Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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Figure N.7 World gaming machine market segments a,b Pachinko 59% High intensity machines 14% AWP-style 27% a Indicative only, excludes roughly 12 per cent of the world’s gaming machines on which information was insufficient to apportion into market segments. The addition of these machines may change the relative shares of market segments, or add new market segments. b Not including internet or illegal machines. Data source: table N.3. The country shares of some of these indicative market segments are shown in table N.3 (some alternative market segments and figures are outlined in box N.4). The share of the world’s gaming machines located in Australia is estimated at 20 per cent for high intensity machines. But if other AWP-style machines and Japanese pachinko machines are included, Australia’s share of machines falls to 2.6 per cent. Table N.3 Country shares of selected market segments Number of gaming machines a High intensity machines (per cent) AWP-style machines (per cent) Pachinko (per cent) Total (per cent) Australia 184 526 20.4 0.0 0.0 2.6 United States 582 605 64.4 0.0 0.0 8.2 Canada 58 000 6.4 0.0 0.0 0.8 France 53 250 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 New Zealand 15 751 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 South Africa 11 222 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 United Kingdom 266 200 0.0 14.8 d 0.4 f 3.7 Germany 227 000 b 0.0 13.3 0.0 3.2 Spain 220 000 b 0.0 12.9 0.0 3.1 Japan 4 690 708 c 0.0 58.9 e 99.6 g 65.8 c Other 822 900 na na na 11.5 Total (machines) 7 132 162 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a Not including illegal or internet machines. b AWPs only. c Pachislo and pachinko machines. d 253 000 AWP-style (220 000 AWPs and 33 000 jackpot machines). e 1 004 642 pachislo machines. f 13 200 UK crane grab, pinball and pusher machines. g 3 686 066 pachinko machines. na information was insufficient to apportion into segments. Source: table N.1; sub. D222, p. 6; sub. D257; Rouyer, Ch., Casinos de France, pers. comm., 9 Nov 1999; Bell, A. National Gambling Board of South Africa, pers. comm., 11 Nov 1999; White, J., BACTA, pers. comm., 23 Nov 1999. INTERNATIONAL GAMING MACHINES N.21
Box N.4 Comments on market segments and country shares Other sources segment the market differently to the Commission. For example, after the Commission’s draft report was released, Aristocrat defined the world gaming machine market figures in its 1998 Annual Report as machines of a certain type: [The figure in] Aristocrat’s 1998 annual report … refers only to the types of gaming machines Aristocrat produces in regulated gaming jurisdictions. It is not an estimate of the total number of machines worldwide (sub. D266, p. 2) (emphasis added by Commission). Australia had 21 per cent of this market segment, as defined by Aristocrat. This appendix takes a broader approach, identifying the main characteristics of machines in certain countries, and grouping machines into three market segments relevant to risk for problem gambling: • high intensity machines (including Australian gaming machines, US slots and other machines, Canadian slots and VLTs, as well as machines in France, New Zealand and South Africa); • AWP-style machines (including UK AWP and jackpot machines, German and Spanish AWPs, and Japanese pachislo machines); and • Japanese pachinko and UK crane grab machines (and the UK pinball and pusher machines). A feel for the variety of figures available on market segments is given below (figures in italics are regional subtotals which add to totals). The Commission drew extensively from these and other sources — in particular, where no further information on a country’s gaming machine numbers was available from regulators or industry sources, and information was sufficient to apportion into market segments, this appendix generally used the highest estimate from either Professor Marfels (sub. D222) or AGMMA (sub. D257). Aristocrat (Aust-style) Prof. Marfels (all machines) AGMMA (all machines) Commission (all exc. illegal and internet) Commission (high intensity) Aust and NZ 183 449 193 000 - - - Australia 170 123 180 000 172 764 184 526 184 526 New Zealand 13 326 13 000 - 15 751 15 751 North America 446 088 554 000 - - - United States - 496 000 582 605 582 605 582 605 Canada - 58 000 53 877 58 000 58 000 Europe 58 895 950 000 a - - - France - - 53 250 53 250 53 250 UK - 260 000 c 250 000 266 200 - Germany - 227 000 c 220 593 227 000 - Spain - 220 000 c 228 877 220 000 - Italy - - 351 400 - - Asia 12 314 4 746 000 - - - Japan - 4 734 000 b 4 690 708 4 690 708 - Africa 12 025 12 000 a - - - South Africa - - 64 974 11 222 11 222 South America 85 536 86 000 a - - - Other - - 463 114 822 900 - Total 798 307 6 541 000 a 7 132 162 7 132 162 905 354 a estimate. b Pachinko and pachislo machines. c AWPs only. Source: subs D222, D234, D257, D266, tables N.1 and N.3. N.22 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Page 271 and 272: Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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Page 279 and 280: Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
Page 281 and 282: Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Page 285 and 286: Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
Page 287 and 288: N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Page 297 and 298: Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Page 309 and 310: O Displacement of illegal gambling?
Page 311 and 312: survive together because they cater
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Page 315 and 316: Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
Page 317 and 318: Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
Page 319 and 320: Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Page 323 and 324: is adjusted for biases in its estim
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Page 339 and 340: Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
Page 341 and 342: The pattern of an increased feminis
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Page 345 and 346: Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
Page 347 and 348: Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
Page 349 and 350: Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
Page 351 and 352: • The penalty has become less sev
Page 353 and 354: S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
Page 425 and 426:
—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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