Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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Box R.1 Data qualifications The bankruptcy data used in this appendix is that reported in the Annual Reports of the Bankruptcy Act of 1966 by the Inspector-General in Bankruptcy. There are two major deficiencies in the data series on bankruptcies caused by gambling. A number of inquiry participants said that anecdotal evidence suggests that the number of bankruptcies caused by gambling is significantly higher than that reported in the official data. For example, in 1997-98, 57 non-business and 5 business bankruptcies were classified as caused by gambling or speculation in South Australia. The Adelaide Central Mission (sub. 108, p. 3) suggests that the actual number is significantly higher: During the last twelve months as one financial counsellor in a smaller State I have been involved in 20 petitions for personal bankruptcy totalling $1.25M which can be directly attributed to the petitioners problem gambling addiction… I believe that bankruptcy statistics are extremely conservative concerning problem gambling and difficult to identify while the present legislation is in place. Problem gambling as a reason for personal bankruptcy is often not indicated and reasons given refer to health issues, loss of job, other criminal acts, breakdown in relationship and poor money management. Reasons suggested by participants, as to why people fail to list gambling as a cause of bankruptcy include fear of prosecution under section 271 of the Bankruptcy act (discussed later) and the stigma attached to being labelled a bankrupt from gambling. Results from the Commission’s National Gambling Survey also suggested that there were 2900 people nationwide who were declared bankrupt each year as a result of their gambling activities — significantly more than the 317 reported in the 1997-98 annual report of the Inspector-General in Bankruptcy. However, the standard error on this item of the Commission’s National Gambling Survey is sufficiently large that it provides an imprecise indicator of bankruptcy levels. A second problem with the data for gambling research is that it does not distinguish between bankruptcies caused by gambling and those caused by speculation (for example speculation on stock markets). Despite qualifications the data is the best time series collected on bankruptcies caused by gambling in Australia. In 1997-98 the majority of new business bankruptcies, both gambling and nongambling related, were declared by people aged between 35 and 44. For new nonbusiness bankruptcies people aged between 25 and 34 accounted for the majority of gambling and other bankruptcies (table R.2). At the national level, New South Wales and the ACT recorded the largest number of gambling and non-gambling bankruptcies in 1997-98 (table R.3). However in per capita terms South Australia recorded the largest number of bankruptcies caused by gambling in 1997-98 (table R.4). R.2 GAMBLING
Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts, (official trustee matters a ) 1997-98 Age Business bankruptcies Non-business bankruptcies Total bankruptcies 54 Total Gambling number (%) 6 (7) 26 (29) 29 (32) 23 (25) 7 (8) 91 (100) Other causes number (%) 246 (4) 1 521 (26) 1 907 (33) 1 525 (26) 597 (10) 5 796 (100) Gambling number (%) 33 (15) 86 (38) 58 (26) 32 (14) 16 (7) 225 (100) Other causes number (%) 2 511 (13) 7 132 (37) 5 032 (26) 2 732 (14) 1 679 (9) 19 086 (100) Gambling number (%) 39 (12) 112 (35) 87 (28) 55 (17) 23 (7) 316 (100) Other causes number (%) 2 757 (11) 8 653 (35) 6 939 (28) 4 257 (17) 2 276 (9) 24 882 (100) a Bankruptcy data by age is only available for official trustee matters, bankruptcies administered by registered trustees are not included in the table — in 1997-98 5 per cent of new bankruptcies were administered by registered trustees. Source: Inspector-General in Bankruptcy (1998). Table R.3 New bankruptcies by state, 1997-98 Jurisdiction Business bankruptcies Non-business bankruptcies Total bankruptcies New South Wales & ACT Gambling Other causes Gambling Other causes Gambling Other causes number (%) number (%) number (%) number (%) number (%) number (%) 64 (68) 1 495 (31) 75 (34) 5 632 (29) 139 (44) 7 127 (30) Victoria 22 (23) 898 19) 24 (11) 4 039 (21) 46 (15) 4 937 (21) Queensland 1 (1) 1 351 (28) 35 (16) 4 918 (25) 36 (11) 6 269 (26) South Australia 5 (5) 353 (7) 57 (26) 1 983 (10) 62 (20) 2 336 (10) Northern Territory 0 (0) 45 (1) 0 (0) 82 (1) 0 (0) 127 (1) Western Australia 1 (1) 472 (10) 29 (13) 1 747 (9) 30 (9) 2 219 (9) Tasmania 1 (1) 138 (3) 3 (1) 903 (5) 4 (1) 1 041 (4) Total 94 (100) 4 752 (100) 223 (100) 19 304 (100) 317 (100) 24 056 (100) Source: Inspector-General in Bankruptcy (1998). Table R.4 New bankruptcies per million adults, by state, 1997-98 Jurisdiction Business bankruptcies Non-business bankruptcies Total bankruptcies New South Wales & ACT Gambling Other causes Gambling Other causes Gambling Other causes 13 303 15 1 143 28 1 446 Victoria 6 259 7 1 164 13 1 423 Queensland 0 538 14 1 959 14 2 498 South Australia 4 314 51 1 766 55 2 080 Northern Territory 0 349 0 636 0 984 Western Australia 1 356 22 1 318 23 1 675 Tasmania 3 397 9 2 595 12 2 991 Total 7 344 16 1 396 23 1 739 Source: Inspector-General in Bankruptcy (1998). BANKRUPTCY AND GAMBLING R.3
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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Page 295 and 296: Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
Page 297 and 298: Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Page 309 and 310: O Displacement of illegal gambling?
Page 311 and 312: survive together because they cater
Page 313 and 314: P Spending by problem gamblers The
Page 315 and 316: Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
Page 317 and 318: Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Page 323 and 324: is adjusted for biases in its estim
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Page 333 and 334: Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
Page 335 and 336: Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
Page 337 and 338: Relationship status The greater inv
Page 339 and 340: Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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Page 343: R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Page 349 and 350: Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
Page 351 and 352: • The penalty has become less sev
Page 353 and 354: S State and territory gambling data
Page 355 and 356: Table S.4 Real government revenue f
Page 357 and 358: Table S.8 Real government revenue,
Page 359 and 360: Table S.12 Real government revenue
Page 373 and 374: Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
Page 375 and 376: However, the survey used a set of p
Page 377 and 378: T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
Page 379 and 380: Table T.3 Method Various estimates
Page 381 and 382: such as France and the US (Casino I
Page 383 and 384: Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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Page 393 and 394: U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
Page 419 and 420:
Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
Page 425 and 426:
—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
Page 433 and 434:
Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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