Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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• in 1993-94, gambling had led to some form of legal problem for 31 per cent of male clients and 22 per cent of female clients; but • in 1994-95, 68 per cent of male clients and 57 per cent of female clients experienced legal problems as a result of their gambling. Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies Results of illegal activity among clients of problem gambling agencies are available from the Commission’s Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies (table H.2). As with the National Gambling Survey, all questions about criminal activity were asked specifically in relation to a respondent’s gambling. Overall, 44 per cent of clients reported an involvement in some form of gambling related criminal activity at some stage of their gambling career (apart from fraudulently written cheques). Around 16 per cent had appeared in court on charges related to their gambling, and around 6 per cent had received a prison sentence because of a gambling related criminal offence. Table H.2 Crime among clients of problem gambling counselling agencies Gambling related crime % of clients Fraudulently written cheques (in the last 12 months) 21.2 Borrowing without permission or obtaining money improperly (ever) 42.3 Gambling has led to problems with the police (ever) 18.3 An appearance in court on criminal charges (ever) 15.8 A prison sentence (ever) 6.4 Any gambling related crime (ever) 50.2 Any gambling related crime except fraudulently written cheques (ever) 44.1 a The percentages refer to 404 clients. Source: PC Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies. Information obtained in the Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies can be used to estimate the characteristics of gamblers that are most likely to be associated with criminal activity. Results from a logistic regression are reported in table H.3, where explanators such as age, gender, and level of gambling debt are considered. These suggest that higher levels of debt present a significant risk factor for crime. For example, the estimated regression suggests that a 35 year old, English-speaking male problem gambler with $10 000 debt has around a 45 per cent chance of having committed a crime. However, with a debt level of $50 000, the probability of a crime rises to around 78 per cent. PROBLEM GAMBLING AND CRIME H.5
Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimate of influences on gambling-related illegal acts Australia, clients of problem gambling counselling agencies a Estimate Chisquare Chisquare probability Odds ratio INTERCEPT -1.07 1.3 0.25 . FEMALE (1 if female) -0.51 3.5 0.06 0.6 JOBLOSE (1 if gambling-related job loss) 2.35 38.6 0.00 10.5 DIVORCE (1 if gambling related divorce) 1.03 12.0 0.00 2.8 ENGLISH (1 if English speaking) 2.62 12.5 0.00 13.7 TRYSUIC (1 if gambling-related suicide attempt) 0.97 6.4 0.01 2.6 DEBT (stock of gambling debt $) 0.000035 13.2 0.00 1.0 AGE (years) -0.058 18.5 0.00 0.9 a Based on 379 observations. The Chi-square test for the joint significance of the parameters is 156.4 with 7 degrees of freedom (p=0.0001). Predictions were concordant in 84.7 per cent of cases, and discordant in 15.1 per cent of cases. The odds ratio gives the changed odds associated with a problem gambler ‘borrowing without permission or obtaining money improperly’ (the definition of an illegal act used here). Data source: PC Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies. Clients receiving treatment and members of Gamblers Anonymous Detailed information on offences committed by problem gamblers was obtained in a survey of 306 New South Wales problem gamblers (Blaszczynski and McConaghy 1994a, 1994b), comprising 152 hospital treated subjects and 154 members of Gamblers Anonymous. To provide insights into the motivation for crimes, the offences committed were classified as either: • gambling related — those motivated by a specific need to obtain funds for gambling (directly related), or initiated by a need to cover shortfalls in financial commitments caused by gambling losses (indirectly related); or • non-gambling related — those committed for reasons completely unrelated to gambling or problems caused by gambling behaviour. The study (1994b) revealed that the majority of offences committed by problem gamblers are gambling related. Of the 306 subjects surveyed: • 59 per cent admitted to committing at least one gambling related offence over their gambling careers (and 48 per cent admitted to committing only gambling related offences); • 18 per cent admitted to committing at least one non-gambling related offence (and 6 per cent admitted to committing only non-gambling related offences); • 11 per cent admitted to committing both types of offences; and • 35 per cent reported committing no offence at all over their lifetime. H.6 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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Page 114 and 115: NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.47
Page 116 and 117: NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.49
Page 119 and 120: F.52 GAMBLING
Page 135 and 136: G Survey of Clients of Counselling
Page 137 and 138: G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
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Page 141 and 142: of problem gambling (eg how many ch
Page 143 and 144: CLIENT SURVEY G.9
Page 161 and 162: Problem gamblers may subsequently b
Page 163: For a subset of 856 clients in 1996
Page 167 and 168: Prison, South Australia’s main re
Page 169 and 170: • “Has your gambling ever led y
Page 171 and 172: elicit information on vocational, f
Page 173 and 174: This finding is consistent with the
Page 175 and 176: H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
Page 177 and 178: Other more violent crimes such as b
Page 179 and 180: But as noted above, police statisti
Page 181 and 182: H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
Page 183 and 184: epayments were required — but mos
Page 185 and 186: State Gaming Authorities data The s
Page 187 and 188: Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
Page 189 and 190: machines. There is no statistically
Page 191 and 192: Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
Page 193 and 194: Weighted results The Commission’s
Page 195 and 196: Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
Page 197 and 198: Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
Page 199 and 200: it is likely to represent the more
Page 201 and 202: Table J.1 presents the information
Page 203 and 204: suffer from some of the adverse con
Page 205 and 206: • costs of gambling counselling s
Page 207 and 208: To the extent that borrowed money i
Page 209 and 210: This fee is only taken in estates w
Page 211 and 212: • for a higher estimate, the numb
Page 213 and 214: The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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