Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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Missouri Nevada g Colorado 4 031 943 a 1 279 791 h 2 930 391 n 14 990 b 198 232 i 114 736 o US$607 million c US$ 5.06 billion j US$311 million p US$40 600 US$25 500 US$2 700 11 riverboats (no Native American casinos) Denominations US5c to US$100. Almost all (98%) are US$1 or below, two thirds (66%) are US25c machines. Wins are automatically paid out unless credit mode is activated. Must use tokens/credits to wager. Average loss of $15 per person per excursion on slot machines. d e f 2453 licences issued. Venues include casinos, small bars, restaurants and grocery stores. Plus 4 Native American casinos. Denominations US5c to US$500. Almost all (95%) are US$1 or below, half (55%) are US25c denomination. Some have multiple coins and lines. k l Three towns with 49 casinos. Two Native American casinos. Denominations US5c to US$5 ($US1c slots introduced in Jan 1999). US$5 maximum bet q r Missouri — a US Bureau of the Census 1999a ; b MGC 1999c; c MGC 1999a; d MGC 1999a, GAO (US) 1998, p. 6; e MGC 1999b; f President Casino 1999, MGC 1999a. Nevada — g Nevada statistics do not include confidential Native American gaming revenue (GAO (US) 1998, p. 46); h US Bureau of the Census 1999a; i NGCB 1999a, p. 2; j NGCB 1999a, p. 3; k NGCB 1999a, p. 2, GAO (US) 1998, p. 6; l NGCB 1999a, p. 2; MGM Grand 1999, Westward Ho Casino 1999, Casino International 1999b, p. 12. Colorado — n US Bureau of the Census 1999a; o, p Colorado Division of Gaming 1999b; q Colorado Division of Gaming 1999a, pp. 2, 13; r Colorado Division of Gaming 1999a, p. 2, 1999b. INTERNATIONAL GAMING MACHINES N.7
The following discussion of gaming machine characteristics is centred around their expected effects on the prevalence of problem gambling. It is important to note that where these characteristics increase the entertainment value of gaming machines, they are also expected to increase the benefits of gambling for the vast majority of gamblers. Technology Where technology increases the efficiency by which machines collect money from gamblers — say, by increasing the number of lines and credits and the speed of games and by accepting notes — this can allow some players to spend more than they may have initially intended. For the majority of recreational gamblers this is not a problem. But in a minority of cases, this can lead to problematic behaviour such as loss chasing, which can develop into problem gambling (this is also discussed in chapter 16). As a result, if such technology has any effect on the prevalence of problem gambling, it is expected to increase its prevalence (industry views on this are presented in the discussion on bets and losses). Australia Australian gaming machines are all operated by button push, regardless of the game being played (figure N.1 depicts one type of Australian machine). <strong>Gambling</strong> on these machines can be continuous — machines accept and pay out cash (so no breaks are required to cash out tokens) and machines credit wins, which can then be cashed out at a button push. Most slot machines have a choice of up to ten credits and nine lines per game, and most video poker machines go up to ten credits. Most modern Australian gaming machines have bill acceptors. The average speed of play in Australian machines is around 5 seconds per game (table 16.1). United States Most US slot machines have the option of lever pull and play buttons (figure N.2). All US video poker machines are operated by electronic button push. In terms of lines and credits, US machines appear to generally have less options than Australian machines (Casino International 1999b, p. 12; various casino websites). Some US states allow gambling with tokens only, which puts breaks into play where gamblers can assess their gambling and whether they wish to continue. Additionally, some US machines automatically pay out wins, which also slows down the speed of play (although a credit option is also available). N.8 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
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CLIENT SURVEY G.15
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CLIENT SURVEY G.17
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CLIENT SURVEY G.19
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CLIENT SURVEY G.21
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CLIENT SURVEY G.23
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CLIENT SURVEY G.25
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Problem gamblers may subsequently b
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For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
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Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
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Prison, South Australia’s main re
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• “Has your gambling ever led y
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elicit information on vocational, f
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This finding is consistent with the
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H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
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Other more violent crimes such as b
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But as noted above, police statisti
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H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
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epayments were required — but mos
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State Gaming Authorities data The s
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Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
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machines. There is no statistically
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Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
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Weighted results The Commission’s
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Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
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Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
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it is likely to represent the more
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Table J.1 presents the information
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suffer from some of the adverse con
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• costs of gambling counselling s
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To the extent that borrowed money i
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This fee is only taken in estates w
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• for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
Page 241 and 242: L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Page 245 and 246: L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
Page 247 and 248: Number of clients The survey includ
Page 249 and 250: Characteristics of gambling clients
Page 251 and 252: counselling because of someone else
Page 253 and 254: Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
Page 255 and 256: Table L.20 Approaches used to help
Page 257 and 258: Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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Page 263 and 264: SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
Page 271 and 272: Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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Page 277 and 278: Poker machines In most states, lice
Page 279 and 280: Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
Page 281 and 282: Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
Page 283 and 284: Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
Page 285 and 286: Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
Page 287 and 288: N.1 Characteristics of machines of
Page 289 and 290: Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Page 305 and 306: N.2 Market segments As with many ot
Page 307 and 308: Box N.4 Comments on market segments
Page 309 and 310: O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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Page 315 and 316: Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
Page 317 and 318: Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
Page 319 and 320: Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
Page 321 and 322: Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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Page 327 and 328: P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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Page 331 and 332: of counselling agencies is necessar
Page 333 and 334: Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
Page 335 and 336: Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
Page 337 and 338: Relationship status The greater inv
Page 339 and 340: Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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