Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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Growth in bankruptcies Total bankruptcies and bankruptcies caused by gambling have increased significantly over time. • In 1972-73 about 2500 new bankruptcies were declared, or about 300 for every million adults. In 1997-98 the number of new bankruptcies increased to 24 000, nearly 1800 per million adults. • Over the same period, new gambling related bankruptcies increased from 61, or 7 per million adults to 317, or 23 per one million adults (figure R.1 and table R.5). • Non-business bankruptcies share of total bankruptcies has increased gradually over time. In 1972-73 non-business bankruptcies accounted for 44 per cent of total bankruptcies compared with 80 per cent in 1997-98. For bankruptcies caused by gambling there is no clear trend. In 1972-73 non-business bankruptcies accounted for 67 per cent of total gambling related bankruptcies. In 1996-97 this share had risen to 90 per cent but in 1997-98 the share was much lower at 70 per cent. Figure R.1 New bankruptcies per million adult population, 1972-73 to 1997-98, Australia Business bankruptcies Non-business bankruptcies Gambling or speculation 10 8 6 4 2 0 1972-73 1975-76 1978-79 1981-82 1984-85 1987-88 1990-91 1993-94 1996-97 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Total Gambling or speculation 20 15 10 5 0 1972-73 1975-76 1978-79 1981-82 1984-85 1987-88 1990-91 1993-94 1996-97 1500 1350 1200 1050 900 750 600 450 300 150 0 Total Gambling or speculation Total bankruptcies Gambling or speculation Total bankruptcies Source: Inspector-General in Bankruptcy (various years). R.4 GAMBLING
Table R.5 New bankruptcies per million adult population, 1972-73 to 1997-98, Australia Year Business bankruptcies Non-business bankruptcies Total bankruptcies Gambling All causes Gambling All causes Gambling All causes 1972-73 2.3 162.9 4.7 127.2 6.9 290.1 1973-74 1.2 115.0 3.3 75.2 4.6 190.1 1974-75 1.2 136.7 3.2 88.3 4.4 225.0 1975-76 1.6 133.4 3.5 70.5 5.2 203.9 1976-77 1.7 134.1 4.4 97.8 6.1 231.9 1977-78 1.8 181.7 3.2 143.3 5.0 325.0 1978-79 1.9 202.1 5.3 190.4 7.2 392.6 1979-80 1.6 252.7 4.8 244.6 6.4 497.4 1980-81 1.6 235.8 10.7 269.0 12.2 504.8 1981-82 1.4 192.0 5.7 240.1 7.2 432.0 1982-83 2.0 223.3 5.7 268.1 7.7 491.3 1983-84 1.2 227.6 5.4 237.8 6.6 465.4 1984-85 1.5 169.8 6.8 249.4 8.3 419.2 1985-86 1.6 170.5 5.5 321.8 7.1 492.3 1986-87 1.1 213.0 5.8 434.7 7.0 647.7 1987-88 1.7 192.7 6.1 500.3 7.8 693.0 1988-89 1.3 181.8 5.3 437.5 6.5 619.3 1989-90 1.5 240.6 10.9 452.6 12.3 693.2 1990-91 2.1 336.2 7.2 710.9 9.3 1 047.1 1991-92 1.3 423.8 6.8 904.2 8.0 1 328.0 1992-93 2.1 371.5 6.1 733.8 8.2 1 105.3 1993-94 1.8 331.6 6.2 741.5 8.0 1 073.1 1994-95 2.3 302.0 6.5 765.3 8.8 1 067.2 1995-96 1.2 355.5 11.1 937.6 12.3 1 293.1 1996-97 2.1 380.5 15.9 1220.6 18.0 1 601.1 1997-98 6.8 350.4 16.1 1411.8 22.9 1 762.2 Source: Inspector-General in Bankruptcy (various years). Figure R.2 and table R.6 show trends in bankruptcy at the state/territory level. • The number of new bankruptcies have increased in all states and territories over the period 1982-83 to 1997-98. • In New South Wales/ACT, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia sharp increases in bankruptcies caused by gambling were observed from the early or mid 1990s, corresponding to increases in gambling expenditure (chapter 3). • No trend is apparent in the Northern Territory, Tasmania and Western Australia — the number of bankruptcies caused by gambling in these states and territory has varied considerably from year to year. BANKRUPTCY AND GAMBLING R.5
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
Page 295 and 296: Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
Page 297 and 298: Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Page 305 and 306: N.2 Market segments As with many ot
Page 307 and 308: Box N.4 Comments on market segments
Page 309 and 310: O Displacement of illegal gambling?
Page 311 and 312: survive together because they cater
Page 313 and 314: P Spending by problem gamblers The
Page 315 and 316: Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
Page 317 and 318: Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
Page 319 and 320: Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Page 323 and 324: is adjusted for biases in its estim
Page 325 and 326: ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
Page 327 and 328: P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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Page 331 and 332: of counselling agencies is necessar
Page 333 and 334: Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
Page 335 and 336: Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
Page 337 and 338: Relationship status The greater inv
Page 339 and 340: Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
Page 341 and 342: The pattern of an increased feminis
Page 343 and 344: R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
Page 345: Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
Page 349 and 350: Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
Page 351 and 352: • The penalty has become less sev
Page 353 and 354: S State and territory gambling data
Page 355 and 356: Table S.4 Real government revenue f
Page 357 and 358: Table S.8 Real government revenue,
Page 359 and 360: Table S.12 Real government revenue
Page 373 and 374: Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
Page 375 and 376: However, the survey used a set of p
Page 377 and 378: T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
Page 379 and 380: Table T.3 Method Various estimates
Page 381 and 382: such as France and the US (Casino I
Page 383 and 384: Table U.2 An example of an outcome
Page 385 and 386: intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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Page 389 and 390: egular playing (30 years) the proba
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Page 393 and 394: U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
Page 419 and 420:
Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
Page 425 and 426:
—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
Page 427 and 428:
—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
Page 429 and 430:
NT Select Committee (Select Committ
Page 431 and 432:
Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
Page 433 and 434:
Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
Page 435 and 436:
Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
Page 437 and 438:
—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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