Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for problem and recreational gamblers Price Problem gamblers Recreational gamblers Price a p b d Dpa Dp c Do q q q pa p o Accounting for tax and problem gamblers The impact of taxation for problem and recreational gamblers is explored in more detail in figure C.4. For recreational gamblers, the situation is the same as that described in figure C.2, with the benefit being estimated as the areas a and b, being respectively the surplus retained by consumers and the tax transfer to government. Figure C.4 Consumer surplus and tax: problem and recreational gamblers Price Problem gamblers Recreational gamblers Price a 1 p(1+t) a2 a p b1 b 2 e c f d Dp b c Do q q q q 1 q 0 2 3 q o 1 For problem gamblers, the calculation is more complex. As developed previously, problem gamblers are seen as having two relevant demand schedules. The first (D p ) representing their observed demand, and a second ‘non-compulsive’ demand schedule representing their assumed demand if they did not gamble compulsively. In the absence of tax, ‘observed’ demand would be q 3 while their non-problem level of demand would be q 1 . A surplus of a 2 +b 1 +b 2 would accrue to the consumer, to be offset against the ‘negative’ surplus of the areas c+d. C.12 GAMBLING
With the imposition of tax, the price increases to p(1+t), actual consumption contracts to q 2 . while consumption by recreational gamblers would fall to q 0 . A problem gambler accrues a surplus of area a 2 , while the government receives tax revenue b 1 +b 2 +e from problem gamblers. But area e represents a payment to government for which the gambler does not receive matching satisfaction and thus this area represents a loss to the gambler. The net gain in the tax collected is only the areas b 1 and b 2 . The area c represents payments to the industry for which the gambler does not receive a matching level of benefit, and is thus a cost to the gambler. While the area c goes to the industry, it pays for productive resources used to provide the product and thus it is not a net gain for the industry. However, the consumer is not getting a matching benefit from the money spent equivalent to the area c which thus represents a true loss to society. By comparison the area e represents a similar cost to the gambler but, because productive resources are not involved with the tax collected (ignoring for the moment the cost of running the tax system), others in society receive a benefit equivalent to the loss for the gambler, and thus the area e is neither a benefit nor cost for society, simply a transfer. The net position is represented by benefits from areas a 2 , b 1 and b 2 , offset by the loss of area c. Box C.1 Problem gamblers: each area of the diagrams explained (a 2 ) Surplus on the assumed ‘recreational’ (non-compulsive) level of spending by problem gamblers. This area is a benefit to the consumer as it represents consumption on which consumers place a higher value than the cost they pay. (b 1 +b 2 +e) Tax paid to government. As (for simplicity) we assume that there are no costs associated with government collecting the tax, this area represents a net benefit to government. It, however, represents a cost to the consumer but, in most cases, the consumer receives satisfaction equivalent to that cost and thus it usually does not represent a net cost to the consumer. In such situations, the revenue to government would represent a benefit overall. For problem gamblers the area is divided into two components outlined below. (b 1 +b 2 ) That part of the tax for which consumers receive a benefit in the form of satisfaction, as it lies under the ‘recreational’ (non-compulsive) demand schedule which measures the satisfaction that consumers are assumed to receive. While the consumer pays the money to government this cost is offset by this satisfaction. To the extent that the revenue to government is not offset by collection costs, this part of the total tax represents a benefit overall. (continued) ESTIMATING CONSUMER SURPLUS C.13
Page 1 and 2: Australia’s Gambling Industries I
Page 3: Contents of other volumes Volume 1
Page 6 and 7: Australian Capital Territory Federa
Page 8 and 9: Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
Page 10 and 11: Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
Page 12 and 13: Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
Page 14 and 15: Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
Page 16 and 17: N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
Page 18 and 19: Australian Hotels Association (SA)
Page 20 and 21: Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
Page 22 and 23: BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
Page 24 and 25: B Participation in gambling: data t
Page 26 and 27: Table B.2 Participation in gambling
Page 28 and 29: Table B.4 Participation in gambling
Page 30 and 31: product in excess of the price paid
Page 32 and 33: C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
Page 34 and 35: from increased consumption resultin
Page 36 and 37: Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
Page 38 and 39: Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
Page 42 and 43: Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
Page 44 and 45: Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
Page 46 and 47: s n = share of gambling expenditure
Page 48 and 49: Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
Page 50 and 51: • the triangular area ’g’ whi
Page 52 and 53: The Commission’s treatment falls
Page 54 and 55: Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
Page 56 and 57: demand may become elastic, as peopl
Page 58 and 59: There are a number possible explana
Page 60 and 61: • Firstly, there has been extraor
Page 62 and 63: E Gambling in indigenous communitie
Page 64 and 65: The pattern of institutionally-base
Page 66 and 67: chase the “miracles” offered by
Page 68 and 69: F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
Page 70 and 71: F.2 The questionnaire Development o
Page 72 and 73: The use of this sampling approach m
Page 74 and 75: Box F.1 List of gambling activities
Page 76 and 77: • Big spending regular or less fr
Page 78 and 79: Questions asked of all respondents
Page 80 and 81: Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
Page 82 and 83: elated to their gambling — all
Page 84 and 85: Interview duration As with any ques
Page 86 and 87: ecause of non-payment), while there
Page 88 and 89: • post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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