Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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F.2 The questionnaire Development of the questionnaire In early 1999, a draft questionnaire was developed which drew on: • suggestions made by the Roundtable participants; • previous Australian surveys; and • key recent overseas surveys, including those for Nova Scotia (Focal Research 1998) and Alberta (Wynne Resources 1998). The draft questionnaire was distributed to the Roundtable participants and other eminent researchers in the field. Advice on the questionnaire content was provided by Professor Mark Dickerson, Professor Jan McMillen, Associate Professor Alex Blaszczynski, Dr Paul Delfabbro, and Professor Jan Carter. A final questionnaire was developed on the basis of this feedback. The consultant which undertook the survey field work (Roy Morgan Research) also made useful suggestions for making the survey more user friendly. Survey approach Two key objectives of the survey were to obtain: • an estimate of problem gambler prevalence; and • an adequate set of data on problem gamblers. A sampling strategy for the national survey was developed in the form of a twophase approach: • Phase 1 — a brief questionnaire (or ‘screener’) was designed for the purpose mainly of identifying whether a respondent was a regular gambler, a non-regular gambler or a non gambler. The sample size was set at 10 500 completed interviews. • Phase 2 — a more detailed questionnaire was completed by respondents on the basis of a selective (random) interview strategy: - all respondents classified as regular gamblers were interviewed; - 1 in 4 respondents classified as non-regular gamblers were interviewed; and - 1 in 2 respondents classified as non gamblers were interviewed. NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.3
In choosing this approach, the <strong>Commission</strong> was guided by the optimal allocation strategy suggested by Shaffer et al. (1997) who state that: If the purpose of the research is to understand the attributes or clinical needs of disordered gamblers, we suggest a survey sampling strategy that is different from the traditional random sampling approach. This strategy does not simply concentrate on respondents selected at random from the general population. Instead, this strategy encourages investigators to focus on selecting respondents who most likely will represent disordered gamblers (p. 117). The approach of interviewing all regular gamblers identified from the screener questionnaire and randomly selecting non-regular gamblers and non gamblers for full interviews was adopted as being a cost effective strategy because: • it enabled a larger overall sample size to be interviewed for a given survey cost, with only a small sacrifice in precision for the non gambler and non-regular gambler groups; and • the larger sample size enabled more regular gamblers to be identified, and hence more accurate estimates to be achieved for this group — which is the main focus of interest because they are the most likely to experience gambling related problems. The large initial sample size of 10 500 respondents meant that even with the 1 in 2 sampling of non gamblers and the 1 in 4 sampling of non-regular gamblers, the sizes of the groups administered complete surveys were much larger than any previous Australian gambling survey. In arriving at the particular sampling ratios used, estimates of the proportions of non gamblers, non-regular gamblers and regular gamblers likely to be obtained from the Phase 1 screener were made on the basis of existing Australian statewide surveys. Such estimates were approximate not only because these proportions varied across surveys but also because the definitions proposed for ‘gambler’ and ‘regular’ gambler in the National <strong>Gambling</strong> Survey were not necessarily identical to all previous studies. These estimated proportions therefore gave an indication of the likely sample sizes of the three groups of respondents. Given the decision to administer the full Phase 2 interview to all regular gamblers, the sampling ratios for the non gambler and nonregular gambler groups were determined on the basis of achieving similar sample sizes across all three groups. Taking account of refusals and terminations in Phase 2, the sampling of 1 in 2 non gamblers and 1 in 4 non-regular gamblers resulted in fully completed interviews from 1225 regular gamblers, 1290 non-regular gamblers and 983 non gamblers. This allowed comparisons of results among the three groups to be made with similar statistical precision. F.4 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
Page 20 and 21: Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
Page 22 and 23: BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
Page 24 and 25: B Participation in gambling: data t
Page 26 and 27: Table B.2 Participation in gambling
Page 28 and 29: Table B.4 Participation in gambling
Page 30 and 31: product in excess of the price paid
Page 32 and 33: C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
Page 34 and 35: from increased consumption resultin
Page 36 and 37: Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
Page 38 and 39: Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
Page 40 and 41: Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
Page 42 and 43: Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
Page 44 and 45: Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
Page 46 and 47: s n = share of gambling expenditure
Page 48 and 49: Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
Page 50 and 51: • the triangular area ’g’ whi
Page 52 and 53: The Commission’s treatment falls
Page 54 and 55: Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
Page 56 and 57: demand may become elastic, as peopl
Page 58 and 59: There are a number possible explana
Page 60 and 61: • Firstly, there has been extraor
Page 62 and 63: E Gambling in indigenous communitie
Page 64 and 65: The pattern of institutionally-base
Page 66 and 67: chase the “miracles” offered by
Page 68 and 69: F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
Page 72 and 73: The use of this sampling approach m
Page 74 and 75: Box F.1 List of gambling activities
Page 76 and 77: • Big spending regular or less fr
Page 78 and 79: Questions asked of all respondents
Page 80 and 81: Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
Page 82 and 83: elated to their gambling — all
Page 84 and 85: Interview duration As with any ques
Page 86 and 87: ecause of non-payment), while there
Page 88 and 89: • post-weighting the sample data
Page 90 and 91: particular area/age/gender cell fro
Page 92 and 93: esult in turn reflects the survey p
Page 94 and 95: F.11 Contact and participation rate
Page 96 and 97: Being aware of the need to minimise
Page 98 and 99: NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
Page 119 and 120: F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
Page 433 and 434:
Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
Page 435 and 436:
Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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