Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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• Big spending regular or less frequent lottery only players — there has been a proliferation of lottery games in Australia in recent years, such that players in the different states and territories can participate in weekly lottery draws on as many as four to even seven days per week — Tattslotto, The Pools, Lotto, Oz Lotto, Powerball, and Lucky 7. There are also daily lottery games that are played every day of the week (Tatts 2, Tatts Keno, Cash 3 and $2 Lottery) and some games played as frequently as every 5 minutes (5-minute Keno). Because of this increase in the number of opportunities to play lottery games, it was therefore considered desirable to ask the gambling screen of ‘big spending’ lottery only players. • Other big spending non-regular gamblers — it was also considered desirable to identify ‘binge’ gamblers who participate only occasionally (perhaps only a couple of times a year) but who spend a relatively large amount when they do gamble. In the phase 2 questionnaire, all respondents were asked for information on how much they spent on any single gambling activity each time they gambled. Combined with the information obtained on frequency of play, this enabled their annual gambling expenditure to be calculated as follows, as the interview proceeded: Σfreq i*spend i , where freq i is the number of times a respondent gambled per year on activity i, and spend i is the amount of money outlaid each time the respondent gambled on activity i, and the expenditure was summed across all gambling activities. For this filter, a cutoff value of annual expenditure was required to be set that was neither too low as to be all-encompassing nor too high as to exclude cases where expenditure might be symptomatic of a ‘problem’. 1 A cutoff value of annual gross expenditure across all gambling activities of $4000 per year was set. This filter therefore captured non-regular gamblers who spent on average $80 per week or more either on lottery games only, or on lottery games and/or any other forms of gambling. However, in practice this filter operated in a more inclusive way than intended. Because the survey consultant unfortunately allowed ‘can’t say’ responses to 1 While expenditure on gambling activities relative to income is a preferable indicator of whether gambling might be perceived as being ‘excessive’ or contributing to financial problems for an individual, a more complex filter was not feasible given the question sequence of the interview. The implication of this is that the problem gambling prevalence estimates may well be conservative — because some non-regular gamblers spending less than $4,000 per year but a relatively high proportion of their income on gambling might not have been offered the SOGS. NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.9
expenditure questions in some cases to be coded as ‘99999’, this rendered the calculation of gross expenditure spurious in those cases. As the filter operated, it included virtually all of the high spenders as intended — 29 of the 30 non-regular gamblers with annual gross expenditure of $4000 or more were re-allocated to the ‘regular’ category and offered the SOGS. However, 342 respondents in total were re-allocated. F.4 Phase 2 — the main questionnaire Because not all questions were relevant for all three groups of respondents, a summary of the main sections of the questionnaire asked of the different groups is given in table F.1. To minimise respondent burden, some information was not sought which was available from other Australian and overseas studies (such as motives for gambling); and complementary data was sought in another survey undertaken for the inquiry — a Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies (appendix G). Table F.1 Broad categories of questions asked of different types of respondents in main questionnaire Non gambler Non-regular gambler Regular gambler • perceptions about aspects of gambling • knowledge of anyone with gambling problems? • perceptions about aspects of gambling • knowledge of anyone with gambling problems? • perceptions about aspects of gambling • knowledge of anyone with gambling problems? • personal characteristics • personal characteristics • personal characteristics • further details of gambling participation and frequency • how much time is devoted to each gambling activity? • how much money is spent on each gambling activity? • how would the money spent on gambling otherwise have been used? • further details of gambling participation and frequency • how much time is devoted to each gambling activity? • how much money is spent on each gambling activity? • how would the money spent on gambling otherwise have been used? • problem gambling screen (SOGS) • other effects of gambling on the gambler and ‘significant others’ • help seeking behaviour for problem gambling? F.10 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
Page 26 and 27: Table B.2 Participation in gambling
Page 28 and 29: Table B.4 Participation in gambling
Page 30 and 31: product in excess of the price paid
Page 32 and 33: C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
Page 34 and 35: from increased consumption resultin
Page 36 and 37: Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
Page 38 and 39: Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
Page 40 and 41: Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
Page 42 and 43: Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
Page 44 and 45: Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
Page 46 and 47: s n = share of gambling expenditure
Page 48 and 49: Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
Page 50 and 51: • the triangular area ’g’ whi
Page 52 and 53: The Commission’s treatment falls
Page 54 and 55: Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
Page 56 and 57: demand may become elastic, as peopl
Page 58 and 59: There are a number possible explana
Page 60 and 61: • Firstly, there has been extraor
Page 62 and 63: E Gambling in indigenous communitie
Page 64 and 65: The pattern of institutionally-base
Page 66 and 67: chase the “miracles” offered by
Page 68 and 69: F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
Page 70 and 71: F.2 The questionnaire Development o
Page 72 and 73: The use of this sampling approach m
Page 74 and 75: Box F.1 List of gambling activities
Page 78 and 79: Questions asked of all respondents
Page 80 and 81: Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
Page 82 and 83: elated to their gambling — all
Page 84 and 85: Interview duration As with any ques
Page 86 and 87: ecause of non-payment), while there
Page 88 and 89: • post-weighting the sample data
Page 90 and 91: particular area/age/gender cell fro
Page 92 and 93: esult in turn reflects the survey p
Page 94 and 95: F.11 Contact and participation rate
Page 96 and 97: Being aware of the need to minimise
Page 98 and 99: NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
Page 119 and 120: F.52 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
Page 435 and 436:
Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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