Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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chase the “miracles” offered by gambling enterprises to achieve some equity (Nunkuwarrin Yunti, sub. 106, p. 1). A survey of 128 members of the ATSI community in gambling venues in Queensland found that average weekly gambling expenditure was $60 (comprising 20 per cent of average income), of which half was spent on gaming machines (AIGR/LIRU 1995 p. 5). This is far higher than found among Queensland gamblers in general. However, as noted by the study, the method used to recruit indigenous respondents is likely to have imparted a significant upward bias to spending estimates. 2 Respondents to this survey reported a range of problems related to their gambling. Eight per cent needed family assistance to help pay gambling debts and 6 per cent said that gambling had put important relationships at risk. A case study of the Yarrabah community found that around 50 per cent of indigenous people were heavy or weekly gamblers, compared to the general population where this is 4 to 6 per cent of players (AIGR/LIRU 1995 and sub. 106, p. 8). The average gambling expenditure of a group of indigenous gamblers regularly using the newly introduced PubTAB was about $70 per week — around 25 per cent of their income. The introduction of PubTAB to this community was associated with a significant reduction in local card games, and to the withdrawal from the community of funds that would otherwise circulate repeatedly as part of community gambling. On the other hand, it was also associated with a reduction in apparent alcohol consumption and alcohol-related community violence. Studies of other indigenous peoples in similar disadvantaged circumstances have found similarly high rates of regular and heavy play (for example, Abbott and Volberg 1992 for Maori and Pacific Islanders in New Zealand; Wynne, Smith and Volberg 1994 and the National Council of Welfare 1996 3 for Canadian Aboriginal gamblers; and Volberg 1993 and Elia and Jacobs 1993 for native Americans). It has also been found that Torres Strait Islanders are disproportionately represented amongst problem gamblers seeking help from counselling services. 2 Heavy spenders tend to play more frequently and for longer than the average. This means that random selection of gamblers in a venue will give too high a weight to heavy (and problem) gamblers. 3 A Canadian (Alberta) study cited by the National Council of Welfare found that the Aboriginal sample of problem gamblers spent nearly three times as much on gambling as their non- Aboriginal problem gambling peers. The extent to which this is also true for ATSI problem gamblers is unknown in Australia. INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES E.5
There is much to be learned, both in relation to community and institutionally based gambling in indigenous communities: Anthropological research has focused on card games which continue to be very popular in Aboriginal communities throughout Australia. However, with few exceptions there is little in the social science literature about Aboriginal participation in commercial gambling such as machine gambling, TAB, bingo or lotteries. The limited research into casino gambling by Aboriginal people has methodological flaws and does not satisfy basic standards of reliability and validity. Preliminary research … has shown that Aboriginal people do gamble on these forms of gambling when it is available to them — but the extent of that participation, the types of gambling preferred by Aboriginal people, and the nature of commercial gambling impacts on Aboriginal communities have yet to be investigated systematically in any state. Of particular concern is the extent to which commercial gambling (TAB betting, gaming machines) impact on Aboriginal communities, including the impacts on ‘traditional’ community based gambling (such as card games) The association between gambling and drinking also merits research attention (McMillen, sub. D274 p.6). E.6 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
Page 16 and 17: N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
Page 18 and 19: Australian Hotels Association (SA)
Page 20 and 21: Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
Page 22 and 23: BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
Page 24 and 25: B Participation in gambling: data t
Page 26 and 27: Table B.2 Participation in gambling
Page 28 and 29: Table B.4 Participation in gambling
Page 30 and 31: product in excess of the price paid
Page 32 and 33: C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
Page 34 and 35: from increased consumption resultin
Page 36 and 37: Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
Page 38 and 39: Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
Page 40 and 41: Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
Page 42 and 43: Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
Page 44 and 45: Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
Page 46 and 47: s n = share of gambling expenditure
Page 48 and 49: Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
Page 50 and 51: • the triangular area ’g’ whi
Page 52 and 53: The Commission’s treatment falls
Page 54 and 55: Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
Page 56 and 57: demand may become elastic, as peopl
Page 58 and 59: There are a number possible explana
Page 60 and 61: • Firstly, there has been extraor
Page 62 and 63: E Gambling in indigenous communitie
Page 64 and 65: The pattern of institutionally-base
Page 68 and 69: F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
Page 70 and 71: F.2 The questionnaire Development o
Page 72 and 73: The use of this sampling approach m
Page 74 and 75: Box F.1 List of gambling activities
Page 76 and 77: • Big spending regular or less fr
Page 78 and 79: Questions asked of all respondents
Page 80 and 81: Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
Page 82 and 83: elated to their gambling — all
Page 84 and 85: Interview duration As with any ques
Page 86 and 87: ecause of non-payment), while there
Page 88 and 89: • post-weighting the sample data
Page 90 and 91: particular area/age/gender cell fro
Page 92 and 93: esult in turn reflects the survey p
Page 94 and 95: F.11 Contact and participation rate
Page 96 and 97: Being aware of the need to minimise
Page 98 and 99: NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.49
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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