Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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109 NSW problem gamblers into four groups among — those committing ‘no offences’, ‘gambling related offences only’, ‘non-gambling related offences only’, and ‘both gambling and non-gambling related offences’. Each group of subjects was screened to determine the prevalence of the (DSM-III) diagnosis of Antisocial Personality. They found that the proportion of subjects meeting the criteria differed little between the ‘no offences’ group and the ‘gambling related offences only’ group (5- 11 per cent). However, among the two groups committing non-gambling related crimes, the proportions meeting the criteria were appreciably higher (20 to 47 per cent). Blaszczynski, McConaghy and Frankova (1989) conclude that: [Problem] gamblers who engage in both gambling and non-gambling related offences come predominantly from lower socioeconomic classes and also exhibit more sociopathic features ... compared to gamblers who committed gambling only related offences. ... The need to differentiate the criminal who gambles from the sociopathic gambler who is also a [problem] gambler is more pertinent for this group (p. 150). However, in the larger Blaszczynski and McConaghy (1994b) study of 306 problem gamblers, the results were not quite so robust. But consistent with the above view, significantly smaller proportions of subjects were found with antisocial personality disorders among the ‘no offence’ group compared to the ‘gambling plus nongambling related offences’ group, and among the ‘gambling related offences only’ group compared to the ‘gambling plus non-gambling related offences’ group. Overall assessment of causal link between problem gambling and crime In the <strong>Commission</strong>’s view, the question of whether there is a causal relationship between problem gambling and crime is not a simple yes or no, but the findings reported above strongly suggest that most crimes committed by problem gamblers are gambling related — that is, motivated by a specific need to obtain funds for gambling or initiated by a need to cover shortfalls in financial commitments caused by gambling losses. Two key findings are that: • while not all crimes committed by problem gamblers are gambling related, the overwhelming majority are; and • in a minority of cases, crime and problem gambling are associated because some criminals happen to be gamblers. PROBLEM GAMBLING AND CRIME H.15
H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers commit? A wide range of illegal activities are committed by problem gamblers, and examples were provided in a number of submissions. Anecdotal evidence of gambling related crime Illegal activity can take place within the family of the gambler. For example, the Wesley Community Legal Service (sub. 46) described cases where a problem gambler had stolen the property of family members which was then sold or pawned to raise money for gambling, or forged the signature of family members to borrow money. Break Even–Gold Coast commented that: Group members reported committing crimes as a result of gambling, ... [including] stealing cash from workplaces, fraud and uttering. A common form of fraud was the writing of cheques to secure goods and then returning the goods for cash refund, thus accessing cash for gambling (sub. 73, pp. 3-4). The Society of St Vincent de Paul (NSW) commented that more than 20 per cent of its clients have reported legal problems as a result of their gambling. The crimes committed included the following (sub. D218, p. 1): • taking funds from family and employers using debit and credit cards; • stealing items from family, friends and employers and then ‘hocking’ or selling them on; • stealing funds from family, friends and employers in other ways — such as from purses, wallets, social or punters clubs, petty cash theft or fraud using saving and cheque accounts; and • fraud of government agencies (such as Centrelink). The Blaszczynski and McConaghy (1994a) survey of problem gamblers reported some of the offences committed as follows: At the petty end of the spectrum, gamblers forged their spouses signature on cheques or in opening new joint accounts, stole from petty cash, engaged in shoplifting to subsequently sell the goods ... and stole from fellow employees at work (p. 124). But the illegal activity can also extend to offences such as larceny, embezzlement and misappropriation, and more violent crimes such as armed robbery and burglary. Blaszczynski and McConaghy (1994a) also reported that: H.16 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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F.52 GAMBLING
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F.54 GAMBLING
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Page 135 and 136: G Survey of Clients of Counselling
Page 137 and 138: G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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Page 141 and 142: of problem gambling (eg how many ch
Page 143 and 144: CLIENT SURVEY G.9
Page 161 and 162: Problem gamblers may subsequently b
Page 163 and 164: For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
Page 165 and 166: Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
Page 167 and 168: Prison, South Australia’s main re
Page 169 and 170: • “Has your gambling ever led y
Page 171 and 172: elicit information on vocational, f
Page 173: This finding is consistent with the
Page 177 and 178: Other more violent crimes such as b
Page 179 and 180: But as noted above, police statisti
Page 181 and 182: H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
Page 183 and 184: epayments were required — but mos
Page 185 and 186: State Gaming Authorities data The s
Page 187 and 188: Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
Page 189 and 190: machines. There is no statistically
Page 191 and 192: Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
Page 193 and 194: Weighted results The Commission’s
Page 195 and 196: Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
Page 197 and 198: Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
Page 199 and 200: it is likely to represent the more
Page 201 and 202: Table J.1 presents the information
Page 203 and 204: suffer from some of the adverse con
Page 205 and 206: • costs of gambling counselling s
Page 207 and 208: To the extent that borrowed money i
Page 209 and 210: This fee is only taken in estates w
Page 211 and 212: • for a higher estimate, the numb
Page 213 and 214: The Commission has assumed that the
Page 215 and 216: • to estimate the income lost ove
Page 217 and 218: the Commission has used this estima
Page 219 and 220: • 336 people receiving a jail sen
Page 221 and 222: states offer up to $50 000 each for
Page 223 and 224: As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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