Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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The pattern of institutionally-based gambling amongst indigenous peoples differs from community-run gambling in that it is demarcated along gender lines, and has included former non-gamblers: Information ... suggests a pattern of ATSI community gambling largely demarcated along gender lines when engaged with industry business orientated gambling. A more equal ratio of involvement along gender lines exists in ATSI community operated gambling such as card games. Prior to the introduction of gaming machines in South Australia, TAB gambling has been very popular and continues to be popular with ATSI men. Bingo, bingo tickets and scratchies were more popular with ATSI women ... while there has been some migration towards gaming machine gambling by ATSI men, the racing codes still account for the main form of gambling. ATSI women to a larger degree have moved and stayed with gaming machines as the preferred code ... In ... Queensland ... 29% of ATSI people gambling on the pokies reported that prior to their introduction in Queensland, they did not gamble at all (Nunkuwarrin Yunti, sub. 106, p. 8). Foote (1996) has confirmed that ATSI women tend to be far more frequent users of poker machines in the Darwin casino than men. While there are concerns about adverse outcomes for Aboriginal communities from community based gambling, these are more pronounced for commercially oriented gambling: ... the radically different social meanings and functions which surround gambling in traditional Aboriginal societies ... suggest that any transfer of cognitive style, of mindset ... could be very disruptive, not to say catastrophic when these are translated into an urban culture in which the ‘casino culture’ is emergent ... (Tyler 1996, p. 9). Indigenous communities perceive some severe problems in relation to institutionally based gambling: When people leave communities with the intention of “winning big bucks” at the casino they have no realistic ideas of their chances of doing so … They would have saved big money or collected money from relatives … Once in town the enticement and entrapment of the gambling venue eventually drains all the individuals financial resources. The individual is then stranded in town with no money to get back home … If the person does not have family or friends to support them while in town they are very vulnerable. This can lead on to all kinds of problems or trauma. The other obvious negative affects of poker machines on Aboriginal people and the community is that it alleviates the social interaction of card games and the money gambled has left the community and reaped by the gambling institution (Nunkuwarrin Yunti, sub. D214, pp. 2–3). Indeed, in the Nundroo case (chapter 22) South Australia’s Liquor and Gaming <strong>Commission</strong>er refused to grant a gaming licence to a hotel located on the Eyre INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES E.3
Highway because of its potential detrimental impact on surrounding indigenous communities. The Gaming <strong>Commission</strong>er commented: I do accept that the machines have the potential to drain a substantial amount of money from communities that are already hurt by money spent on alcohol. The result of this could be a significant increase in anti social behaviour in and around Nundroo Caused by Yalata and Oak Valley residents. I am concerned that gaming machines would result in an increase in violence in and around Nundroo (cited in sub. D214, p. 2). Further, there is a perception that the web of reciprocal social responsibilities and brakes on extreme adverse outcomes are weakened when indigenous people gamble in a commercial setting: Profiteering forms the primary focus of business oriented gambling. These operations derive benefit from the misfortune of others to a small group or individual who is generally not part of the community. The rules and decisions about profits are not a shared community responsibility (Nunkuwarrin Yunti, sub. 106, p. 8). A further concern for indigenous communities, cited by some participants, is the link between alcohol and institutionally-based gambling: Alcohol related problems are reported by the indigenous community to be significant. 58 % of Indigenous people aged over 13 years of age nominated alcohol as a major health problem in their local area. While indigenous Australians are less likely to consume alcohol in comparison to non-indigenous Australians, consumption levels in harmful quantities are statistically higher than that of non-indigenous Australians. 79% of indigenous Australians who drink at least weekly were found to be consuming at harmful levels in comparison to 12% in the general community who consume alcohol at least weekly. The enmeshment of alcohol and gambling opportunities under the same roof seem to be a trend far more common today than ever before. Pub/TABs are far more common than stand alone agencies in South Australia. Gaming licences are always linked to licensed premises, preventing the setting up of alcohol free venues. Any steps to minimise the opportunity to consume alcohol and gambling in the same venue is supported as a step to minimise associated harm (Nunkuwarrin Yunti, sub. D203, p. 4). There is some evidence that people from ATSI communities tend to be heavier gamblers than other Australians: The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community experiences disproportionate harmful consequences ... While not adequately researched, the ATSI community gambling profiles that exist describe greater participation rates in the percentage of people gambling and average expenditure to that of non-indigenous Australians. This situation may in part be explained by ATSI people continuing to endure disproportionate social disadvantage ... This in our view creates a predisposition to E.4 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
Page 14 and 15: Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
Page 16 and 17: N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
Page 18 and 19: Australian Hotels Association (SA)
Page 20 and 21: Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
Page 22 and 23: BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
Page 24 and 25: B Participation in gambling: data t
Page 26 and 27: Table B.2 Participation in gambling
Page 28 and 29: Table B.4 Participation in gambling
Page 30 and 31: product in excess of the price paid
Page 32 and 33: C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
Page 34 and 35: from increased consumption resultin
Page 36 and 37: Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
Page 38 and 39: Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
Page 40 and 41: Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
Page 42 and 43: Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
Page 44 and 45: Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
Page 46 and 47: s n = share of gambling expenditure
Page 48 and 49: Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
Page 50 and 51: • the triangular area ’g’ whi
Page 52 and 53: The Commission’s treatment falls
Page 54 and 55: Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
Page 56 and 57: demand may become elastic, as peopl
Page 58 and 59: There are a number possible explana
Page 60 and 61: • Firstly, there has been extraor
Page 62 and 63: E Gambling in indigenous communitie
Page 66 and 67: chase the “miracles” offered by
Page 68 and 69: F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
Page 70 and 71: F.2 The questionnaire Development o
Page 72 and 73: The use of this sampling approach m
Page 74 and 75: Box F.1 List of gambling activities
Page 76 and 77: • Big spending regular or less fr
Page 78 and 79: Questions asked of all respondents
Page 80 and 81: Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
Page 82 and 83: elated to their gambling — all
Page 84 and 85: Interview duration As with any ques
Page 86 and 87: ecause of non-payment), while there
Page 88 and 89: • post-weighting the sample data
Page 90 and 91: particular area/age/gender cell fro
Page 92 and 93: esult in turn reflects the survey p
Page 94 and 95: F.11 Contact and participation rate
Page 96 and 97: Being aware of the need to minimise
Page 98 and 99: NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.47
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.49
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
Page 425 and 426:
—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
Page 431 and 432:
Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
Page 433 and 434:
Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
Page 435 and 436:
Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
Page 437 and 438:
—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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