Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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• prison inmates; and • the general population. Clients seeking help at problem gambling counselling agencies Information from six studies on the proportion of clients at problem gambling counselling agencies who admit to having committed criminal offences is summarised in table H.1. Table H.1 Criminal activity among clients of problem gambling counselling agencies Region Period Type of clients assessed Number of clients assessed % admitting to criminal offences Victoria 1996–97 New clients of the 18 Break Even problem gambling counselling services Victoria 1997-98 New problem gambler clients of the 18 Break Even problem gambling counselling services (presenting for gambling behaviour) 1 452 30 2 209 20 Victoria Nov97-Nov98 New clients at counselling service 30 50 for Vietnamese gamblers Queensland May93-Oct98 New clients at Break Even-Gold Coast 443 53 Queensland 1993-94 New clients at 5 Break Even centres 174 29 Queensland 1994-95 New clients at 5 Break Even centres 357 64 Australia 1998-99 Clients of problem gambling counselling agencies, Australia-wide 404 44 Sources: Jackson et al. (1997, 1999b); sub. 86; Boreham et al. (1995); sub. 62; PC Survey of Clients of Counselling Agencies. Case studies for agencies A study by Jackson et al. (1997) presents information on criminal activity among 1452 new clients who registered with problem gambling counselling agencies in Victoria in the period 1 July 1996 to 30 June 1997, and who were assessed in terms of the ten DSM-IV criteria for ‘pathological’ gambling. One of the criteria is whether a subject had committed illegal acts (for example, forgery, fraud, theft or embezzlement) in order to finance their gambling. The study found that: • around 30 per cent of clients admitted to having committed illegal acts to finance their gambling (Jackson et al. 1997, p. 27). PROBLEM GAMBLING AND CRIME H.3
For a subset of 856 clients in 1996-97, information was also collected on the primary reason for a client attending a problem gambling counselling agency. It was found that: • around 5 per cent of clients reported legal issues as the primary reason for attending counselling for gambling problems (Jackson et al. 1997, p. 22). An analysis of new problem gambler clients of the 18 Victorian Break Even agencies in 1997-98 (Jackson et al. 1999b) yielded the following findings: • around 20 per cent of clients admitted to having ever committed illegal acts which were associated with their gambling; and • 10.5 per cent of problem gamblers revealed illegal actions to be a current source of funding for their gambling. The Australian Vietnamese Women’s Welfare Association Inc. (sub. 86) reported on characteristics of clients who presented at a problem gambling counselling service for Vietnamese gamblers in the western region of Melbourne. In the twelve month period to November 1998, the service provided assistance to 30 people (18 males and 12 females) with gambling related difficulties. Of these clients who sought help: • 50 per cent were involved with the courts (they had either been ordered by a Magistrate’s Court to undergo counselling or were about to appear in court because of their gambling or gambling-related activities); • 27 per cent were involved in stealing casino chips, cheating at casino games, stealing or shoplifting; and • 17 per cent were involved with inappropriate money-lending schemes. One of the Queensland Break Even centres (Gold Coast) provided information on 443 clients who presented for counselling during the five and a half year period 1 May 1993 to 31 October 1998 (sub. 62). An assessment of these clients in terms of the DSM-IV criteria for ‘pathological’ gambling revealed that: • around 53 per cent reported they had committed illegal acts to finance their gambling. Further information on the prevalence of illegal activities among problem gamblers in Queensland is available for samples of new clients attending the five Break Even Centres in Brisbane, Gold Coast, Rockhampton, Toowoomba and Townsville. A breakdown by gender of the proportion of clients reporting adverse legal effects as a result of gambling revealed that (Boreham et al. 1995): H.4 GAMBLING
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Australia’s Gambling Industries I
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Contents of other volumes Volume 1
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Australian Capital Territory Federa
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Tasmania Wrest Point Casino New Zea
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Marianne James Prof Jan McMillen Pe
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Canberra, 30 November 1998 Senator
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Sydney, 16-17 September 1999 Rev Fr
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N Ward 28 Evelyn Jago 29 Territory
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Australian Hotels Association (SA)
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Women’s Health West 176 Norfolk I
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BetSafe Group - Paul Symond Consult
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B Participation in gambling: data t
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Table B.2 Participation in gambling
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Table B.4 Participation in gambling
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product in excess of the price paid
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C.2 Consumer surplus in the gamblin
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from increased consumption resultin
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Figure C.2 Tax and consumer surplus
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Table C.3 Price elasticities of dem
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Figure C.3 Consumer surplus for pro
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Box C.1 continued (e) That part of
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Table C.4 continued Wagering Lotter
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s n = share of gambling expenditure
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Figure C.6 Demand for gambling by p
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• the triangular area ’g’ whi
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The Commission’s treatment falls
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Box C.4 Explaining the lack of vari
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demand may become elastic, as peopl
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There are a number possible explana
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• Firstly, there has been extraor
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E Gambling in indigenous communitie
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The pattern of institutionally-base
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chase the “miracles” offered by
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F National Gambling Survey F.1 Intr
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F.2 The questionnaire Development o
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The use of this sampling approach m
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Box F.1 List of gambling activities
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• Big spending regular or less fr
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Questions asked of all respondents
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Comparisons of aggregate expenditur
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elated to their gambling — all
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Interview duration As with any ques
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ecause of non-payment), while there
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• post-weighting the sample data
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particular area/age/gender cell fro
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esult in turn reflects the survey p
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F.11 Contact and participation rate
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Being aware of the need to minimise
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NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.31
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Page 112 and 113: NATIONAL GAMBLING SURVEY F.45
Page 119 and 120: F.52 GAMBLING
Page 135 and 136: G Survey of Clients of Counselling
Page 137 and 138: G.3 Question by question A1 to A3
Page 139 and 140: D23 — is concerned with the mecha
Page 141 and 142: of problem gambling (eg how many ch
Page 143 and 144: CLIENT SURVEY G.9
Page 161: Problem gamblers may subsequently b
Page 165 and 166: Table H.3 Variable Logistic estimat
Page 167 and 168: Prison, South Australia’s main re
Page 169 and 170: • “Has your gambling ever led y
Page 171 and 172: elicit information on vocational, f
Page 173 and 174: This finding is consistent with the
Page 175 and 176: H.5 What crimes do problem gamblers
Page 177 and 178: Other more violent crimes such as b
Page 179 and 180: But as noted above, police statisti
Page 181 and 182: H.8 Problem gambling and loan shark
Page 183 and 184: epayments were required — but mos
Page 185 and 186: State Gaming Authorities data The s
Page 187 and 188: Table I.2 Unweighted estimation Med
Page 189 and 190: machines. There is no statistically
Page 191 and 192: Figure I.2 Expenditure on gaming ma
Page 193 and 194: Weighted results The Commission’s
Page 195 and 196: Table I.7 Summary of Victorian metr
Page 197 and 198: Table I.9 Summary of Queensland reg
Page 199 and 200: it is likely to represent the more
Page 201 and 202: Table J.1 presents the information
Page 203 and 204: suffer from some of the adverse con
Page 205 and 206: • costs of gambling counselling s
Page 207 and 208: To the extent that borrowed money i
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Page 211 and 212: • for a higher estimate, the numb
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The Commission has assumed that the
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• to estimate the income lost ove
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the Commission has used this estima
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• 336 people receiving a jail sen
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states offer up to $50 000 each for
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As indicated in table J.6, where pr
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seen as part of the informal contra
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Almost all divorce cases are uncont
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of their gambling during the period
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Suicide ideation The Commission’s
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Table J.10 continued People a Per p
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Table J.12 Value of annual transfer
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pathological and problem gamblers a
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Table K.2 Summary of cost estimates
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L Survey of Counselling Services Th
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Several academics working in the ar
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L.4 Survey results Nature of agenci
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Number of clients The survey includ
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Characteristics of gambling clients
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counselling because of someone else
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Table L.17 Full time equivalent pai
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Table L.20 Approaches used to help
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Table L.24 Gambling clients ending
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More specifically, agencies said fu
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Centacare (Whyalla) Centre for Anxi
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SURVEY OF COUNSELLING SERVICES L.23
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Table M.1 Major forms of gambling t
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and sport development fund. In some
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Tax on keno In New South Wales, the
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Poker machines In most states, lice
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Table M3: Gaming machine taxation b
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Table M3: (continued) Hotels: Levie
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Table M4: (continued) NSW VIC QLD W
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Table M5: (continued) OTHER GAMBLIN
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N.1 Characteristics of machines of
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Table N.1 Australia, Japan, United
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Table N.2 Australia, Indiana, Conne
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The following discussion of gaming
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Canada Broadly speaking, Canada has
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Figure N.4 Japanese pachislo machin
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Winnings Progressive jackpots are p
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Bets and losses Bets and losses on
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In Japan, the minimum amount requir
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N.2 Market segments As with many ot
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Box N.4 Comments on market segments
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O Displacement of illegal gambling?
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survive together because they cater
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P Spending by problem gamblers The
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Table P.1 Outlays, player losses an
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Table P.3 Concentration of outlays
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Figure P.2 Distribution of outlay b
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Table P.4 Expenditure shares of pro
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is adjusted for biases in its estim
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ACIL (sub. D233. p. 48) claimed tha
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P.5 Estimating the expenditure shar
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expenditures shares are shown in ta
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of counselling agencies is necessar
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Table Q.2 Employment status of prob
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Table Q.3 continued Study Average a
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Relationship status The greater inv
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Table Q.6 Gender of problem gambler
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The pattern of an increased feminis
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R Bankruptcy and gambling This appe
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Table R.2 Age profile of bankrupts,
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Table R.5 New bankruptcies per mill
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Figure R.2 continued Western Austra
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• The penalty has become less sev
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S State and territory gambling data
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Table S.4 Real government revenue f
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Table S.8 Real government revenue,
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Table S.12 Real government revenue
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Dickerson et al (1998, p. 79) for e
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However, the survey used a set of p
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T.3 The logistic approach The NORC
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Table T.3 Method Various estimates
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such as France and the US (Casino I
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Table U.2 An example of an outcome
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intensity on the 85.15 per cent Cas
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considers that the machine price
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egular playing (30 years) the proba
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for an amount of time that is less
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U.6 The gambler’s fallacy Gambler
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This does not mean that a person ca
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V Use of the SOGS in Australian gam
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Differences in question wording and
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References AADAC (Alberta Alcohol a
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—— 1998, Efficient Tobacco Taxa
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Bickerdyke, I. and Lattimore, R. 19
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——, Dickerson, M. and Harley, B
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Campbell, C. and Smith G. 1998, Can
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—— and Winefield, A.H. 1996, Co
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——, Baxter, P., Boreham, P., Ha
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Ferguson, B. 1996, A Note on the In
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—— 1997, Legalised Gambling as
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Horner, T. and Bradfield, G. 1998,
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——, Marston, A., Singer, R., Wi
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Gambling Studies, ‘Towards 2000:
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—— 1995b, Social impacts of urb
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—— and Ohtsuka, K. 1999, ‘The
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NT Select Committee (Select Committ
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Prosser, G., Breen, H., Weeks, P. a
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Single, E., Collins, D., Easton, B.
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Thomas, S., Jackson, A., Thomason,
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—— 1997, Gambling and Problem G
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Australia's Gambling Industries - Productivity Commission

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