Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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Questions asked of all respondents Information was obtained from regular gamblers, non-regular gamblers and non gamblers in the following broad areas: • Perceptions about gambling — such as the extent to which respondents perceived that gambling does more good than harm for the community; perceptions about the number of gaming machines in local communities, and their location in different venues; and the extent to which respondents perceived that the wider availability of gambling had provided more opportunities for recreational enjoyment. • Knowledge of people with gambling problems — whether respondents knew personally of someone who had experienced serious problems with their gambling; the type of gambling in which that person experiencing problems was mainly involved; and whether that person was obtaining help for their gambling problems. • Personal characteristics — information on gender, age and household size was obtained in the screener questionnaire. The main interview obtained information on a range of socio-demographic items, including: ethnicity (country of birth of respondent and of respondent’s father and mother, main language spoken in the household), marital status, household composition, employment status, main source of household income, personal and household income, and educational attainment. Questions asked of gamblers (regular and non-regular) only Details of gambling participation and duration Respondents who indicated in the screener that they had participated in a particular form of gambling in the last 12 months were asked more detailed information in relation to each activity played, including: • Gambling venues and modes — for example, whether a respondent played gaming machines at a club, a hotel or a casino; or bet on horse or greyhound races on-course, off-course, by phone or via the internet. • Time devoted to each gambling activity — for example, the amount of time a respondent played gaming machines each time they visited a venue; and the amount of time a betting gambler took each week to study the form, place the bets, and listen to and/or watch the races. NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.11
Gambling behaviour Because previous Australian research has revealed gaming machines (‘pokies’) to be the main form of gambling associated with problematic behaviour, information was obtained from respondents on particular facets of their play, including: • denomination of gaming machine usually played; and • nature of play (number of lines played, number of credits bet per line, use of bill acceptors, use of loyalty bonus cards). Use of ATM machines Gamblers can augment the amount of money they take with them to gamble by accessing funds from an ATM machine at some types of venues. Accordingly, information was obtained from players of gaming machines (at clubs, hotels and casinos) and players of table games at casinos on: • how often gamblers withdrew money from an ATM when they played the gaming machines and/or table games. Expenditure on gambling A study by Blaszczynski, Dumlao and Lange (1997) has shown that one question often asked in gambling surveys — “how much money do you spend gambling?” — can be interpreted by respondents in a number of ways, and only between half and two-thirds appear to interpret it in the preferred ‘net expenditure’ sense. As Blaszczynski, Dumlao and Lange (1997) state: Net expenditure [is] calculated as the difference between the initial amount available at the commencement of a gambling session and the amount remaining at its conclusion. … This reflects the actual amount of money the gambler has gambled and represents the true cost of gambling to the individual (pp. 248–9). Accordingly, the National Gambling Survey used mainly a two-question approach to allow net expenditure to be calculated. For example, in relation to the playing of gaming machines, the questions were worded along the following lines: (a) When you visit a venue, how much money do you usually take with you to play the machines, including any additional money withdrawn or borrowed during the period of play? (b) And how much money do you usually have left when you finish playing the machines? F.12 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
Page 28 and 29: Table B.4 Participation in gambling
Page 30 and 31: product in excess of the price paid
Page 32 and 33: C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
Page 34 and 35: from increased consumption resultin
Page 36 and 37: Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
Page 38 and 39: Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
Page 40 and 41: Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
Page 42 and 43: Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
Page 44 and 45: Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
Page 46 and 47: s n = share of gambling expenditure
Page 48 and 49: Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
Page 50 and 51: • the triangular area ’g’ whi
Page 52 and 53: The Commission’s treatment falls
Page 54 and 55: Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
Page 56 and 57: demand may become elastic, as peopl
Page 58 and 59: There are a number possible explana
Page 60 and 61: • Firstly, there has been extraor
Page 62 and 63: E Gambling in indigenous communitie
Page 64 and 65: The pattern of institutionally-base
Page 66 and 67: chase the “miracles” offered by
Page 68 and 69: F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
Page 70 and 71: F.2 The questionnaire Development o
Page 72 and 73: The use of this sampling approach m
Page 74 and 75: Box F.1 List of gambling activities
Page 76 and 77: • Big spending regular or less fr
Page 80 and 81: Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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Page 84 and 85: Interview duration As with any ques
Page 86 and 87: ecause of non-payment), while there
Page 88 and 89: • post-weighting the sample data
Page 90 and 91: particular area/age/gender cell fro
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Page 94 and 95: F.11 Contact and participation rate
Page 96 and 97: Being aware of the need to minimise
Page 98 and 99: NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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