Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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Box J.1 continued Where minimising false positives does matter in the Commission’s analysis is when we consider whether problem gamblers are getting value for money from their expenditure on gambling. If we are to include part of that expenditure as a cost rather than being offset by satisfaction achieved, the accurate identification of the population of problem gamblers is more important. The Commission’s analysis of the SOGS score and its relationship with adverse gambling consequences is presented in chapter 6. Ideally, we would like information on the prevalence of adverse consequences from gambling from the total population. The prevalence of the adverse consequences in the general population is the important issue when measuring the extent of costs, not whether these costs are generated by those easily ‘tagged’ as problem gamblers using a measure such as SOGS. But this is rarely available. The costs of conducting a large scale survey where all respondents were asked the full range of questions would be prohibitive. The Commission’s national survey asked questions on adverse consequences only from the group of ‘regular’ gamblers. These comprise 39 per cent of the adult population. The Commission has assumed that there are no adverse consequences for the rest of the population. While this, in principle, means an understatement of the level of costs, it is unlikely to be significant. Whether these costs are concentrated in a particular identifiable group is nonetheless important (though not for measuring the extent of costs) as it can be used by government when targeting policy action. The distribution of reported adverse consequences by SOGS scores is discussed in chapter 6 In the few instances where the survey of problem gamblers in counselling has been used, the Commission has attempted to compensate for the expected tendency to overstate the prevalence rate by applying this to the smaller number of problem gamblers who most closely match the group in treatment — those scoring 10 or more on the SOGS (46 800 people), rather than the wider group of problem gamblers, scoring 5 or more (293 000 people). The survey information on prevalence The National Gambling Survey asks all regular gamblers questions on a range of adverse consequences of gambling. All questions were asked on the basis of ‘in the last 12 months’, and many also asked if the gambler had ‘ever’ experienced the adverse consequence as a result of their gambling. The Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies comprised a similar range of questions, asking the gambler to relate the questions ‘only to the time when you were experiencing problems with your gambling’. The results from the survey indicated that the average period of problem gambling was 8.9 years. The SOGS questions were asked on the basis of ‘in the last 12 months’. MEASURING COSTS J.3
Table J.1 presents the information on the prevalence of a range of adverse consequences derived from the Commission’s surveys. Table J.1 Information on prevalence from the Commissions surveys National Gambling Survey — regular gamblers ever over last 12 months over last 12 months Survey of clients of counselling agencies over the period of gambling problem over last 12 months % a % a number b % c % c Financial impacts Borrowed from loan sharks na 0.1 17 000 na 8.4 Went bankrupt 0.03 0.02 2 900 8.4 na Sold property to gamble na 0.3 35 100 na 36.7 Pawned or sold possessions 0.4 0.2 31 200 na na Lost house na na na 7.9 na Lost superannuation na na na 13.4 na Productivity and employment Lost time from work or study na 0.7 98 100 na 50.3 Reduced productivity 1.2 0.7 94 300 na na (sometimes to always) na 0.4 49 200 na na (often to always) na 0.1 7 000 na na Average level of productivity loss na na na 7.88 na Changed jobs 0.2 0.04 5 600 18.3 na Been sacked 0.1 0 0 18.6 na Crime and legal Any crime 0.5 0.2 20 900 44.1 na Bounced cheques deliberately na 0.1 13 600 na 21.2 Borrowed without permission na na na 42.3 na Obtained money illegally 0.3 0.02 3 400 na na Trouble with the police 0.2 0.04 6 300 18.3 na Appeared in court 0.1 0.00 700 15.8 na Jail sentence na na na 6.4 na Personal and family Suffered from depression 2.1 1.5 205 900 95.6 na sometimes to always na 1.0 142 400 89.2 na often to always na 0.50 70 500 60.1 na Major adverse effect on partner na na na na 46.6 Major adverse effect on children na na na na 20.7 Argued with family over gambling na 1.9 266 900 na 83.2 Breakup of relationship 0.4 0.3 39 200 na na Divorce or separation 0.3 na na 26.0 na Seriously considered suicide 0.3 0.1 12 900 57.8 na Attempted suicide na na na 13.6 na Prevalence of violence na na na 13.1 na a per cent of regular gamblers reporting the consequence. b estimated number affected in the adult population in Australia. c per cent of problem gamblers in counselling reporting the consequence. na. Not available. Source: PC National Gambling Survey 1999, and PC Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies 1999. J.4 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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F.56 GAMBLING
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F.58 GAMBLING
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F.60 GAMBLING
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F.62 GAMBLING
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F.64 GAMBLING
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F.66 GAMBLING
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G Survey of Clients of Counselling
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G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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D23 — is concerned with the mecha
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of problem gambling (eg how many ch
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CLIENT SURVEY G.9
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CLIENT SURVEY G.11
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CLIENT SURVEY G.13
Page 149 and 150: CLIENT SURVEY G.15
Page 161 and 162: Problem gamblers may subsequently b
Page 163 and 164: For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
Page 165 and 166: Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
Page 167 and 168: Prison, South Australia’s main re
Page 169 and 170: • “Has your gambling ever led y
Page 171 and 172: elicit information on vocational, f
Page 173 and 174: This finding is consistent with the
Page 175 and 176: H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
Page 177 and 178: Other more violent crimes such as b
Page 179 and 180: But as noted above, police statisti
Page 181 and 182: H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
Page 183 and 184: epayments were required — but mos
Page 185 and 186: State Gaming Authorities data The s
Page 187 and 188: Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
Page 189 and 190: machines. There is no statistically
Page 191 and 192: Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
Page 193 and 194: Weighted results The Commission’s
Page 195 and 196: Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
Page 197 and 198: Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
Page 199: it is likely to represent the more
Page 203 and 204: suffer from some of the adverse con
Page 205 and 206: • costs of gambling counselling s
Page 207 and 208: To the extent that borrowed money i
Page 209 and 210: This fee is only taken in estates w
Page 211 and 212: • for a higher estimate, the numb
Page 213 and 214: The Commission has assumed that the
Page 215 and 216: • to estimate the income lost ove
Page 217 and 218: the Commission has used this estima
Page 219 and 220: • 336 people receiving a jail sen
Page 221 and 222: states offer up to $50 000 each for
Page 223 and 224: As indicated in table J.6, where pr
Page 225 and 226: seen as part of the informal contra
Page 227 and 228: Almost all divorce cases are uncont
Page 229 and 230: of their gambling during the period
Page 231 and 232: Suicide ideation The Commission’s
Page 233 and 234: Table J.10 continued People a Per p
Page 235 and 236: Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
Page 237 and 238: pathological and problem gamblers a
Page 239 and 240: Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
Page 241 and 242: L Survey of Counselling Services Th
Page 243 and 244: Several academics working in the ar
Page 245 and 246: L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
Page 247 and 248: Number of clients The survey includ
Page 249 and 250: Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
Page 425 and 426:
—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
Page 433 and 434:
Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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