 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average 

Bananas, fresh 236.42 216.56 217.04 240.70 291.65 240.47 

Bananas, chip/ 

crackers 22.07 23.88 18.76 19.57 19.88 20.83 

Total 258.49 240.44 235.80 260.27 311.53 261.31 

a Foreign Trade Statistics 2001. 


China 

16% 

Korea 

8% 

Others 

3% 

Fig. 4. Importing countries of 

Philippine fresh banana, 

1999–2000. 

UAE 

6% 

Taiwan 

6% 

Japan 

61% 

Netherlands 

11% 

Korea 

9% Hongkong 

38% 

Fig. 5. 

Importing countries of 

Philippine banana (chips/ 

crackers), 1999–2001. 

Singapore 

17% 

Japan 

25% 

Table 8. Mango production area and volume, 1996–2000. a 

a BAS 2001. 

Year Area (ha) Production (t) 

1996 112,923 768,884 

1997 120,283 972,891 

1998 125,041 982,728 

1999 127,364 846,970 

2000 128,927 836,897 

2001 136,917 879,737 

Average 122,907 881,566 


Table 9. Top ten mango-producing countries, 1993–2001. 

1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 

Country Rank Production Rank Production Rank Production Rank Production Rank Production 

India 1 10,110,000 1 11,500,000 1 11,000,000 1 12,000,000 1 11,500,000 

China 2 1,289,745 2 1,957,552 2 2,409,787 2 2,149,787 2 3,215,000 

Mexico 3 1,151,192 3 1,342,097 3 1,500,317 3 1,537,800 3 1,458,867 

Thailand 4 1,000,000 4 1,200,000 4 1,350,000 4 1,250,000 4 1,350,000 

Philippines 9 335,554 7 595,138 5 1,028,120 5 950,070 7 884,272 

Pakistan 5 793,652 6 883,674 6 914,492 6 916,800 6 937,000 

Nigeria 6 583,000 8 631,000 7 689,000 7 731,000 8 729,000 

Indonesia 8 460,360 5 888,960 8 605,012 8 605,012 5 950,000 

Brazil 7 563,511 9 638,371 9 600,000 9 600,000 9 540,000 

Egypt 196,775 10 232,315 10 230,873 10 231,000 10 310,000 

Haiti 10 230,000 220,000 210,000 225,000 

Congo 215,000 212,761 215,000 

Other 

Countries 2,004,534 2,308,336 2,441,218 2,996,646 3,228,286 

World 18,718,323 22,612,443 23,191,580 24,408,115 25,102,425 

a 

FAO Website (2002). 

Annual average world export of fresh 

mango in 1995–2000 was 427,752 t. The 

Philippines was the second largest mango 

exporter with 42,806 t. The leading fresh 

mango-exporting country was Mexico 

with 184,493 t. Other major fresh mangoexporting 

countries are India with 36,042 t, 

Brazil with 36,751 t, and Pakistan with 

31,120 t (Table 10). 

Table 11 shows that in 2000 the 

Philippines’ total fresh mango export was 

38,996 t. Hongkong was the leading 

importing country with 30,199 t, followed by 

Japan with 7,275 t, Korea with 583 t, 

Singapore with 349 t, and China with 291 t. 

The country also exported 870 t dried 

mangoes, 1,200 t of puree, and 1,804 t of 

juices in 2000. The total value of mango 

export in 2000 was about US$34 M. 

Banana 

Key Industry Players 

The banana industry is composed of 

growers, traders, middlemen, transporters, 

buyers/exporters, and processors. Banana 

production is characterized by small–to 

medium-sized farms and corporate/ 

multinational farms. Domestic market for 

fresh banana is dominated by middlemen 

and traders, while the export industry is 

handled mostly by multinational 

corporations, which are concentrated in 

Mindanao. The key producers include: 

Tagum Agricultural Development Corporation 

(TADECO), Lapanday Holdings, 

Davao Fruits Corporation, Marsman Estate 

Plantation, and Stanfilco Division of Dole 

Phils., Inc. Some of these companies have 

contract-growing schemes with small and 

medium-sized farms. The key buyers 

are Dole Asia and Del Monte Fresh 

Produce. 

For banana chips, the players are mostly 

located in Davao and Butuan. These are 

Pacific Fruits, Archmen, Natural Fruits 

Corporation, Basic Fruits, and Philexson 

International, Inc. 

Mango 

The mango industry in the Philippines 

involves many key players and 

intermediaries, namely; propagators, 


Table 10. World fresh mango exports: quantity (t) and percent share of selected countries, 1995–2000. a 

Percent 

Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average Share 

World 337,522 406,827 476,299 553,588 576,413 622,690 427,752 100.0 

Mexico 131,721 167,903 187,127 209,426 204,002 206,782 184,493 44.8 

Philippines 43,937 40,252 44,939 52,579 35,102 40,031 42,806 10.4 

India 23,275 26,780 44,832 47,149 47,149 37,110 36,042 8.7 

Brazil 12,828 24,186 23,370 39,186 53,765 67,172 36,751 8.9 

Pakistan 16,628 18,361 25,058 40,251 37,971 48,453 31,120 7.0 

a FAO website 2000. 

Table 11. 

Volume, value, and unit prices of exported Philippine mango products by 

major country of destination, 2000. 

Value 

Form Country Volume (t) (US$ ‘000) 

Fresh All countries 38,996 34,331 

Hongkong 30,199 18,247 

Japan 7,275 13,810 

Singapore 349 447 

Korea 583 1277 

China 291 204 

Other countries 300 346 

Dried All countries 870 5,477 

Hongkong 442 2,353 

Japan 157 933 


Korea 50 375 

China 48 424 

Other countries 124 1,009 

Puree All countries 1,200 1,242 

Hongkong 324 329 

Japan 148 155 


Korea 18 18 

China 17 19 


Juice All countries 1,804 1,902 

Hongkong 301 316 

Japan 279 255 


Korea 126 135 

China 101 106 



growers, sprayers, traders, cooperatives, 

transporters, exporters, brokers/freight 

forwarders, processors, institutional buyers, 

and end consumers. Mango production in 

the country is concentrated in numerous 

but noncontiguous farms. The common 

production arrangement is for farm owners 

to contract out mango trees to traders 

who in turn induce the trees to flower. 

Middlemen in marketing are contractbuyers, 

agents, assembler-wholesalers, 

wholesaler-exporters, and wholesalerretailers. 

There are two groups of fresh mango 

exporters in the Philippines: the vapor heat 

treatment (VHT) group, which exports to 

Japan, Singapore, and Europe; and soon to 

include the US and Australia for mangoes 

coming from Guimaras; and the non-VHT 

group, which exports to Hongkong/China. 

The VHT group subjects fresh mangoes to 

VHT in compliance with the sanitary 

protocol of the importing countries. The 

VHT is not required by the Hongkong/ 

China market. 

Majority of the dried mango processors 

operate during the Luzon season (late 

December to early February) with supply 

coming from Luzon mango-producing areas. 

Many of the puree factories operate during 

the late or mid-Luzon season. 


Technological Milestones 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

R&D Investments 

In 1999, the Department of Science and 

Technology (DOST) recorded 431 fruit 

research projects with a total budget of 

P145.4 M. Mango had the most number of 

research projects and the largest budget 

(39%), followed by banana (27%). Next were 

durian (7%), cashew (5%), and papaya (4%) 

(Pabuayon, 2000). 

By institution, there were more 

researches conducted in line government 

agencies than in state colleges and 

universities (SCUs). Among the SCUs, 

the University of the Philippines Los 

Baños (UPLB) had the biggest share 

(32.92%), with a total budget for fruit 

research of P59.09 M; followed by the 

University of Southern Mindanao (USM), 

with 3.03% of the total budget. 

In 1993–1997, PCARRD embarked on a 

P5.6-M comprehensive technology transfer 

and commercialization program for mango. 

To sustain the initial gains from this 

program, PCARRD launched the research 

project entitled, “Enhancing Productivity of 

the Philippine Mango Industry (EPPMI)” 

with a budget of P12 M. Almost 

simultaneous to this, an even bigger 

program dubbed as “Mango Information 

Network (MIN),” which is a world-wide 

web-based information service was 

established in 1999, with a total budget of 

P20 M from the United Nations Development 

Programme (UNDP), DOST, and 

PCARRD. 

The banana industry has been included 

in several national programs such as the 

Science and Technology Agenda for 

National Development (STAND) of DOST, 

the High Value Commercial Crops Program 

(HVCC) of the Department of Agriculture 

(DA), and the Investment Priorities Plan 

(IPP) of the Board of Investments- 

Department of Trade and Industry (BOI- 

DTI.) 

Under the STAND Program, activities 

promote increased production of quality 

fruits to sustain competitiveness in the 

world market. Activities which were funded 

by DOST included mass production of 

virus-free planting materials through tissue 

culture, use of diagnostic kits for rapid 

diagnosis of viral diseases, screening of 

different cultivars for resistance to major 

pests, further studies on bugtok disease, 

improved management system for saba, 

development/improvement of products from 

saba for export, and field and in vitro 

maintenance of banana germplasm. 

Researches on biotechnology dealt with 

the development of homogenic banana 

varieties resistant to bunchy top disease 

through genetic engineering and mutation 

breeding. For the period 1998–2000, 

biotechnology research for fruits had a total 

budget of P47.57 M. Banana had more than 

half of the pie (55%), followed by durian with 

15.77%, papaya with 13.67%, and mango 

with 11.35%. Pili had a share of 4.20%. 

PCARRD also embarked on a P4.9-M 

program to enhance the productivity of the 

Saba industry through the development of 

a quality assurance program from 

production, handling, and processing. 


Major Completed and Ongoing 

Projects 

The R&D projects consisted of strategies 

addressing the general problems of the 

industry. These cover preproduction, 

production, and postproduction research 

areas. 

Completed 

Banana 

1. Postharvest physiology and technology 

of bananas/Ma.C.C. Lizada/Postharvest 

Horticulture Training Research Center 

(PHTRC)-UPLB 

2. Characterization of postharvest 

behavior of local banana cultivars 

(Latundan, Lakatan, and Señorita)/ 

E.I. Labios/PHTRC-UPLB 

3. Physiology of modified atmosphere - 

stored fruits/L.A. Artes/PHTRC-UPLB 

4. Biochemical studies on modified 

atmosphere-stored fruits/Ma. C.C. 

Lizada/PHTRC-UPLB 

5. Maintenance of the regional banana 

genebank/O. C. Pascua/ DA-Bureau of 

Plant and Industry (BPI)-Davao National 

Crop Research and Development Center 

(DNCRDC) 

- IDRC-PCARRD Banana (Philippines) 

Project: Phase III Banana 

R&D Program in the Philippines/ 

R.R.C. Espino/UPLB 

- On-farm trial of in-vitro derived 

planting materials and production of 

virus-free planting materials/O.C. 

Pascua and R.R. C. Espino/DA-BPI- 

DNCRDC 

- On-farm trials in Mindanao/ O.C. 

Pascua/DA-BPI-DNCRDC 

- On-farm trials in Luzon/R.R.C. 

Espino/UPLB 

- Monoclonal antibodies for rapid 

indexing of virus diseases in Musa 

species/T.M. Espino/ UPLB 

- Further studies on the Bugtok 

disorder of cooking bananas/L. V. 

Magnaye/DA-BPI-DNCRDC 

- Germplasm maintenance and 

characterization/O.C. Pascua and 

R.R.C. Espino/DA-BPI-DNCRDC 

- Germplasm maintenance and 

morphological characterization/O.C. 

Pascua/BPI-DNCRDC 

- Biochemical characteristics of 

banana cultivars through isozyme 

analysis/ R.R.C. Espino/UPLB 

6. Investigations on the in vitro 

propagation of banana for conservation 

and utilization/A.B. Zamora/UPLB 

7. Postharvest technologies for banana/ 

O.K. Bautista, M. DV Maunahan, and 

M.U. Reyes/PHTRC-UPLB 

8. Morphology of somaclonal variants of 

Grand Naine and screening for 

resistance of fusarium wilt/N.M. Dawi 

and A. Jadraque/Twin Rivers Research 

Center (TRRC) 

10. Banana production in typhoon-prone 

areas in the Ilocos Region/D.D. Ignacio, 

and P.M. Dazon/Mariano Marcos 

State University (MMSU) 

- Adoption of control strategies and 

rehabilitation of areas affected by 

banana bunchy top disease (BBTD)/ 

R.R.C. Espino/ UPLB 

11. Community-based piloting of control 

strategies and rehabilitation of areas 

affected by banana bunchy top disease 

in Northern Luzon/B.S. Ligat/BSU 



affected by BBTD in Southern Luzon/ 




affected by BBTD in Southern Mindanao/L.V. 

Magnaye/BPI-DNCRDC 

14. Mass production of virus-free planting 

materials of banana in Northern Luzon/ 

C.A. Baniqued/ DA-BPI-BNCRDC 


15. Mass production of virus-free planting 

materials of banana in Southern Luzon/ 


16. Studies on the production and testing of 

diagnostic kits for indexing viral 

diseases of identified fruits/T.M. Espino/ 

UPLB 

17. Postharvest behavior of promising 

banana cultivars with export potential/ 

E.B. Esguerra/ PHTRC-UPLB 

18. Viruslike particles of banana, citrus, 

papaya, and vegetable legumes: 

Isolation and role in disease 

development/N.B. Bajet/UPLB 

19. Fingerprinting of Philippine banana 

germplasm/F.P. dela Cruz, Jr./Institute 

of Plant Breeding (IPB)-UPLB 

20. Development of enhanced and practical 

immunoassay using polyclonal 

antibodies for detection of banana 

bunchy top/A.D. Talens/National Crop 

Protection Center (NCPC)-UPLB 

21. EPSI Project 1. Action research project 

on saba packinghouse/P.A. Nuevo/ 

PHTRC-UPLB 

22. EPSI Project 2. Improved management 

system for Saba banana/O.S. Opina/ 

UPLB 

23. Banana cottage industry pilot 

demonstration studies for the province 

of Bukidnon/ H.M. Pava/Central 

Mindanao University (CMU) 

24. Use of protoplast fusion and somaclonal 

variation in banana cultivar development 

for disease resistance/R.R.C. 

Espino/ UPLB 

25. Genetic analysis of Philippine strains of 

Pseudomonas solanacearum banana 

(Bugtok strains)/A.K. Raymundo/ 

Institute of Molecular Biology and 

Biotechnology (BIOTECH)-UPLB 

- Fruit quality improvement of banana 

for export/M.R. Recel/ TRRC 

- Organic farming for a chemicalfree/chemical-less 

banana fruit 

production/M.R. Recel/TRRC 

Mango 

- Integrated pest management for a 

chemical-free/chemical-less banana 

fruit production/M.R. Recel/ TRRC 

1. Induced physiological disorders in 

mango/Ma. C.C. Lizada/ PHTRC-UPLB 

2. Chilling injury in mangoes/Ma. C.C. 

Lizada and J.U. Agravante/PHTRC- 

UPLB 

3. High temperature injury in mangoes/ 

T.J. Rimando/UPLB 

4. Modified atmosphere injury in mangoes/ 

E.B. Esguerra/PHTRC-UPLB 

5. Latex injury in mangoes/R.D. Bugante 

Jr./PHTRC-UPLB 

6. Reduction of fruit injury in Carabao 

mango subjected to VHT/O.K. Bautista 

and E.B. Esguerra/PHTRC-UPLB 

7. Response of mango fruits from various 

locations/ O.K. Bautista, E.B. Esguerra, 

and Ma. C.C. Lizada/ PHTRC-UPLB 

8. Response of mango fruits of different 

stages of maturity harvested during 

different seasons/O.K. Bautista and E. 

B. Esguerra/PHTRC 

9. Effect of approach period on the 

incidence of fruit injury/M.U. Reyes/ 

PHTRC 

10. Alleviation of fruit injury with hot water 

treatment (HWT)/R. Rejesus/ PHTRC- 

UPLB 

11. Compatibility of VHT with low 

temperature treatment/Ma. C.C. Lizada/ 

UPLB 

12. Effect of ringing on flowering of mango, 

cashew, santol, and rambutan/D.E. 

Angeles/UPLB 

- Enhancing productivity of the 

Philippine mango industry (EPPMI) 

(IRDP-Mango)/Ma. C.C. Lizada and 

E.B. Esguerra/PHTRC-UPLB 

- Training on nursery operations, 

production, and postproduction in 

mango/S. Mancebo/UPLB 


- Fertilizer application in mango 

through diagnostic and recommended 

integrated system (DRIS)/I. 

Anunciado/UPLB 

13. Optimization of some physical 

treatments to improve quality and shelf 

life of selected papaya and mango fruits/ 

A.A. Acedo Jr./Visayas State College of 

Agriculture (ViSCA) 

14. Preflowering, reprodutive bioecology, 

and control of mango leafhopper 

(Idioscopus clypealis, Leth) and 

associated minor pest species/V.R. 

Ocampo/UPLB 

15. Extending the marketable life of 

Carabao mango by controlled 

atmosphere (CA) storage/Ma. C.C. 

Lizada/PHTRC-UPLB 

16. Action research project on mango 

packinghouse/E.B. Esguerra/PHTRC- 

UPLB 

17. Mango comprehensive technology 

transfer program/C.J. Oliveros, B.A. 

Arano, S.E. Saldivar, C.B., and N.T. 

Binag/ DA-Cagayan Valley Integrated 

Agricultural Research Center-Research 

Outreach Station (CVIARC-ROS) 

- Development of objective indices 

(biochemical, physiological, and 

physical for cultivar identification)/ 

E.M. T. Mendoza/IPB-UPLB 

- Development of site-specific IPM in 

mango/J.R. Medina/Dept. of Plant 

Pathology-UPLB 

- Optimized irrigation/water management 

in mango/D.T. Franco/College 

of Engineering and Agricultural 

Technology (CEAT)-UPLB 

- Nutrient management in mango/ 

I.S. Anunciado and Ma. L.O. Cedo/ 

UPLB 

- Optimized pruning techniques in 

mango/D.N. Simon/Pangasinan State 

University (PSU) 

18. EPPMI-Determination of readiness to 

flower in mango/R.D. Bugante Jr./ 

PHTRC-UPLB 

19. EPPMI-Improved raw material handling 

and process control in mango/L.C. 

Raymundo/Institute of Food Science 

Technology (IFST)-UPLB 

20. EPPMI-Scaling-up of laboratory 

process for powdered control in mango/ 

D. Tañafranca/Industrial Technology 

Development Institute (ITDI) 

21. EPPMI-Waste management in mango 

processing/D. Tañafranca/ITDI 

Ongoing 

Banana 

1. Development of transgenic banana 

varieties resistant to banana bunchy top 

virus (BBTV)/V.M. Aquino/IPB-UPLB 

2. Development of bunchy top virus 

resistance in banana by genetic 

engineering/V.M. Aquino/IPB-UPLB 

3. Biotechnology-assisted development of 

bunchy top virus resistance in banana by 

mutation breeding/O.P. Damasco/IPB- 

UPLB 

4. Control of ripening in papaya and mango 

be genetic engineering/E.M.F. Mendoza/ 

IPB-UPLB 

Mango 

1. MIN (Phase II)/ J.E. Eusebio/PCARRD 

2. Development of transgenic papaya and 

mango with long shelf life control of 

ripening in papaya and mango by genetic 

engineering/ E.M. T. Mendoza/IPB- 

UPLB 

3. Integrated fruitfly management program 

in Guimaras Island: (a) mass rearing, 

production, and irradiation of sterile 

oriental fruit fly; (b) Mass production 

and irradiation of oriental fruit fly/G. B. 

Obra/PNRI 

4. Action program in enhancing the 

productivity and quality of Carabao 

mango through integrated pest 

mangement (IPM) (a) pesticide 

management/O.S. Opina (b) postharvest 

systems management/E.B. Esguerra/ 

UPLB 


Major Technological Milestones 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Over the years, technologies have been 

developed in the production of various 

fruit crops. This has triggered expansion 

in areas of production, which is expected to 

bring about an increase in volume necessary 

for strategic global competitiveness. These 

technologies have been further supplemented 

with indigenous farmers’ practices 

and other technologies borrowed from other 

countries. 

Banana 

Below are the research accomplishments 

on banana, which address the 

major concerns of the industry, namely, 

production of quality fruits, availability of 

planting materials, control of insect pests 

and diseases, and reduction of postharvest 

losses: 

• Mass propagation of disease-free 

planting materials of banana through 

tissue culture 

• Eighty banana cultivars characterized 

and identified through 

isozyme analysis 

• Diagnostic kits for indexing BBT 

and mosaic viruses 

• Improved production technologies 

for Lakatan and Saba 

• Storage and ripening protocol for 

Lakatan 

• Reduction of losses through interisland 

shipment using container van 

• Rehabilitation of BBTD and bugtokdevastated 

areas 

• Improved management system for 

Saba 

• New processed products from Saba 

Mango 

Improved production management will 

result into better quality and yield of fruits. 

The increase in the quality of fruits coupled 

with market promotion is expected to 

increase the percentage share of export to 

the current traditional markets of 

Hongkong, Japan, Thailand, China, Korea, 

Australia, USA, and possibly, the 

European market. Technologies/information 

generated from the recent programs, 

which will put mango in a better position in 

the global market include the following: 

• Eight superior strains of Carabao: 

Lamao 1, GES 73, GES 77, GES 84, 

GES 85, Talaban, Fresco, and MMSU 

Gold 

• Control of fruit flies in Guimaras 

through male annihilation technique 

(MAT) and sterile insect technique 

(SIT) 

• HWT for controlling anthracnose 

• Modified VHT 

• Flotation method as means of 

determining fruit maturity 

• Established gas levels for CA storage 

• Flower induction in mango 

• Improved processed products 

• Indices for varietal identification in 

mango 

• Optimized pruning techniques in 

mango 


• Site-specific integrated pest 

management (IPM) 

• Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)-fed 

HWT 

• Determination of readiness to flower 

in mango 

Other technologies/information generated 

on banana and mango are listed in 

Appendix I. 


R&D Gaps 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

To be globally competitive, the fruit 

industry has to be transformed into a 

dynamic sector. The desirable industry 

situation can be achieved by addressing gaps 

in R&D. The R&D gaps on fruits cover 

specific concerns on preproduction, 

production, postharvest system, processing 

and utilization, socioeconomics, and 

marketing. 

Banana 

It is the goal of the industry to produce 

bananas with high level of acceptable 

quality necessary for strategic global 

competitiveness. In doing so, it is 

imperative to address common problems 

besetting the industry. The gaps identified 

for R&D include germplasm resources, 

micropropagation technique, crop 

protection, other aspects of cultural 

management, postharvest handling, quality 

standard of processed products, and 

marketing strategies (Table 12). 

Mango 

For mango, R&D gaps are on cultivars, 

varietal identification, quality planting 

materials, technology on high-density 

planting, other aspects of cultural 

management, indices for readiness to flower, 

crop protection, postharvest handling, 

processing, and marketing (Table 13). 

Table 12. Major R&D problems on banana. 

Area Technology Status R&D Gaps 

Preproduction 

Variety Current varieties are susceptible Germplasm resources in field genebanks 

to pests and diseases. 

are constantly threatened by pests and 

diseases. 

Propagation Micropropagation/tissue culture Further improvement of rapid mass 

technology is available. 

propagation technologies is needed. 

Institutionalization of tissue culture 

technology (D) is needed. 

Production 

Planting density There is technology available for Planting density for major cultivars is 

Cavendish. 

not yet established. 

Nutrition Recommendation is not fully Critical nutrient concentrations and 

established. 

nutrient requirements of major 

cultivars are not yet established. 

Water relations Recommendation is not fully Optimum water requirement based on 

established. 

crop phenology is not yet established. 


Table 12. (Continued). 


Water relations and fruit development of 

different banana cultivars are not 

known. 

Crop protection IPM for Bugtok, Sigatoka, and Field evaluation of available IPM 

banana bunchy top is available. techniques is needed. 

IPM for fusarium wilt, nematodes, thrips, 

weevils, beetles, weeds, other leafspot 

diseases, and other emerging pests/ 

diseases need to be studied. 

There is limited information on identity, 

biology, and ecology of pests and 

diseases. 

Cropping system · There is lack of new planting schemes for 

monocropping and intercropping 

systems. 

Postharvest System Delayed/enhanced ripening Proper postharvest handling technology 

technology is available. of major cultivars is lacking. 

Harvesting index for Cardaba Information on maturity indices of 

was developed. 

local cultivars is lacking. 

MA storage is available. 

Packaging and transportation system is 

poor. 

Product and quality standard for local 

cultivars is lacking. 

Postharvest treatments to get rid of 

pests and diseases are inadequate. 

Processing and Utilization Village-level processing is Processing facilities in production 

available for chips, sauce, 

areas are lacking. 

puree, strings, frozen turon, New high value and novel processed 

pinoy fries, and wine/vinegar. products and utilization of 

by-products are lacking. 

Standards for consistent quality 

of processed products are lacking. 

Socioeconomics 

and Marketing 

There is absence of economic assessment 

of different technologies generated 

for banana. 

There is lack of timely market information 

and intelligence for fresh banana 

and banana chips. 

Marketing strategies for selected banana 

varieties and their products are 

lacking. 


Table 13. Major R&D problems on mango. 


Preproduction 

Variety Eight registered Carabao Improved Carabao variety with better 

strains are available. 

fruit quality (size, color, 

Varietal identification is not 

peel thickness), longer shelf 

fully established. 

life, and resistance to adverse 

environmental conditions is lacking. 

The eight registered Carabao strains 

have not been tested in different 

locations. 

Alternate variety for export 

is lacking. 

Further verification of procedures for 

varietal identification need to be 

studied. 

DNA fingerprinting of varieties and 

strains needs to be done. 

Planting materials Certified planting materials Present method of propagation (cleft 

are available. 

grafting) is wasteful of scion materials. 

Knowledge on the best rootstocks 

is lacking. 

Certification and accreditation system 

of mango nurseries (D) is poor. 

There is lack of supply of quality planting 

materials (grafted) (D). 

There is no concerted effort to establish 

scion groves (D). 

Production 

Planting density 

Technology on how to manage high 

density planted trees is lacking. 

Training and pruning Pruning technique is not fully Technology on how to properly train 

established. young trees and prune mature trees 

is lacking. 

Nutrition Recommendation is not fully Critical nutrient levels on Carabao mango 

established. 

leaves are not yet established. 

Nutrient management in relation to tree 

phenology is not yet established. 

Deficiency symptoms (leaves) and 

physiological disorders (fruits) are 

not yet studied. 

Nutrition and fruit development 

relationship are not known. 

d. Water relations Recommendation is not fully Optimum water requirement based on 

established. 

tree phenology is not known. 

Water relations and fruit development 

are not known. 




Flower induction Spraying of KNO 3 

is practiced. There is erratic/nonuniform flushing. 

Vegetative growth regulation is 

not known. 

Simple indices to determine readiness to 

flower need to be established. 

Physiological basis of flower induction 

is not known. 

Crop protection IPM for mango is established. Site- and situation-specific pest 

management is not yet established. 

Bioecology and epidemiology of mango 

pest and diseases in different agroecosystems 

are not fully known . 

Population dynamics in relation to crop 

phenology is not known. 

Monitoring and forecasting detection 

are not yet established. 

Emerging pests need to be studied. 

Postharvest System Maturity indices are known. Short shelf life needs to be addressed. 

HWT technology is available. There is susceptibility to physiological 

Packinghouse technology is 

disorders. 

available. 

Improvement of inter-island handling 

CA technology is available but system needs to be studied. 

not yet tested for commercial 

scale. 

Processing and Utilization 

Socioeconomics and Marketing 

Standard for consistent quality 

of processed products is lacking. 

There are limited product lines . 

Commercialization of existing 

technologies (D) needs to be studied. 

Production cost is high. 

Marketing system is multi-layered. 

Market information is unreliable. 


R&D Directions 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Challenges and Issues 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

The fruit crops industry plays an 

important role in Philippine 

agriculture. It contributes significantly to 

employment, food security, income, and 

foreign exchange generation through 

various production, processing, and 

marketing activities. 

Banana 

Among the fruit crops in the country, 

banana dominates the industry in terms of 

hectarage and production. Also, it is a 

consistent top dollar earner of the country. 

On a world basis, the Philippines ranks fifth 

among the banana-producing countries in 

1998. The varieties popularly grown in the 

country are Saba, Latundan, Bungulan, and 

Cavendish. The latter is cultivated mainly 

for export. 

Since 1990, banana production has been 

increasing. Key destinations of export for 

fresh banana are Japan and China, and for 

banana chips , United States of America 

(USA), Japan, and European countries. 

However, even with these opportunities, 

the industry is also beset with many 

problems. 

Mango 

Mango is the third leading fruit crop 

export next to banana and pineapple. The 

Philippines is the world’s fifth largest 

producer of mango in 1998. The only variety 

cultivated for export is Carabao. Major 

export markets for fresh fruits are Japan 

and Hongkong, and for processed products, 

USA and Hongkong. 


Competitiveness of the Commodity 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Banana 

The Philippines is one of the major 

players in the world market for banana. 

Its competitiveness in the global market is 

well-established especially with fresh 

banana. The production and postproduction 

technologies, and management systems 

for export bananas are widely adopted by 

large plantations and their contract 

growers. However, there is a need to expand 

export potentials to new markets by 

capitalizing on the strengths of the industry. 

Chips/crackers, which are produced from 

Saba, offer bright opportunities. 

On the other hand, Lakatan and 

Latundan, though they have also some 

potentials for export, they have yet to 

satisfy the local demand. Table 14 presents 

the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, 

and threats (SWOT) for banana (Saba, 

Latundan, and Lakatan). 

Mango 

Mango, along with banana and other 

fruits, has been one of the important export 

fruits in the Philippines for more than three 

decades. The consumer market for fresh, 

high quality mango is one of the fastest 

growing segments of the international food 

industry over the years. However, despite 

the opportunities presented, the industry 

is also faced with problems. A SWOT 

analysis (Table 15) is presented as an 

overview of the challenges/issues on 

mango. 

Table 14. SWOT analysis for banana (Saba, Lakatan, and Latundan). 

Variety Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats 

Saba Easily grown cultivar Predominance of sub- Growing demand for Pests and diseases 

Resistant to Black sistent backyard banana chips and (Bugtok, viral 

Sigatoka/banana plantings other processed diseases) 

bunchy top (BBT) Low and poor fruit products Increasing global 

Can be grown organically yield and quality Good prospect of competition 

High potential yield with Longer gestation period, increasing yield Declining yield of 

improved management tall, and prone to and sustainability existing Saba 

Most acceptable cultivar typhoon of production plantations 

for chips in the world Susceptible to Bugtok 

market 

Inadequate production 

Diversity of processed 

products 

and postproduction 

technologies 

Poor marketing systems 

Lack of quality standard 

for fresh and processed 

products 




Lakatan High demand for local Highly susceptible to High potential for Highly susceptible to 

market BBT and Sigatoka export markets BBT and Sigatoka 

Adaptable for commercial Low and poor fruit yield High price and Pesticide residues 

growing and quality margin of profit 

Can be grown organically Lack of quality Bright prospect of 

Suitable for processing standards increasing yield 

(puree, flour/powder) 

Latundan The country is one of the Lack of efficient Growing local Susceptible to 

major producers in production and post- demand Fusarium wilt, 

large quantities production system High economic Sigatoka, and 

Adaptable for commercial Short shelf life finger return virus diseases 

growing 

dropping 

Susceptible to Fusarium 

wilt, Sigatoka, and 

virus diseases 

Table 15. SWOT analysis for mango. 


Carabao Carabao mango is Lack of supply of Presence of large Strong competition 

recognized as one quality planting domestic market from imported 

of the best varieties. materials Strategic geographical fruits 

Fifth most consumed Predominance of location in ASEAN Stiff competition 

fruits in the world backyard farms Expansion of markets from other 

Year-round production Erratic and relatively Low tariff imposed producing 

Suitably grown in low yield by importing countries 

different agro-climatic Disaggregated sector countries under Trade protectionism 

regions with available High production cost GATT of major importers 

areas for expansion Susceptibility to a High demand for World market is 

Availability of farm range of pests and selected product currently flooded 

labor and technical physiological lines in interna- with different 

experts disorders tional market mango varieties. 

Priority fruit crop High freight cost International trade Pirating of technosupported 

by major Short shelf life is less than 2% of logies 

programs of DA Inadequate facilities world production. Agrarian Reform 

and DOST Price fluctuation Law 

Lack of Quality 

Management Practice 

(QMP) and Hazard 

Analytical Critical 

Control Points 

(HACCP) plan 

Investors’ reluctance to 

fund establishment 

of new business 

opportunities 

· Mango industry is 

currently limited to 

one cultivar. 


S&T Interventions 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Banana 

Considering the accomplishments of the 

previous banana R&D programs, the 

science and technology (S&T) interventions 

for banana intend to help the banana 

industry maintain its niche in the global 

market and provide the local market with 

affordable table bananas. The concerns 

will be on on low-cost production, 

productivity enhancement, and quality 

improvement of Saba, Lakatan, and 

Latundan. Table 16 presents the S&T 

interventions for banana that will generate 

information and technologies to ensure 

improved productivity and quality banana 

products. 

Table 16. S&T interventions for banana: short- and long-term research thrusts. 

Area R&D Gaps S&T Interventions 

Preproduction 

Variety Germplasm resources in field genebanks Development of long-term germplasm 

are constantly threatened by pests conservation (e.g., tissue culture, 

and diseases. 

cryopreservation) is needed. 

(3–5 years) 

Development of resistant cultivars to 

major pests with improved 

horticultural characteristics through 

genetic engineering is needed. 

(10 years) 

Propagation Further improvement of rapid mass Micropropagation technique needs 

propagation technologies 

further improvement. (3–5 years) 

Institutionalization of tissue culture Strategic locations of TC labs and techno 

(TC) technology (D) 

transfer (D) need to be identified. 

(3–5 years) 

Production 

Planting density Planting density for major cultivars not Appropriate planting density for 

yet established 

major cultivars needs to be 

established. (3–5 years) 

Nutrition Critical nutrient concentrations and Critical nutrient levels for major 

nutrient requirements of major 

cultivars need to be determined. 

cultivars not yet established 

(3–5 years) 

Nutrient requirements of major 

cultivars during fruit growth 

and development need to be 





Water relations Optimum water requirement based on Water requirements based on crop 

crop phenology not yet established phenology need to be determined. 

Water relations and fruit development of (3–5 years) 

different banana cultivars not known Influence of water on fruit growth 

and development need to be 

determined. (3–5 years) 

Crop protection Field evaluation of available IPM Determination of pest biology, behavior, 

techniques is needed. 

and ecology is needed. (3–5 years) 

IPM for fusarium wilt, nematodes, Determination of disease epidemiology 

thrips, weevils, beetles, weeds, 

is needed. (3–5 years) 

other leafspot diseases, and other Development of site- and situationemerging 

pests/diseases need to 

specific IPM technology package 

be studied. 


There is limited information on identity 

biology and ecology of pests and 

diseases, which need to be studied. 

Cropping system New planting schemes for monocropping Sustainable banana-based cropping 

and intercropping systems are lacking. systems need to be established. 

(3–5 years) 

Cropping system for typhoon-prone 

areas needs to be established. 

(3–5 years) 

Postharvest System Technology on proper postharvest Maturity indices, storage requirement, 

handling of major cultivars is lacking. ripening regulation, and physiological 

Information on maturity 

disorders need to be determined. 

indices of local cultivars is lacking. (3–5 years) 

Packaging and transportation 

Packaging, grading, and transport 

system is poor. 

system needs to be improved. 

Product and quality standard for 

(3–5 years) 

local cultivars is lacking. 

Postharvest treatment to reduce loss 

Postharvest treatments to rid of 

due to pests and diseases needs 

pests and diseases are inadeaqute. to be developed. (3–5 years) 

Processing Processing facilities in production Processing facilities in production areas 

and Utilization areas are lacking. (D) need to be established. (3–5 years) 

New high-value and novel-processed Development of new high value and 

products and utilization of 

novel processed products and 

by-products are lacking. 

utilization of by-products is 

Standards for consistent quality of 

needed. (3–5 years) 

processed products are lacking. Development of standard for consistent 

quality of processed products 


Socioeconomics There is absence of economic assess- Different technologies need to be 

and Marketing ment of different technologies assessed economically. (3–5 years) 

generated for banana. 

Timely market information and 

Timely market of information and 

intelligence for fresh banana and 

intelligence for fresh banana 

banana chips must be provided. 

and banana chips is lacking. 

(3–5 years) 

Marketing strategies for selected 

Development of marketing strategies for 

banana varieties and their products selected banana variation and their 

are lacking. 

products is needed. (3–5 years) 


Mango 

Based on the SWOT analysis of 

the mango industry, the S&T interventions 

need to focus on generation and utilization 

of technological innovations that will 

address the short- and long-term competitiveness 

of the country’s mango products 

(Table 17). 

Table 17. S&T interventions for mango: short - and long-term research thrust. 


Preproduction 

Variety There is lack of improved Carabao Superior ‘Carabao’ mango seedlings 

variety with better fruit quality trees with large fruits (average- 

(size, color, peel thickness), 

350–400 g) must be selected. 

longer shelf life, and resistance to (3–5 years) 

adverse environmental conditions Superior varieties/strain through 

The eight registered Carabao strains conventional and nonconvenhave 

not been tested in different tional breeding (improved 

locations. 

quality, long shelf life, resistance 

Alternate variety for export is lacking to pest and diseases, and 

Further verification of procedures for tolerance to adverse conditions 

varietal identification needs to be must be developed. (20 years) 

studied. 

Introduction and performance 

Dioxyribonucleic acid (DNA) finger- evaluation of export-accepted 

printing of varieties and strains foreign varieties must be done. 

needs to be studied. 

(ten years) 

Selection of rootstock species/ 

varieties with dwarfing influence 

is needed. (ten years) 

Development of procedures for 

improved varietal identification 

through morphological, 

biochemical, and DNA fingerprinting 


Planting Present method of propagation Development of efficient propagation 

materials (cleft grafting) is wasteful method is needed. (3–5 years) 

of scion materials. 

There is lack of knowledge on 

the best rootstocks. 

There is poor certification and 

accreditation system of mango 

nurseries (D). 

There is lack of supply of quality 

planting materials (grafted) (D). 

There is no concerted effort to 

establish scion groves (D). 




Production 

Planting density There is lack of technology on Influence of dwarfing rootstock, 

management of high density 

growth regulators, and pruning 

planted trees. 

on high density planted mango 

trees must be determined. 

(ten years) 

Training and Technology on how to properly Studies on training and pruning 

pruning train young trees and prune of young and mature mango 

mature trees is lacking. 

trees are needed. (ten years) 

Nutrition Critical nutrient levels on Carabao Critical nutrient levels on Carabao 

mango leaves are not yet 

mango leaves need to be 

established. 


Nutrient management in relation Study on the influence of nutrition 

to tree phenology is not yet 

on fruit growth and development 

established. 


Deficiency symptoms (leaves) and Studies on mineral nutrition are 

physiological disorders (fruits) needed. 

are not yet studied. 

Nutrition and fruit development 

relationship is not known. 

Water relations Optimum water requirement Influence of irrigation on fruit 

based on tree phenology is 

growth and development should 

not known. 

be determined. (3–5 years) 

Water relations and fruit development 

are not known. 

Flower induction There is erratic/nonuniform Biochemical and physiological 

flushing. 

bases of flowering need to be 

Vegetative growth regulation 


is not known. 

Vegetative growth by physical and 

Simple indices to determine 

chemical treatments need to be 

readiness to flower need to 

regulated. (3–5 years) 

be established. 

Flower induction studies in young, 

pruned trees under high-density 

planting are needed. (3–5 years) 

Crop protection Site- and situation-specific pest Development of site- and situationmanagement 

is not yet established. specific pest management 

Bioecology and epidemiology of 


mango pest and diseases in Studies on bio-ecology and 

different agro-ecosystems are 

epidemiology of mango pests in 

not fully known. 

different agro-ecosystems are 

needed. (3–5 years) 




Postharvest System There is short shelf life. Alternative disinfestation technique 

Fruits are susceptibile to 


physiological disorders. 

Control of postharvest diseases 

Improvement of inter-island 


handling system needs to 

Inter-island handling system needs 

be studied. improvement. (3–5 years) 

Processing There is lack of standard for Improvement of quality of mango 

and Utilization consistent quality of products is needed. (3–5 years) 

processed products. 

New product lines should be 

There is limited product lines. 

developed. (3–5 years) 

Commercialization of existing Quality standards should be 

technologies (D) needs to be 

established. 

studied. 

Socioeconomics There is high production cost. Different technologies needs to be 

and Marketing Marketing system is multi-layered. econmically assessed. (3–5 years) 

Market information is unreliable. Timely market information and 

intelligence for fresh and 

processed mango are needed. 

(3–5 years) 


mango varieties and their 

products need to be be developed. 

(3–5 years) 


Technology Forecasts 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Banana 

The Philippine government envisions for 

long-term R&D interventions that 

generate basic information and technologies 

to ensure improved productivity and 

competitive quality banana products. R&D 

utilization will accelerate promotion and 

adoption of technologies. This will ensure 

sustainability of production, likewise, socioeconomic 

studies will help focus the R&D 

needs of the industry as well as develop 

marketing strategies for selected banana 

varieties. Table 18 presents the technology 

forecasts for the next 5–10 years. 

Mango 

For the mango industry to be more 

competitive, an improve systems approach, 

which should lead to an increase of quality 

fruits on industry-wide basis, will be 

adopted to address the specific technology 

needs of identified systems for mango and 

provide models to demonstrate the viability 

of transforming the disaggregated system 

into an integrated one. It will support 

research activities towards sustaining the 

momentum gained by the previous projects 

on mango. Technologies to be developed will 

serve as instruments for the transformation 

of the mango industry into a more efficient 

and integrated sector (Table 19). 

Table 18. Technology forecasts on banana. 

Area R&D Gaps Technology Forecasts 

Preproduction 

Variety Long-term germplasm conservation Within five years, long-term germplasm 

(e.g., tissue culture, cryopreservation) conservation technique shall have 

needs to be developed. (3–5 years) been developed. 

Resistant cultivars to major pests 

with improved horticultural 

characteristics through genetic 

engineering needs to be developed. 

(ten years) 

Within ten years, genetically engineered 

cultivars resistant to major pests 

with improved horticultural traits 

shall have been developed. 

Propagation Micropropagation technique needs Within five years, micropropagation 

to be further improved. 

technique shall have been improved. 

(3–5 years) 

Strategic locations of TC labs and Within five years, TC labs shall have 

techno transfer (D) need to be 

been established in strategic 

identified. (3–5 years) 

locations (D). 




Production 

Planting density Appropriate planting density for Within five years, appropriate planting 

major cultivars needs to be 

density for major cultivar shall have 


been established. 

Nutrition Critical nutrient levels for major Within five years, critical nutrient levels 

cultivars need to be established. 

in leaf tissue of major cultivars shall 

(3–5 years) have been established. 

Nutrient requirements of major cultivars Within five years, nutrient (fertilizer) 

during fruit growth and development requirements during fruit growth and 

need to be established. (3–5 years) development of major cultivars shall 

have been established. 

Water relations Water requirements based on crop Within five years, role of water on plant 

phenology need to be determined. 

and fruit growth and development 

(3–5 years) shall have been established. 

Influence of water on fruit growth and 

development needs to be determined. 

(3–5 years) 

Crop protection Pest biology, behavior, and ecology Within five years, pest biology, behavior, 

need to be determined. (3–5 years) and ecology shall have been studied. 

Disease epidemiology needs to be 

Within five years, disease epidemiology 

determined. (3–5 years) shall have been studied. 

Development of site and situation- Within five years, site and situationspecific 

IPM technology package 

specific IPM technology packaged 


shall have been developed. 

Cropping system Sustainable banana-based Within five years, sustainable bananacropping 

systems is needed. 

based cropping systems shall have 

(3–5 years) been established. 

Cropping system for typhoon-prone Within five years, appropriate cropping 

areas is needed. (3–5 years) 

system for typhoon-prone areas shall 

have been established 

Postharvest System Determination of maturity indices, Within five years, maturity indices, 

storage requirement, ripening 

storage requirement, ripening 

regulation, and physiological 

regulation, and physiological 

disorders is needed. (3–5 years) 

disorders shall have been known. 

Importance of packaging, grading, and Within five years, improved packaging, 

transport system needs to be 

grading, and transport system shall 

stressed. (3–5 years) 

have been developed. 

Development of postharvest treatment Within five years, postharvest 

to reduce loss due to pests and 

treatments to reduce loss due to pests 

diseases is needed. (3–5 years) 

and diseases shall have been 

established. 

Processing Processing facilities in production Within five years, processing facilities 

and Utilization areas (D) need to be established. in production areas shall have been 

(3–5 years) established (D). 

Development of new high value and Within five years, new high value and 



utilization of by-products is needed. utilization of by products shall have 

(3–5 years) been developed. 




Development of standards for consistent 

quality of processed products 


Within five years, quality standards for 

processed products shall have been 

developed. 

Socioeconomics Economic assessment of different Within five years, economic analysis of 

and Marketing technologies is needed. different technologies shall have been 

(3–5 years) available. 

Timely market information and Within five years, timely market 

intelligence for fresh banana and 

information and intelligence for fresh 

banana chips are needed. 

banana and banana chips shall have 

(3–5 years) been in place. 


Within five years, marketing strategies 

banana varieties and their products 

need to be developed. (3–5 years) 

for selected banana varieties and 

their products shall have been 

developed. 

Table 19. Technology forecasts on mango. 


Preproduction 

Variety Selection of superior Carabao mango Within five years, Carabao mango 

strains with large fruits (average- strains with large fruits (350–400 g) 

350–400 g) is needed. (3–5 years) shall have been selected. 

Development of superior varieties/ Within 20 years superior varieties/ 

strain through conventional and 

strains through conventional and 

non-conventional breeding 

non-conventional breeding (improved 

(improved quality, extend shelf-life, quality, extended shelf-life, 

resistance to pest and diseases, 

resistant to pests and diseases 

and tolerance to adverse conditions) conditions) shall have been 

is needed. (20 years) 

developed. 

Introduction and performance 

Within ten years, export-accepted foreign 

evaluation of export-accepted 

mango varieties shall have been 

foreign varieties are needed. 

introduced and their initial 

(ten years) 

performance evaluated. 

Selection of rootstock species/ 

Within ten years, suitable species/ 

varieties with dwarfing 

varieties with dwarfing influence 

influence is needed. 

on the Carabao mango shall have 

(ten years) 

been selected. 

Development of procedures for varietal Within five years, improved procedures 

identification through morphological, for varietal identification through 

biochemical, and DNA fingerprinting 


morphological, bio-chemical, and 

DNA fingerprinting shall have been 

established. 

Planting materials Development of efficient propagation Within five years, a more efficient 

method is needed. 

propagation method shall have been 

(3–5 years) developed. 

Influence of dwarfing rootstock, growth Within ten years, the right rootstocks 

regulators, and pruning on high- 

for the Carabao mango shall have 

density planted mango trees 

been identified. 

needs to be studied. (ten years) 




Production 

Planting density Influence of dwarfing rootstock, growth Within ten years, high-density planting 

regulators, and pruning on high- 

system using dwarfing rootstock, 

density planted mango trees 

training/pruning, and growth 

needs to be studied. (ten years) 

regulators shall have been identified. 

Training and Training and pruning studies of young Within ten years, training and pruning 

pruning and mature mango trees needs system for young and mature mango 

to be done. (ten years) 

trees shall have been developed. 

Nutrition Establishment of critical nutrient Within five years, critical nutrient levels 

levels on Carabao mango leaves 

on Carabao mango leaves shall have 



Influence of mineral nutrients on 

Within five years, the role of mineral 

fruit growth and development 

elements on fruit growth and 

needs to be studied. (3–5 years) 

development shall have been 

determined. 

Water relations Influence of irrigation on fruit growth Within five years, the effect of water on 

and development needs to be 

fruit growth and development shall 

studied. (3–5 years) 

have been determined. 

Flower induction Biochemical and physiological Within five years, biochemical and 

bases of flowering are needed. 

physiological bases of flowering shall 

(3–5 years) have been established. 

Regulation of vegetative growth by Within five years, regulation of 

physical and chemical treatments 

vegetative growth in mango shall 


have been established. 

Flower induction in young, pruned Within five years flower induction in 

trees under high density planting 

young, pruned mango trees under high 

needs to be studied. 

density planting shall have been 

(3–5 years) achieved. 

Crop protection Development of site - and situation- Within five years, site- and situationspecific 

pest management 

specific pest management shall have 


been developed. 

Bio-ecology and epidemiology of mango Within five years, bio-ecology and 

pests in different agro-ecosystems 

epidemiology of mango pests in 

are needed. (3–5 years) different agro-ecosystems shall have 

been known. 

Within five years, population dynamics 

of mango pests in relation to crop 

phenology shall have been known. 

Postharvest System Alternative disinfestation technique Within five years, alternative 

needs to be established. (3–5 years) disinfestation techniques and control 

Control of postharvest diseases 

of postharvest diseases shall have 

needs to be set. (3–5 years) 


Improvement of inter-island handling Within five years, improved inter-island 

system is needed. (3–5 years) 

handling system shall have been 

developed. 




Processing Improvement of quality of mango Within five years, quality standard for 

and Utilization products is needed. (3–5 years) processed products shall have been 

Development of new product lines 

developed. 


Within five years, new products lines with 

commercial value shall have been 

developed. 

Socioeconomics Economic assessment of different Within five years, economic analysis of 

and Marketing technologies is needed. different technologies shall have 

(3–5 years). been available. 

Timely market information and 

Within five years, timely market 

intelligence for fresh and 

information and intelligence for fresh 

processed mango are needed. 

and processed mango shall have been 

(3–5 years). in place. 

Develop marketing strategies for 

Within five years, marketing strategies 

selected mango varieties and their for selected mango varieties and 

products need to be developed. 

their products shall have been 

(3–5 years) developed. 


Major R&D Programs 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Banana 

Varietal Improvement 

• Development of germplasm conservation 

techniques/methodologies 

• Development of cultivars resistant to 

major pests with improved horticultural 

characteristics through genetic 

engineering 

Nutrition and Water Relations 

• Establishment of critical nutrient levels 

and water requirement during fruit 

growth and development 

Crop Protection 

• Development of site - and situationspecific 

IPM 

Development of Postharvest System, 

Processing, and Utilization 

Technologies 

• Determination of maturity indices 

• Improvement of packaging, grading, and 

transport system 

• Development of new processed products 

and quality standards for processed 

products 

Socioeconomics Studies 

• Economic assessment of different 

technologies 

• Development of marketing strategies 

Mango 

Varietal Improvement 

• Development of superior varieties/ 

strains through conventional and nonconventional 

breeding 

Planting Materials and Density 

• Development of efficient grafting 

methods 

• Influence of dwarfing rootstock, growth 

regulators, and pruning on high density 

planted mango trees 

Nutrition and Water Relations 

• Establishment of critical nutrient levels 

and water requirements during fruit 

growth and development 

Crop Protection 

• Development of site- and situationspecific 

IPM 



Technologies 

• Determination of maturity indices 

• Improvement of packaging, grading, and 

transport system 

• Development of new processed products 

and quality standards for processed 

products 




Technologies 

• Control of postharvest disease 

• Improvement/development of processed 

products 

Socioeconomics and Marketing Study 

• Technology and marketing assessment 


Recommendations 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Banana 

• Intensify germplasm collection, 

evaluation, maintenance, and breeding 

• Introduce other varieties for export to 

maintain competitiveness. Other 

promising varieties that may be 

developed are Lakatan, Señorita, 

Latundan, and Morado. 

• Enhance micropropagation techniques 

for use in virus elimination, institutionalize 

indexing techniques 

• Develop disease-free/certified planting 

materials 

• Conduct policy studies on agrarian 

reform, use of idle lands for fruit 

plantation, hectarage limit to banana, 

quarantine regulations, product 

standards and safety, export procedures, 

etc. 

• Enhance the effectiveness of cooperatives 

and producers’ group in 

technology adoption, advocacy, and 

support services 

Mango 

• Focus development activities on 

accreditation of mother trees, establishment 

of scion groves, nursery accreditation, 

and mass propagation of quality 

planting materials. 

• Apply other propagation techniques to 

enhance rapid multiplication of quality 

planting materials. 

• Develop superior varieties/strains 

through conventional and nonconventional 

methods (longer shelf life, 

quality, resistance to pests/diseases, 

tolerance to adverse environment, etc.). 

• Continuously involve the private sector 

to make R&D relevant to their needs 

(i.e., exporters with specific preference 

for exportable mangoes). Their 

participation can be in terms of sharing 

technologies and/or facilities for 

research projects. 


References 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, 1999, 2000, 2001. 

DOST-UNDP. Achieving international competitiveness through technology 

development and transfer. Assessment report: export winners, 1995. 

DOST-PCARRD. Enhancing productivity of the Philippine mango industry, 2000. – 

(Unpublished). 

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website, 2001. http://.www.fao.org/ 

Foreign Trade Statistics, 2001. 

PCARRD. Integrated R&D Program on Mango. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1998. – 


________. The mango industry. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1996. – (Situationer). 

________. The banana industry. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1996. – (Situationer). 

________. National Agriculture and Resources R&D Network. Los Baños, Laguna: 

PCARRD, 1998. – (Unpublished). 

________. S&T Anchor Program for Banana. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2002. – 


________. S&T Anchor Program for Mango. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2001. – 


PCARRD-DA-BAR. The Philippine RDE Agenda for the Modernization of Fruit Industry, 

1999. – (Unpublished). 

Pabuayon, I.M. Fruits program area research planning and prioritization: background 

analysis. PIDS-BAR Project, 2001. 

Philippine Statistical Year Book, 2000, NSCB. 

The Banana Technical Committee. The Philippines recommends for banana. Los Baños, 

Laguna: PCARRD, 1988. 

The Mango Technical Committee. The Philippines recommends for mango. Los Baños, 

Laguna: PCARRD, 1994. 


Appendix 1 

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 

Major Technological Milestones, 1990–2000 

Area 

Technology/Information Generated 

Banana 

Preproduction 

Variety • Banana cultivars/accessions in the Southeast Asian 

Banana Germplasm Resource Center 

Propagation • Tissue-cultured banana nursery for small banana 

growers 

• Improved technique for banana mass propagation 

• Performance of tissue-cultured banana plants 

• Rapid indexing of virus-disease in Musa spp. 

• Shoot culture technique for banana 

Production 

Planting Density • Appropriate population density for Cardaba banana 

Cropping System • Intercropping durian with ‘Lakatan’ banana and/or in 

coconut 

• Modified banana cropping system for the Ilocos Region 

Crop Protection • Community-based control strategies and rehabilitation 

of banana bunchy top disease affected areas 

• Isolation/detection of viruslike particles in banana, 

papaya, and citrus 

• Control of bugtok in bananas 

• Use of monoclonal antibody-based diagnostic kit for 

rapid indexing of fruit crop diseases 

• Inoculation techniques in screening for resistance to 

banana leaf diseases 

Postharvest • Harvesting index for Cardaba bananas 

• Storage under in vitro and virus elimination of infected 

banana plants 

• MA storage for banana, papaya, and pineapple 

Mango 

Preproduction 

Variety • Outstanding fruit crops and mango cultivars in Ilocos 

Norte 

• Mango accessions in National Mango R&D Center 

(NMRDC) genebank 


Area 

Technology/Information Generated 

• Methods for the varietal identification of mango 

• Characterization of Carabao mango collections 

Propagation • Polyembryonic mango seedlings as source of planting 

materials 

• Pahutan: The best rootstock for commercial mango 

production 

Production 

Nutrition • Effects of nitrogen phosphorus potassium (NPK) and 

micronutrients on the yield and quality of mango 

• Foliar fertilization for Guimaras-grown Carabao mango 

Pruning • Optimized pruning techniques on mango 

Crop Protection • Incidence of Hirsutella versicolor Petch. attacking 

mango leafhopper, Idioscopus clypealis Leth. 

• Neem extracts as potential biocontrol for mango hopper 

• Control of fruit flies using MAT and sterile insect 

techniques (SIT) 

• Bionomics and control of the mango pulp weevil 

(Sternochetus frigidus Fabr.) in Palawan 

• Management of oriental fruitfly in Guimaras Island 

• Preflowering reproductive bio-ecology of mango 

leafhopper (Idioscopus clypealis Leth.) and associated 

minor pests 

• Control of scale insects in mango 

Cropping System • Establishment of mango agriculture-based farming 

system for hilly areas in La Union 

Postharvest • Heat tolerances of the immature stages of fruit flies, 

Bactrocera philipinensis and B. occipitalis 

• Effects of HWT as control of anthracnose disease of 

mango fruits in the hillylands 

• HWT for improved quality of Carabao mango fruits in 

the Ilocos 

• CA storage to extend marketable life on Carabao 

mango 

• Action research project on mango packinghouse 


ISBN 971-20-0514-3

Download PDF - pcaarrd - Department of Science and Technology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?