Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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• the three-quarters who committed gambling related crimes are problem gamblers in the sense that gambling appears to be a sufficiently important source of financial difficulties for them to turn to crime; but • the remaining one-quarter who committed crimes that were unrelated to their gambling may well be ‘criminals who also happen to be gamblers’. Findings from general population gambling surveys Information on the extent of gambling related illegal activity among problem gamblers has been obtained in several Australian general population gambling surveys — a 1991 four capital city survey (Dickerson et al. 1996), statewide surveys for NSW (Dickerson et al. 1996a, 1998), and the Commission’s National Gambling Survey undertaken for the inquiry. Australian multi-city or statewide gambling surveys In 1991, a doorknock survey of gambling behaviour among 2744 participants in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Brisbane was undertaken (Dickerson et al. 1996). The 22 respondents who scored 10 or more on the SOGS (and on that basis were identified as problem gamblers) reported the following illegal activity: • 32 per cent had experienced problems with the police because of their gambling; • 18 per cent had appeared in court on charges related to gambling; and • 27 per cent had been in prison because of gambling related crime. Two large-scale gambling studies carried out for New South Wales (Dickerson et al. 1996a, 1998) also examine the prevalence of gambling-related illegal activity. Across the two surveys, the 14 respondents who scored 10 or more on the SOGS reported the following illegal activity: • 43 per cent had experienced problems with the police because of their gambling; • 71 per cent had appeared in court on charges related to gambling; and • 29 per cent had been in prison because of crime related to gambling. National Gambling Survey The Commission’s National Gambling Survey sought information on the prevalence of gambling-related illegal activity. The questions posed in the survey in relation to crime were: PROBLEM GAMBLING AND CRIME H.9
• “Has your gambling ever led you to obtain money illegally, even if you intended to pay it back?” • “Have you ever been in trouble with the police because of activities related to your gambling?” • “Have you ever appeared in court on charges related to your gambling?” As well as these questions being framed in ‘lifetime’ (ever) terms, they were also asked in relation to experience ‘in the last 12 months’. The results classified in terms of two categories of problem gamblers — those with a SOGS score of 5 or more (5+) and 10 or more (10+) — are presented in table H.4. Table H.4 Legal system impacts of problem gambling per cent of problem gamblers in specified SOGS categories Gambling related crime Ever SOGS 5+ Ever SOGS 10+ Last 12 months SOGS 5+ Last 12 months SOGS 10+ Any gambling related illegal activity 10.5 26.5 3.3 11.3 Obtained money illegally 7.0 13.2 1.2 3.7 Been in trouble with the police 4.1 13.8 2.2 7.6 In court on gambling related charges 3.1 13.4 0.2 1.4 Source: PC National Gambling Survey. Around one in four problem gamblers in the ‘severe’ category (SOGS 10+) reported having committed some form of gambling-related illegal activity at some stage of their gambling careers, and around 11 per cent during the past 12 months. Prevalence rates of illegal activity were somewhat less among problem gamblers more generally, with around 11 per cent of those with a SOGS score of 5+ having ever committed a gambling-related criminal offence, and 3 per cent in the last 12 months. However, it should be noted that of the 23 respondents to the National Gambling Survey who admitted to having ever committed an illegal activity because of their gambling, 9 scored less than five on the SOGS. Four of these indicated that they used to have a gambling problem in the past but not now, while the other five denied ever having a problem. There is a very high likelihood that the latter respondents are false negatives — because if someone commits a crime to finance their gambling habits then this is normally symptomatic of a significant gambling problem. On that assumption, the prevalence rate of crime among problem gamblers in the severe category would be rather higher than that indicated by the raw data in the National Gambling Survey. H.10 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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Page 119 and 120: F.52 GAMBLING
Page 135 and 136: G Survey of Clients of Counselling
Page 137 and 138: G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
Page 139 and 140: D23 — is concerned with the mecha
Page 141 and 142: of problem gambling (eg how many ch
Page 143 and 144: CLIENT SURVEY G.9
Page 161 and 162: Problem gamblers may subsequently b
Page 163 and 164: For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
Page 165 and 166: Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
Page 167: Prison, South Australia’s main re
Page 171 and 172: elicit information on vocational, f
Page 173 and 174: This finding is consistent with the
Page 175 and 176: H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
Page 177 and 178: Other more violent crimes such as b
Page 179 and 180: But as noted above, police statisti
Page 181 and 182: H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
Page 183 and 184: epayments were required — but mos
Page 185 and 186: State Gaming Authorities data The s
Page 187 and 188: Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
Page 189 and 190: machines. There is no statistically
Page 191 and 192: Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
Page 193 and 194: Weighted results The Commission’s
Page 195 and 196: Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
Page 197 and 198: Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
Page 199 and 200: it is likely to represent the more
Page 201 and 202: Table J.1 presents the information
Page 203 and 204: suffer from some of the adverse con
Page 205 and 206: • costs of gambling counselling s
Page 207 and 208: To the extent that borrowed money i
Page 209 and 210: This fee is only taken in estates w
Page 211 and 212: • for a higher estimate, the numb
Page 213 and 214: The Commission has assumed that the
Page 215 and 216: • to estimate the income lost ove
Page 217 and 218: the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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