Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission
Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission
Even so the Commission understands that imprisonment typically only occurs when gambling related bankruptcy involve another breach of the law — such as fraud — which would have resulted in a criminal penalty regardless of whether section 271 existed. Accordingly, the apparent severity of some sentences relating to section 271 is overstated. Some participants commented that section 271 is outdated — introduced in 1966 when the proliferation of gaming machines was not foreseen. Others argued that it is inconsistent with the treatment of other problems, most notably drug addiction. Why is gambling treated differently to other forms of addiction? Heroin addiction is a very expensive habit and is the cause of some bankruptcies but it does not warrant a special offence under the Bankruptcy Act (Brading, 1999, p.35). The Wesley Community Legal Service (sub. D215, p. 2) commented that bankruptcy had the potential to alleviate some of the drivers and adverse consequences of problem gambling by cutting off likely sources of access to debt finance. They argued that the potential for criminal prosecution served as an obstacle to problem gamblers seeking bankruptcy. Overall, then a judgement about the value of section 271 needs to weigh up its: • benefits — the potential gains from reducing moral hazard; • against its costs — its adverse treatment of people who have a dependency and the fact that it may deter them from taking an action that may substantially reduce their access to finance. The fact that section 271 is relatively obscure suggests that it will not have large benefits from reducing moral hazard. And in any case the authorities can usually apply other sanctions for clearly fraudulent behaviour associated with gambling. On the cost side, the section may have significant adverse impacts. In light of these considerations, there may be value in the Commonwealth reviewing the section. It could also examine whether there were grounds for requiring mandatory attendance by a problem-gambling bankrupt to appropriate counselling. R.10 GAMBLING
S State and territory gambling data This appendix presents a summary of state and territory gambling data, sourced from the Tasmanian Gaming Commission (1999). For each state and territory the following data is provided: • real gambling turnover; • real gambling expenditure; • real gambling expenditure per capita; and • real government revenue. The data is provided by racing and gaming subdivision for the years 1972-73, 1982-83, 1992-93 and 1997-98. Australia Table S.1 Real gambling turnover, Australia, $ million a 1972-73 1982-83 1992-93 1997-98 Racing TAB 5 735.592 5 842.084 8 805.054 9 116.479 On-course totalisators 1 014.107 1 227.979 1 177.571 900.260 On-course bookmakers 5 549.043 4 907.391 2 155.773 1 595.131 Off-course bookmakers 230.369 73.203 6.650 1.768 Sports betting - - 46.005 265.738 Total racing 12 529.111 12 050.656 12 191.052 11 879.376 Gaming Lotteries 683.752 288.384 193.155 161.853 Lotto 71.214 1 446.243 2 025.427 2 316.449 Instant lotteries - 517.887 723.561 585.102 Pools - 74.726 23.475 15.256 Casino 57.932 290.152 3 569.215 20 942.398 Minor gaming 20.614 296.876 648.791 373.358 Keno - - 262.476 701.348 Gaming machines 8 360.659 9 987.598 21 273.769 57 676.190 Sports betting - - 4.981 72.943 Total gaming 9 194.171 12 901.867 28 724.850 82 844.897 Total gambling 21 723.282 24 952.523 40 915.902 94 724.273 a Real values represent 1997-98 values; Casino turnover is measured as casino handle, the value of money exchanged for gaming chips; Casino gaming includes wagers on table games, gaming machines, and keno systems; Gaming machine data excludes gaming machine data from casinos. Source: Tasmanian Gaming Commission (1999). STATE AND TERRITORY GAMBLING DATA S.1
- Page 301 and 302: Bets and losses Bets and losses on
- Page 303 and 304: In Japan, the minimum amount requir
- Page 305 and 306: N.2 Market segments As with many ot
- Page 307 and 308: Box N.4 Comments on market segments
- Page 309 and 310: O Displacement of illegal gambling?
- Page 311 and 312: survive together because they cater
- Page 313 and 314: P Spending by problem gamblers The
- Page 315 and 316: Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
- Page 317 and 318: Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
- Page 319 and 320: Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
- Page 321 and 322: Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
- Page 323 and 324: is adjusted for biases in its estim
- Page 325 and 326: ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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- Page 331 and 332: of counselling agencies is necessar
- Page 333 and 334: Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
- Page 335 and 336: Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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- Page 339 and 340: Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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- Page 343 and 344: R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
- Page 345 and 346: Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
- Page 347 and 348: Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
- Page 349 and 350: Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
- Page 351: • The penalty has become less sev
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- Page 357 and 358: Table S.8 Real government revenue,
- Page 359 and 360: Table S.12 Real government revenue
- Page 361 and 362: Table S.16 Real government revenue
- Page 363 and 364: Table S.20 Real government revenue
- Page 365 and 366: Table S.24 Real government revenue
- Page 367 and 368: Table S.28 Real government revenue
- Page 369 and 370: Table S.32 Real government revenue
- Page 371 and 372: Table S.36 Real government revenue
- Page 373 and 374: Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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- Page 381 and 382: such as France and the US (Casino I
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- Page 385 and 386: intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
- Page 387 and 388: considers that the machine price
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- Page 393 and 394: U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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- Page 397 and 398: V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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S<br />
State and territory gambling data<br />
This appendix presents a summary of state and territory gambling data, sourced<br />
from the Tasmanian Gaming <strong>Commission</strong> (1999). For each state and territory the<br />
following data is provided:<br />
• real gambling turnover;<br />
• real gambling expenditure;<br />
• real gambling expenditure per capita; and<br />
• real government revenue.<br />
The data is provided by racing and gaming subdivision for the years 1972-73,<br />
1982-83, 1992-93 and 1997-98.<br />
Australia<br />
Table S.1<br />
Real gambling turnover, Australia, $ million a<br />
1972-73 1982-83 1992-93 1997-98<br />
Racing<br />
TAB 5 735.592 5 842.084 8 805.054 9 116.479<br />
On-course totalisators 1 014.107 1 227.979 1 177.571 900.260<br />
On-course bookmakers 5 549.043 4 907.391 2 155.773 1 595.131<br />
Off-course bookmakers 230.369 73.203 6.650 1.768<br />
Sports betting - - 46.005 265.738<br />
Total racing 12 529.111 12 050.656 12 191.052 11 879.376<br />
Gaming<br />
Lotteries 683.752 288.384 193.155 161.853<br />
Lotto 71.214 1 446.243 2 025.427 2 316.449<br />
Instant lotteries - 517.887 723.561 585.102<br />
Pools - 74.726 23.475 15.256<br />
Casino 57.932 290.152 3 569.215 20 942.398<br />
Minor gaming 20.614 296.876 648.791 373.358<br />
Keno - - 262.476 701.348<br />
Gaming machines 8 360.659 9 987.598 21 273.769 57 676.190<br />
Sports betting - - 4.981 72.943<br />
Total gaming 9 194.171 12 901.867 28 724.850 82 844.897<br />
Total gambling 21 723.282 24 952.523 40 915.902 94 724.273<br />
a Real values represent 1997-98 values; Casino turnover is measured as casino handle, the value of money<br />
exchanged for gaming chips; Casino gaming includes wagers on table games, gaming machines, and keno<br />
systems; Gaming machine data excludes gaming machine data from casinos.<br />
Source: Tasmanian Gaming <strong>Commission</strong> (1999).<br />
STATE AND<br />
TERRITORY<br />
GAMBLING DATA<br />
S.1
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