Industrialization and Nationalism Unit Notes

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Industrialization through Imperialism
Industrialization through Imperialism -1700 – 1920
• 1. The Industrial Age
• 2. Nationalism in Europe
• 3. The Age of Imperialism
The Industrial Revolution
• 1. A New Kind of Revolution
• 2. Factories and Workers
• 3. New Ideas in the Society
• Main Idea
• The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment led people to develop
new ways of doing things.
• Among these new ways were processes and machines for raising crops,
making cloth, and other jobs.
• This led to dramatic changes in industry and the world of work.
• This Industrial Revolution, as it was known, began in Great Britain.
A New Kind of Revolution
• In the 1700’s, conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid growth of the textile
industry, which in turn led to huge changes in many other industries.
A Revolution in Great Britain
• Industrial Revolution – era of rapid growth in the use of machine in
manufacturing and production that began in the mid 1700’s
• Develop water and steam power to replace human and animal power as main
energy sources.
Factors for Success – Great Britain
• Exploration and Colonization
• Seapower
• Political Stability
• Government Support
• Growth of Private Investment
Agricultural Factors
• Gentlemen farmers began to experiment.
• Jethro Tull – invented the seed drill
• Others improved livestock breeding methods to raise healthier animals.
• Better variety of crops which increased world food supplies.

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• Enclosure movement – allowed for more efficient farming methods and increased
food supply – large fenced in farms
Britain’s Big Advantage
• Great Britain had all the essential elements that a nation needed to achieve
economic success.
• Factors of Production – land, labor, and capital
A Revolution in Textiles
• Cottage industry – a craft occupation performed in the home
• Weaving – cottage industry – began the Industrial Revolution (cloth making or
textiles)
• Industrialization – process of changing to power driven machinery
A New Way of Cloth
• An influx of cotton from the Americas due to the slave labor in the southern
states.
• As Great Britain needed more cotton, slavery became even more entrenched
(economic reason that led to civil war)
• Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
• Richard Arkwright – Spinning Frame – used to spin stronger, thinner thread
• New Machines were far to big to remain in cottages and it led to factories – a
building that housed industrial machines
Steam Power for Revolution
• Physics – when water is heated and changed into steam, it expands.
• Use steam to harness power to drive machines – changed the world
The Steam Engine
• England – 1712 – James Watt –first steam engine to drive machinery
• Led to a power source for ships –Robert Fulton – the first steam engine ship –
Clermont
• Used on the Hudson River – Albany to NYC
Coal for British Steam Engines
• Early steam was fueled by burning wood from England’s forest
• New fuel – coal – the increase in factories built to run on steam led to a coal
mining industry in England – produced 80% of Europe’s coal
Industrialism Spreads
• Industrialization increased rapidly and spread to Western Europe and the United
States.
• Asia and Africa – industrialized in 1800’s during age of imperialism

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• Individual freedom on economic activity led to increased industrialization in
Western Europe.
Industry Comes to America
• The United States, because of its economic relationship with Great Britain, was
one of the first to benefit from England’s industrialization.
• Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury under George Washington – argued
that industrialization would help the United States.
• Samuel Slater, a highly skilled mill worker from Great Britain, traveled to the
United States to make a fortune.
• Textile mill industry spread throughout northeast United States – Lowell mills
Industry Spreads to Europe
• William Cockerill, an engineer from Great Britain brought industry to continental
Europe.
• Went to Belgium, which was the second industrialized nation to develop in
Europe.
• Delayed in France (French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars) and in Germany (no
central government)
Industry in Asia
• Eventually industrialization spread to Asia.
• Came to Japan fairly late, but today Japan is one of the world’s industrial leaders.
Factories and Workers
The transition from cottage industries changed how people worked in factories,
what life was like in factories, and labor conditions in the factories.
Production before Factories
• Production began with the cottages and increased due to the factories.
Cottage Industries
• Benefits – controlled work schedule, product quality guaranteed, made own
decisions, and created own work season.
• Disadvantages – fire or floods in your home caused from machines, homes are too
small,
• As a result moves towards factories, which in turn led to factory towns
Factories and Factory Towns
• A factory laborer had to leave his or her home and work in place built especially
for an industry.
• Meant support for the family, but caused real hardship.
• Working in the Factory –
• Divided into several separate, easily learned tasks

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• Children worked in the factories to help with expenses
• Working conditions were very poor - lack of ventilation, poor sanitation
• Long hours, little pay
• Public recognized need to improve working conditions
Life in Factory Towns
• Factories changed not only the lives of the workers, but also towns where they
were located.
• Early towns centered around rivers to harness power for the steam engines; also
centered around coal mines
• This in turn led to unsanitary living conditions in the towns – overpopulated and
pollution – which led to a need to improve cities
The Factory System and Workers
• Factories changed transformed the nature of labor.
• Factories required large amounts of capital – money to pay for building the
buildings
• Led to wealthy people investing in business or industries to make profits.
Cottage Workers’ Unrest
• Faced a particular challenge caused by the factory system.
• Cottage workers could not compete with factories, and facing ruins, some of these
workers turned to violence.
• Luddites Movement – people who resisted using the day’s technologies because it
put them out of work
Changing Working Conditions
• The British government took a hands off approach to the workers unrest and did
nothing to regulate business.
• Because government took no action, this led to labor unions – organizations that
represent workers’ interests
• To urge employers to create better working conditions, less hours, higher pay,
they turned to strikes – work stoppages
• Parliament got involved and eventually banned unions and strikes, but did pass
laws to protect worker’s interests.
A New Class of Workers
• Factor work led to the growth of the middle class.
• Managers and accountants kept the factories running and their books balanced.
Engineers designed the machines and maintained them.
Factories and Mass Production
• Factories changed the world of work and led to a massive increase in production.

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• Mass Production – system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items.
• Interchangeable parts – identical machine made parts – mad e production and
repair more efficient.
• Assembly Line – Product moves from worker to worker, as each one performs a
step in the manufacturing process.
Effects of Mass Production
• Advantages – dramatic increase in production
• Disadvantage – led to repetitious jobs
• Factory work became the norm in manufacturing.
New Ideas in a New Society
The Industrial Revolution inspired new ideas about economic and affected society
in many ways.
New Ideas about Economics
• 1700’ and 1800’s - industrialization changed not only the way people lived, but
also they way people thought about making money.
• MERCANTILISM
New Roles for Business Leaders
• Capitalism – thrives in England and led to theory that government should not
interfere.
• Laissez-faire – little government interference in a nation’s economy.
• Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations - markets free from government
interference benefited all.
• Thomas Malthus – population growth caused by the development of industry
• Entrepreneur – someone who starts a new business
– Andrew Carnegie – American steel industry
– Cornelius Vanderbilt – Railroad industry
– John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil
Competing Economic Views
• Not everyone agreed that capitalism was the best economic system
• Robert Owen – Socialism – government should own property, not the people
(economic)
• Karl Marx – more radical view – communism – government should own and
control all factors of production (political)
Effects on Society
• The rise of economic ideas was among the countless effects the industrial
revolution had on society.
• Shift to factory work transformed the everyday lives of men and women.

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• Men had to go to work in the factories, and women had to stay home and tend to
the children. ‘Separate Spheres”
Effects on Countries
• On a larger scale than home life, the industrial revolution also affected entire
countries.
• Europe –Great Britain, France, and Germany –leaders in the global market
• The United States became an industrial super power.
Long-Term Effects on Societies
• Increased standard of living – level of material comfort for people in
industrialized nations.
Life in the Industrial Age
• 1. Advances in Technology
• 2. Scientific and Medical Achievements
• 3. Daily Life in the Late 1800’s
• Main Idea
• During the 1700’s and the 1800’s, the Industrial Revolution brought about
much change in the way people worked.
• Many advances were made in technology.
• This in turn led to a transformation of daily lives throughout the world.
Advances in Technology
• The technological breakthrough of the Industrial Age included advances in
electric power, transportation, and communication.
Electric Power
• Before the late 1800’s, water, coal, and steam had powered industries.
• One drastic change in industry - electricity
Early Attempts at Electric Power
• Benjamin Franklin – 1700’s – performed experiments with electricity, but could
not harness it
• English chemist – Michael Faraday – discovered the connection between
magnetism and electricity. DYNAMO
Edison’s Light bulb
• Thomas Edison – first usable and practical light bulb in 1879.
• Menlo Park, New Jersey – group of people inspired by Edison who went to work
for him.
• He also built the world’s first central electric power plant in NYC

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Effects on Industry and Daily Life
• Transformed industry in the United States and Europe.
• Three improvements – using electric power replaced steam powered engines - did
not have to depend on waterways – factory production increased because did not
have to depend on sunlight.
• In daily life – oil lamps and candles were replaced by electricity – cheaper and
more efficient
Advances in Transportation
• Improvements were made to transportation.
• Steam-Powered Trains – began to replace steam powered ships as means for long
distance travel – much faster
• Bessemer process – involved forcing air through molten metal to burn out carbon
that make metal brittle. –Production of steel contributed to improvements in
railroad
The Impact of the Railroad
• World’s first railway – linked Manchester and Liverpool 1830
Steamships
• Steamships changed ocean travel just like steam railroads changed country or
continent travel.
• 1849 – regular U.S. steamship service
The Automobile
• 1770’s – Europeans seek ways to try to build personal transportation
• German engineers Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler developed practical
automobiles.
• Internal combustion engine on a horse carriage.
• Only the rich could afford them until . . .
• Henry Ford – 1920 – Model T – assembly car – affordable to the masses
The Airplane
• Advances in transportation were not limited by sea or land – the air – people
wanted to fly.
• Wilbur and Orville Wright – succeeded in flying a powered airplane in sustained
flight.
• Went only about 120 feet – eventually the world
Advances in Communication
• 1800’s news travelled slowly throughout the world
• Inventors started to look for better ways to communicate things faster.

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The Telegraph
• Samuel Morse – telegraph – “What hath God Wrought” – first message
communicated from
• Morse code – a series of short . dit and long dah – that represent letters and
numbers. Washington D.C. to Baltimore MD
• Communication between the United States and Europe improved with the laying
of the telegraph cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean in 1866.
The Telephone
• Alexander Graham Bell – 1876 – Thomas Watson – created the telephone – heard
a voice through a device’s receiver
• 1900 – 1.5 million telephones in America.
The Radio and Phonograph
• Guglielmo Marconi – electromagnetic waves – Italian physicist wireless telegraph
or radio
• Thomas Edison – phonograph – record player
Scientific and Medical Achievements
• Advances in Science, medicine, and the social sciences led to new theories about
the natural world and the human mind, an improved quality of life, and longer life
spans.
New Ideas in Science
• Charles Darwin – variations among plants and animals –The Origin of Species
Darwin’s Theories
• NATURAL SELECTION – creatures adapting to their environments have a better
chance of surviving to produce offspring
Advances in Chemistry and Physics
• 1800’s – chemists and physicists discovered that tiny particles, or atoms made up
chemical elements.
• John Dalton – atomic theory
• Dmitri Mendelyev –periodic table of elements
• Marie and Pierre Curie – radioactivity – elements that release energy when they
break down
• Ernest Rutherford – center of the atom lay the nucleus
Einstein’s Genius
• 1905 –Jewish German scientist –Albert Einstein – E=MC2 – small amount of
mass can be converted into a great deal of energy.

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Medical Breakthroughs
• Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, and sanitation were revealed.
Preventing Disease
• 1870 – French chemist – Louis Pasteur – link between microbes and disease.
• Pasteurization – destroys bacteria that cause disease by heating
Improving Medical Care
• Anesthetic - drug that reduces pain an in large does make the patient unconscious
– American surgeon Crawford W. Long
• Antiseptic – a germ-killing agent containing carbonic acid – English surgeon
Joseph Lister
• The building of modern hospitals also improved public health.
New Ideas in Social Sciences
• Scientists began to study the mind and human societies.
• PHYSCOLOGISTS
• SOCIOLOGISTS
Psychology
• Ivan Pavlov – conditioned reflex – dog experiment
• Sigmund Freud – unconscious part of the mind contains thoughts of which one is
unaware –Id, Super Id, Ego - Psychoanalysis
Other Social Sciences
• Archaeology – the study of the past based on artifacts
• Anthropologists – the study of the past based on human behavior
• Sociology – the study of human behavior
Daily Life in the 1800s
• During the late 1800’s, cities grew and changed, while education, leisure time
activities, and the arts reflected those changing times.
Cities Grow and Change
• Urbanization – the growth in the portion of people living in towns and cities.
(transformation)
The Industrial City
• Before the Industrial Age, cities were based on trade, political, military, or
religious functions.
• Factories changed city life.
• One of the first industrial cities – Lowell Massachusetts

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Migration to Cities
• Between 1870 and 1900, almost 12 million people immigrated to the United
States.
• Second wave of immigration – Ireland, England, Germany, Italy, Russia, and
China.
The Livable City
• Improvements made in the inner city – sanitation, plumbing, drinking water,
bathtubs, electricity
• City planning – the beautification movement – parks, museums, recreational
facilities
The Suburbs
• As cities grew in population, an outer area began to emerge as the suburbs.
• People moved outside the city because it was less crowded, quieter, and cleaner
than the central city.
Education, Leisure, and Arts
• With growth of cities in the 1800’s, new educational opportunities developed
along with new sports, other leisure activities, and changes in the arts world .
Education and Information
• Increased industrialization created a need for a more educated workforce.
• 1870’s – governments in western Europe and the United States passed laws
requiring education for many boys, not necessarily girls.
• Newspapers and new technology including the linotype machine and the electric
press expanded education and led to journalism – up to date coverage and current
news reporting
Leisure Time
• Causes of Leisure activities
1. Higher income, more time
2. Public transportation to recreational areas
3. Public funding of cultural activities
• Effects of Leisure activities
1. Time for sports – soccer, rugby, football, baseball
2. More people enjoying vacation spots and resorts
3. More opportunities to hear music, enjoy art
Changes in the Arts
• The world of art underwent change as well.
• Artists, writers, and musicians developed new styles in response to what was
going on around them
• Romanticism – literary and artistic development

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• William Wordsworth poet of the romanticist era
• Ludwig van Beethoven – composer and musician
• Realism – in reaction to romanticism, revealing the world in terms of everyday
life, no matter how unpleasant.
• Charles Dickens – The Christmas Carol
• Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace
• Impressionism – French painters introduced a new way of looking at the world –
capture a scene using light, vivid color, and motion, rather than just showing its
realistic details.
Reforms, Revolutions, and War
• 1. Reforms in the British Empire
• 2. Revolution and Change in France
• 3. Independence in Latin America
• 4. Expansion and War in the United States
• Main Idea
• Major reforms took place in Europe and the Americas during the 1800s.
• Both Great Britain and France made democratic reforms.
• Latin American colonies also declared their independence from Europe.
• Lastly, the United States abolished slavery in the Civil War.
Reforms in the British Empire
During the 1800’s, Great Britain passed many democratic reforms that
changed the way people lived and worked.
Social and Political Reform
• Before the 1800’s, Britain was dominated by the interests of wealthy landowners
and aristocrats.
• Industrialization led to rapid changes in society.
• British citizens who worked in the industrial world (middle class) but were not
represented in Parliament began to call for social and political reform.
Reform Act of 1832
• 1830’s – demands for reforms became too strong to ignore.
• Reform Act – gave industrial citizens representation in Parliament.
• Gave voting rights to the middle class – increased about 50% (Only men with
property)
Saler and the Factory Act
• Michael Sadler – British Parliament – investigated treatment of children in the
factories
• Known as Saler report – showed the harmful conditions of children

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• Passed the Factory Act of 1833 – limited the working hours of children in textile
industries and made it illegal to work longer than a 12 hour day. Children 9 – 13 –
two hours of schooling
Other Reforms
• Social Reforms – abolished slavery in Great Britain
• Passed new public health and crime laws to improve living conditions in
industrial cities
Chartism
• Chartists – universal manhood suffrage; voting rights for all men
• They demanded voting rights and the secret ballot.
• Parliament rejected the People’s Charter, which led to Chartist uprisings and
eventually some Chartist reforms.
Victorian Era Voting Reforms
• In 1837, Queen Victoria became the ruler of Great Britain.
• Her reign was the longest in British history, known as the Victorian Era – time of
great change in Britain, including voting reforms, making Britain increasingly
democratic.
Disraeli and Gladstone
1868 – 1885 – prime ministers – Benjamin Disraeli – conservative and William
Gladstone – liberal –both elected several times
Voting Rights for Men
• Voting rights in 1867 – bill meant one out of every three men could now vote,
also created the secret ballot.
Women’s Suffrage
• Some members of Parliament pushed for voting rights for women as well.
• Many women thought that getting the right to vote could increase their power in
society.
• Did not receive suffrage until 1918 – Emmeline Pankhurst
• Could not vote until age 30 (1928 same as men)
Changes in the British Empire
• People with in the British Empire – Ireland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
took steps to rule themselves.
Ireland
• Since 1801, Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom after the Act of Union
joined England, Scotland, and Wales.

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• Mid 1800’s – potato famine wept Ireland – 1.5 million migrated to the United
States
• Left Ireland resentful of British rule and finally 1920, Ireland received limited
self-government
Canada
• British colonies in Canada lacked unity due to French colonization.
• 1838 – Lord Durham – British government – form a “great and powerful people.
• 1867 – Canada became a dominion, or a self governing colony, first step toward
independence.
Australia and New Zealand
• 1700’s British sent criminals to Australia, 1800’s – British citizens saw economic
prospects their and started settling
• 1901 – Australia – self rule – the Commonwealth
• New Zealand became a dominion as also was the first country to give women the
right to vote.
Revolution and Change in France
• During the 1800’s, opposing groups in France struggled to determine what kind of
government France would have – a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an
absolute monarchy.
The Revolution of 1830
• The Congress of Vienna at the end of the Napoleonic era restored king Louis
XVIII, Louis XVI’s brother, to the French throne.
A King Abdicates
• After the death of King Louis XVIII, his brother, Charles became king.
• He tried to rule as an absolute monarch, but he failed after protestors stormed and
controlled Paris in the Revolution of 1830.
• Metternich’s reaction - “My life’s work is destroyed.” The reactionary ideas at the
Congress of Vienna were lost.
• Metternich feared that the revolution would spread throughout Europe; his fears
would soon come true.
The Reign of Louis Philippe
• Constitutional monarchy restored under Louis Phillipe.
• He was quite popular with the middle class.
• Referred to as the “citizen king.” However, as king he increasingly abused his
powers and an economic depression led France into another revolution.

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The Birth of Republic
• Economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered in France until 1848.
• Revolution sprang once again and another republic was born.
The Revolution of 1848
• Began when the French government banned a banquet planned by reformers.
• Angry protestors took the streets and King Louis Phillipe abdicated his throne
and the monarchy came to an end.
• The French citizens formed a new government, a republic headed by a president.
• Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon, was elected president. (known as the
Second Republic)
• The First Republic existed during the years between the French Revolution and
the reign of Napoleon.
Napoleon III and the Second Empire
• Under the new constitution, the president could only serve for four years.
• Napoleon, who loved the power, sent troops to power and arrested members of
the National Assembly who opposed him.
• He called for a national vote to decide if he should remain in office and draft a
new constitution; the people agreed and the Second Empire of France had begun.
• Reforms - increasing voting rights, built many miles of railroads, increased trade,
and improved communications in France - but ruled with ABSOLUTE power.
The Third Republic
• In 1870, Napoleon III drew France into war with Prussia.
• Napoleon was defeated and force to surrender. As a result the French Assembly
deposed Napoleon and formed the Third Republic.
• Reforms - made primary education available for children between the ages of 6
and 13. Trade Unions were legalized, and working hours reduced.
• Workers were granted to one day off a week.
The Dreyfus Affair
• Reforms did not affect everyone in French society.
• Dreyfus affair - revealed the extent of anti-Semitism, or prejudice of Jews in
France.
• A Jewish captain in the French army was falsely accused of given secrets to
Germany.
• This affair divided the country.
• Theodor Herzl - Hungarian born Jew - The Jewish State - plans for an
independent Jewish country - led to Zionism , a Jewish nationalist movement to
re-create a Jewish state in its original homeland.

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Independence in Latin America
• Revolutionary ideas took hold in Latin America as colonies fought for
independence from Europe.
Early Struggles in Latin America
• Early 1800’s - growing tensions among the different ethnic groups of Latin
America were leading to demands for change.
• The American and French Revolution had inspired some Latin America countries
to seek freedom.
Haiti Becomes Independent
• First Latin American territory to break its ties with Europe (France) was Saint
Domingue, located on the western half of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
• Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former enslaved African, led a group of mulattoes and
slaves in a bloody revolt against the French settlers.
• Napoleon reacted - sent French troops to the island, but he failed to conquer it. In
1804 - the revolutionaries declared their independence and formed their own
nation Haiti.
Colonies of Spain and Portugal
• 1800’s Spain controlled most of Latin America, including today Mexico and a
large portion of Central and South America.
• Portugal governed Brazil.
• Tensions develops between two groups - (Creoles) European descent who were
born in the colonies, (Peninsulares) and colonists who were born in Spain and/or
Portugal.
• Because of the wars and revolutions in Europe, Creoles benefited and decided that
the time was right to fight for independence.
Independence in Mexico
• Napoleon’s conquest of Spain was the spark for independence in the colony of
New Spain, as Mexico was known for the first time.
• Father Hidalgo - 1810 - a Creole priest - made the first call for Mexican
independence. “Death to bad government and death to Spaniards.” He was
captured and executed, but the revolution had begun. - Father of Mexican
independence
Morelos Continues the Revolution
• After the death of Hidalgo, another Creole named Jose Maria Morelos, became
the leader of the revolutionary movement.
• He organized a Mexican government with representatives. He also wanted
Mexico to be an independent republic with guaranteed freedoms.
• He, like Hidalgo, was captured by Spanish authorities and executed.

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A Creole King for Mexico
• Not all creoles wanted independence from Spain.
• Royalists - loyal to the Spanish king
• Agustin de Iturbide - eventually joins the revolutionaries and proposed a threepart
proposal.
• First, Mexico would gain its independence but would be ruled by a monarch.
Second, creoles and and peninsulares would have equal rights.
• Third, the Roman Catholic church would be the official church.
• 1821 - Mexico declared its independence; Iturbide became Emperor Agustin I of
Mexico
Revolutionary Leaders in South America
• The revolutions in Latin America as well as the America and France also
influenced independence movements in South America.
Simon Bolivar
• Simon Bolivar - “Liberator” - played key role in liberating Spain’s colonies in
South America.
• 1811 - Venezuela declared its independence from Spain. Next ten years South
America experienced revolutions everywhere.
• He set up the state of Gran Columbia, Panama, and Ecuador.
• Other leaders set up separate countries in Peru, Bolivia, and others.
Jose de San Martin
• While Bolivar fought in the north, Jose de San Martin fought in the south.
• San Martin fought against Napoleon in Spain.
• Won independence for Argentina, Chile.
• Found his way to Gran Columbia where he met Bolivar.
• Historians disagree on what was discussed, but Pedro resigned his position and
retired back to Spain. This left Bolivar in power.
Pedro
• The story of independence was a bit different in the Portuguese colony of Brazil.
• When Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807, the Portuguese royal family fled to
Brazil. Lived their for ten years.
• King John VI named the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the
entire Portuguese empire. There he and his family stayed for ten years.
• He left his son and returned to Portugal in 1820. He son, Pedro, in 1822, declared
Brazil independent from Portugal. Soon afterward, he was crowned Emperor
Pedro I of Brazil.

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Expansion and War in the United States
• As the United States began to expand west, conflicts erupted over territory and
slavery.
Growth of the United States
• In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from
Napoleon and France for $15 million.
• This purchased nearly doubled the size of the United States reaching as far west
as the Rocky Mountains.
• During the rest of the 1800’s, the United States will expand west and slavery
would eventually erupt the nation into civil war.
A Young Nation
• War in Europe between France and Great Britain led to the United States
eventually being caught in the middle and declaring war on Great Britain in the
War of 1812.
• When the fighting had ended, no territory had changed, but some Americans had
felt that they had proved that the United States was indeed an independent
democratic nation.
• 1823 - President James Monroe in the Monroe Doctrine declared that the Western
Hemisphere was no longer open to colonization by the Eastern Hemisphere.
Texas and Mexico
• In 1820, American Moses Austin got permission from Spain to settle in modern
day Texas. However, Texas was a part of Mexico.
• Eventually Texas settlers fought for their independence from Mexico with the
help of the United States military.
• In 1845, Texas became a state.
The Move West
• Idea the Americans were destined to spread west from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean was coined by John O’ Sullivan in a newspaper - Manifest Destiny.
• Why - GOLD was discovered in California, Also national law to grant 160 acres
of free land to anyone who made the trip.
Effects on Native Americans
• As Americans moved west, Native Americans were forced off their lands and
pushed farther and farther west to the Pacific Ocean.
• When Americans had conquered from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Indians were
eventually forced to live on reservations, designated areas set aside by the federal
government.

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The Civil War
• As the United States expanded west, the issue of slavery spreading into the new
territories became a national problem.
• Since colonial times, slavery played a crucial role in the economics of America,
especially in the south.
• Many began to fight for the abolition, or the end of slavery in the United States.
Yet many in the South regarded it as their livelihood. Hence the United States
Civil War.
The Road to War
• As new territories were added to the United States, Americans had to decide if the
territories would be free or slave states.
• 1854 - Kansas Nebraska Act - popular sovereignty - let the people decide - ended
up in “Bleeding Kansas”
• In the election of 1860, Republican Abolitionist Abraham Lincoln became
president of the United States and South Carolina, along with other southern
states, seceded from the Union and form the Confederacy States of America.
War Begins
• President Lincoln did not believe that the Constitution gave the states permission
to leave the Union.
• 1861 - Fort Sumter - the first shots were fired and the Civil War had begun.
• Continued for four years and more than 500,000 men were killed in the process.
The Emancipation Proclamation
• In January, 1863, President Lincoln changed his war aims for not only preserving
the Union, but also declaring that slavery was illegal in the states of secession.
The Union Prevails
• Later in 1863, after the Union victory at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, President
Lincoln issued the Gettysburg Address honoring all the fallen during the war.
• The war continued for one and a half more years when Confederate leader Robert
E. Lee and Confederate President Jefferson Davis surrendered.
Effects on the Civil War
• The Civil War left the south in ruins. The process of Reconstruction, the
rebuilding of the south, would be a difficult undertaking for the United States, as
the nation would be divided as to how to reconstruct the south.
• Radical Republican led the drive and eventually African Americans were granted
citizenship and the right to vote. Racial inequality would divide the nation for the
next 100 years until the Civil Rights Era.

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Nationalism in Europe
• 1. Italian Unification
• 2. German Unification
• 3. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
• 4. Unrest in Russia
• Main Idea
• In the 1800’s, nationalism sparked revolutions across Europe.
• New Nations, such as Germany and Italy, formed along cultural lines.
• Absolute monarchies fell.
• These nationalist revolutions forever changed the may of Europe – and
Europe’s balance of power.
Italian Unification
• In the 1800’s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified as the Kingdom of
Italy.
Stirring of Nationalism
• The Italian Peninsula had not been unified since the fall of the Holy Roman
Empire.
• Under Napoleon’s rule, Italian city-states were unified temporarily, but the
Congress of Vienna divided them once again.
• As a result, a spirit of nationalism, or devotion to one’s national group, developed
in the Italian cities and else where throughout Europe.
After the Congress of Vienna
• Prince Metternich of Austria wanted to restore the Old Order throughout Europe,
but just 15 years after the Congress had met, a tired Metternich admitted that “the
old Europe is nearing its end.”
• Nationalism was a growing force in Europe fostered in part by some of the
decisions made at the Congress of Vienna.
• Congress decided to divide Italy into three parts, and Italian nationalism grew in
opposition to control over them.
Mazzini and Young Italy
• Italians began to form secret societies to work for political change. They began
plotting to overthrow the Austrian government in Italy.
• Writer Giuseppe Mazzini - Young Italy - to fight for the unification of the
separate Italian city-states. Eventually exiled, but his pamphlet sparked
nationalism throughout the peninsula.
The Path Toward Unity
• Two men, Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, rose to lead a successful
movement to unify Italy.

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Uprising and Revolution
• There were several revolts and uprisings throughout the Italian city-states, but the
only successful one in the beginning was in Sardinia.
Cavour and Sardinia
• Camillo di Cavour, a leader of the independence movement, founded a nationalist
newspaper called IL Risorgimento - “resurgence, or rebirth”
• Risorgimento - also meant Italian unification and freedom from Austrian control.
• Became Prime Minister of Sardinia in 1852.
• He joined forces with the French in late 1850’s and the two combined forces
defeated Austria.
• By 1860, the northern Italian states were liberated from the control of the Austrian
Empire.
Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
• Many of the Italians considered Cavour the “brain” of Italian unification and
Mazzini as its “heart.”
• Equally important was Giuseppe Garibaldi - many called him the “sword” of the
movement.
• He learned the techniques of guerilla warfare while in exile in South America. He
returned back to Italy several times to continue the fight to free Italy from
Austrian domination.
The Red Shirts
• His followers were the Red Shirts because of their colorful uniforms.
• After defeating the Austrian Empire, Garibaldi and the Red Shirts turned to Sicily
and the southern part of the Italian peninsula.
• By July 1860, the Red Shirts controlled much of the Italian peninsula.
Unification
• Garibaldi offered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to King Victor Emmanuel of
Sardinia.
• Territories throughout Italy had all agreed in 1861 for unification. All, but
Venetia, still under control of Austria, and the Papal States controlled by France.
• These territories did not hold out for long, and eventually Italian troops entered
Rome later that year, thus completing the unification of Italy under King Victor
Emmanuel.
Challenges After Unification
• In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges.
• Although unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic
problems.
• By the late 1800’s, the new nation would take steps to catch up with the rest of
Europe in industrialization, social reform, and foreign policy.

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Social and Economic Problems
• Regional differences led to a lack of unity among many Italians.
• The Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as a legitimate nation, and the pope
prohibited Catholics from voting.
• Widespread poverty was a serious problem along with unemployment and rising
taxes.
• As a result many Italians headed for America - some 4.5 million.
Reforms
• Voting reform was a major priority.
• Only the wealthiest could vote at the time of unification, but by the end of the
1800’s, most adult male taxpayers could vote.
• As Italy industrialized, the government passed reforms, including laws limiting
working hours and prohibiting child labor.
• Encouraged the building of transportation and water systems to improve cities
and encourage industry.
A New Foreign Policy
• In 1882, Italy formed a military alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany.
• The tree nations agreed to defend each other against any possible attack. - The
Triple Alliance
• This alliance brought most of Europe to war in 1914 (WWI)
• Italy, trying to build an empire of her own, tried to gain control over Ethiopia, and
in 1911, Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire.
German Unification
• In the late 1800’s, Otto Von Bismarck transformed Germany from a loose
confederation of separate states into a powerful empire.
Steps toward Unification
• In the mid 1800’s, many Germans were driven by nationalistic feelings to support
a unified Germany.
• The Congress of Vienna organized the German Confederation, a group of 39
separate states with a common language and culture was poised for the movement
to unite.
Revolutions in Prussia
• German liberals in the state of Prussia agreed that Germany unity would promote
individual rights and liberal reforms.
• Facing calls for increased democracy, Prussian king Frederick Wilhelm IV
quickly promised a constitution and other reforms, but did not hold true to his
promises.

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Economic and Cultural Unity
• Another step toward creating a unified Germany was an economic alliance
between some of the German States.
• The Zollverein, or customs union, allowed for the removal of tariffs, or taxes, on
products traded between the German states.
• Inspired business people to promote unity.
Bismarck’s Plan for Germany
• Otto Von Bismarck, a conservative and a politician, was the leading force behind
German unification.
• Gained prominence after giving a speech at the National Assembly in 1847.
• 1862 - Wilhelm I, the new Prussian king, chose Bismarck as Prussia’s prime
minister.
Bismarck’s Philosophy
• Bismarck was not a liberal like the people involved in the revolution. He was a
conservative who believed that Prussia’s destiny was to lead the German people
to unification.
• Realpolitik – view of government was practical not idealistic – policies based on
interests of Prussia.
“Blood and Iron”
• Increased the power of the Prussian military.
• German unity would not be won by speeches and majority vote, but it would be
won by “blood and iron.”
Bismarck’s First War
• A disagreement over the border states, called Schleswig and Holstein, eventually
gave Bismarck the excuse to start a war with Denmark.
• He allied himself with Austria and the two powers quickly defeat Denmark.
Austria – Holstein and Germany – Schleswig
• This meant that Austria owned a small part in Prussian borders and war with the
country would be inevitable.
Unification and Empire
• Bismarck could not increase the power of Prussia with Austria in her war. Austria
was a leader in the German Confederation and had influence in many of the
German states.
• Bismarck moved Austria in two short battles, and established a unified Germany.
The Austrian-Prussian War
• Bismarck met with the Italian minister and promised them Venetia if they allied
themselves with Germany.
• Prussian forces invaded Holstein and in response Austria declared war on Prussia.

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• In only seven weeks, the Prussian war machine had defeated the Austrian army
and forced Austria to surrendered the state of Holstein.
• This was the first step toward German unification.
The Franco-Prussian War
• The second war to create a unified Germany was the southern German states that
were still not included in the North German Confederation.
• Conflict between France and Germany over the Alsace and Lorraine territories.
Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, which included Prussia.
• The issue of this land sparked southern German states to join the cause to fight
against the French.
• The Franco-Prussian War and its peace treaty declared the unification of
Germany.
Creating the German Empire
• Allied German states met in Versailles, near Paris. William I, the first kaiser, or
emperor of Germany.
• Bismarck was appointed first chancellor.
The Empire’s Growth and Change
• As Germany grew economically, a new empire arose.
• Germany developed into a strong empire. This period was known as the Second
Reich, because Germans considered the Holy Roman Empire to the First Reich.
A New Government
• The 25 states took on a Federalist form, similar to that of the United States.
• Wilhelm I held the government.
• All men over 25 could vote. Political parties developed.
The Government and the Church
• Bismarck believed that the Roman Catholic Church posed a threat to his
government.
• A struggle emerged over power known as the Kulturkampf “ the struggle for
culture.”
Economic Growth
• After German unification, the country experienced a period of economic growth
and quickly caught up to the industrialized countries of Europe.
The Path to Social Reform
• As in other countries, industrialization had some critics. German socialists
protested the harsh treatment of labor and the factories.

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• Bismarck blamed socialists for two assassination attempts on the emperor, and he
pushed through legislation that provided benefits for health, accidents, old age,
and disability.
Bismarck and Wilhelm II
• After unification, Bismarck did not want to expand Germany any further.
However, he believed that France was a threat.
• He entered into a number of alliances with other European nations, including
Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Russia. (PROTECTION)
• 1888 – William’s grandson became Kaiser of Germany.
• He fired Bismarck and began to build up the most powerful military forces in
Europe.
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Nationalism broke down two old European empires – the Austrian Hapsburg
Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
The Austrian Empire
• The Hapsburg family, rulers of the Austrian Empire at the beginning of the
1800’s, had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries.
• At the Congress of Vienna, Prince Metternich of Austria became a very powerful
voice in promoting the Old Order and a restoration of absolutism all over Europe.
• However, the powerful empire would not remain intact through the remainder of
the 1800’s.
Resistance to Change
• The Austrian empire and Metternich were determined to hold onto the empire
and resist liberal ideas and movements that might endanger it.
• He sought to prevent reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy –
universities created a “whole generation of revolutionaries.”
• He also formed alliances with other European countries that opposed the liberal
ideals.
• Congress at Troppau – leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support
governments against internal revolution.
Turmoil in Europe and Austria
• Revolutions in France, Italy, and the German states set off revolts in the Austrian
Empire.
• Many different people within the Austrian Empire wanted independence as well.
• Demonstrations were held in Vienna and a frightened Metternich resigned and
fled Austria. King Ferdinand abdicated and his young nephew, Franz Joseph I,
became king.

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Response to Revolution
• His reign was unstable.
• 1848, the Hungarian Magyars rebelled against the Austrian rule, and almost won
independence. Russian Czar Nicholas helped crush the revolt.
• Franz Joseph I was also able to abolish liberal reforms and stop the revolutions for
at least a little while.
The Dual Monarchy
• He shortly restored the monarchy, but did not stop the nationalist movement.
• It came in the form of a dual monarchy, also known as Austria-Hungary.
Forming a New Government
• Austria’s defeat in the war with Prussia, brought new demands for the
Hungarians.
• Compromise of 1867 – created the dual monarchy and became two separate but
equal states. One ruler – Franz Joseph (Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary)
• Each had its own Parliament and shared the ministers of war, finance, and foreign
affairs.
An uneven Solution
• Lasted for 50 years, until 1918,
• Hungary provided many raw materials to Austria. Austria, in return, provided
industrialized products.
• Divisions soon arose. Austrian Germans and Hungarian Magyars did not speak
the same language.
The Ottoman Empire
• Like the Austrian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had existed for centuries and
controlled a vast, diverse land.
• Ethnicities – Greek, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, and Jews.
• It began to decline as a result of the vast changes occurring in Europe.
The Eastern Question
• It became clear in the 1800’s, that the Ottomans could not defend themselves
against independence movements or external threats.
• This created the Eastern Question – What would happen if the Ottoman Empire
collapsed? – Constantinople? (Istanbul)
• Russia wanted to gain control of the Mediterranean trade and therefore Great
Britain and France allied themselves to gain access as well.
The Crimea
• The situation grew worse as a dispute over the Holy Land worsened.
• The Ottomans who ruled the region, gave Roman Catholics the right to Palestine.

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• The Ottomans denied Roman Orthodox Christians the same right. Therefore,
Russians invaded.
• Great Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire joined together in a war against
Russia.
• Crimean War – shores of the Black Sea and accomplished almost nothing. Half
million deaths in two years.
The Balkans
• Another hot spot in the Ottoman Empire was the Balkans.
• Nationalism in Europe created strong discontent among the diverse population:
• Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, and Greeks all wanted independence
• Led to a series of conflicts and wars in the Balkans.
• To make matters worse, the Russians were nearing the city of Istanbul.
• Congress of Berlin – European powers met in Berlin - gave Austria Hungary land
in the Balkans with no consideration of ethnic or national ties.
• Result – led to conflicts between ethnic groups for many years.
Political Reform
• Young Turks – political nationalist group – fighting against the absolute power of
the sultan, the ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
• Vowed to restore the constitution. Their revolution helped ensure a more
representative, liberal government.
Unrest in Russia
• In the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, Russia rebelled against the absolute power of
the czar and demanded social reform.
Government and Society
• In the first half of the 1800’s, Russia emerged as on e of the great powers in
Europe.
• Russian troops helped defeat Napoleon and Russian leaders helped reorganize
Europe.
• Russia was quite different from the rest of Europe. It was huge – expanded
eastward far into Asia.
• Russian monarchs, or czars ruled with absolute power – Autocracy – government
with unlimited power.
• Russia’s society – agricultural – relied on most of the population called serfs
• Serfs were slaves and controlled by lords, wealthy nobles, this led to a major
problem in Russian society.
Reform and Repression
• Just like western Europe, revolutionary ideas had begun in Russia as well – more
freedoms and more democracy

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• Russian czars were resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and
repression.
The Decembrist Revolution
• Some revolutionaries formed secret societies to fight against the czar’s rule.
When Alexander I died, they saw an opportunity.
• A group known as the Decembrist, included 3,000 soldiers that assembled near
the Winter Palace, publically refused to pledge their allegiance to the new czar,
Nicholas I.
• Nicholas – response – crush the rebellion – Many sent to Siberia – isolation and 5
were executed
• Short term effect – failed long term effect – sparked a revolutionary movement.
Reforms of Alexander II
• Next Czar – Alexander II – 1855 –began a series of reforms due to falling behind
the rest of Europe.
• He freed Russian serfs and gave them the right to own land as part of a commune.
He set up a judicial system and allowed some local self-government. He also
reorganized the army and navy.
• Despite these reforms, a radical revolutionary group emerged – People’s Will –
assassinated Alexander II.
Unrest Under Alexander III
• Alexander’s son, III, became next czar. He was reactionary and wanted to go
back to the old times. He ended the reforms of his father. He responded by going
after suspects plotting against the government.
• Another threat – Pogroms – widespread violent attacks against Jews started by
wrongly accusing Jews of assassinating Alexander II.
Industrialization under Nicholas II
• Nicholas II was crowned czar in 1894. Like his father, he ruled as an autocrat.
• Industry developed significantly during his reign - Trans – Siberian Railroad –
linked western Russia with Siberia – which led to conflict and war.
Wars and Revolution
• As Russia expanded east, it came into contact with another imperial power –
Japan.
War with Japan
• Japanese forces, fearing threatened by Russian influences, quickly attacked and
defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War.
• This defeat embarrassed Russia and led to further discontent.

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Marxist Ideas
• Group calling for change – Marxists – Karl Marx – socialist republic – a society
in which there would be no private property and the state would collectively own
and distribute goods to society.
• Marxist Vladimir Lenin – called for revolutionaries to rise up against the “shame
and the curse of Russia.”
The Revolution of 1905
• 1905 – many were ready for a revolution.
• Gapon’s petition – a number of demands were to be placed on Winter Palace, but
troops fired at the group and hundreds died – Bloody Sunday
• Inspired revolts everywhere
• Final Straw – October –massive workers strike – some 2 million workers
protested the streets of Russia.
• Something had to be done.
The October Manifesto
• In response to the rebellion, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto – an official
promise to reform and a more democratic government.
• It promised a Russian constitution. It guaranteed individual liberties to all
Russians, including freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.
• Voters would elect representatives to the Duma, an assembly that would approve
all laws.
• Even though Nicholas pledged reform, he still wanted to remain in power –
cancelled the first meeting because they demanded too much.
• Nicholas and his advisors made a few more changes, but change in Russia would
soon come.
The Age of Imperialism
• 1. The British in India
• 2. East Asia and the West
• 3. The Scramble of Africa
• 4. Imperialism in Latin America
• Main Idea
• European powers came to rule a large portion of Africa and Asia between
1800 and 1920.
• Only Japan emerged as an independent power capable of challenging the
West.
• In the Americas, the United States exercised greater influence over the
affairs of its neighbors.

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The British in India
• One of the first examples of European imperialism in Asia, the British rule over
India changed Indian politics, economics, and society and led to the rise of Indian
nationalism
Setting the Stage
• The arrival of the British in India, was an example of European imperialism, the
process of one people ruling or controlling another.
• 1700’s - Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal - ruled territories in the Americas.
• Less successes in Asia and Africa in 1700’s
• 1800’s more successful due to better technology and the weakening of the great
empires of Asia and North Africa.
New Technologies
• Steam powered gun boats could attack even inland targets.
• Machine guns, repeating riffles, and exploding shells
Weakening Empires
• Great Empires of North Africa and Asia were weakening.
• The Mughal Empire entered a period of decline.
• The Ottoman Empire lost its strength in the Middle East and North Africa.
• The Qing Dynasty was also on the decline.
• This gave European powers the chance.
British East India Company
• Early English imperialism carried out by a trading company, the British East India
Company
• By 1800, it began to rule much of India in the name of Great Britain.
The British Take Control
• When the Mughal Empire began to divide, merchants in the British East India Tea
Company saw there chance.
• The British military came into India claiming that they did so to help restore
order.
Changes in India
• Once in control, the British made several changes.
• They introduced a new education system and the English language.
• Introduced British laws that banned certain customs, such as sati, the practice of
Hindu widows throwing themselves on their husband’s funeral fires.
• Helped Spread Christianity.
• This led to strain between Indians and the British.

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The Sepoy Mutiny
• 1857 - Mutiny - Sepoy were Indian soldiers who fought in the British army.
• They refused to use the new British rifles because a soldier had to bite off the end
of an ammunition cartridge, which was greased with pork and beef fat.
• This offended Muslim and Hindu soldiers because they did not eat meat.
• This led to a mutiny, which lasted about two years. The British ended the rule of
the East India Tea Company in 1858. The British government did not do a much
better job.
India as a British Colony
• India was Britain’s most important colony - the “jewel of the crown.”
• India gave Britain great political and financial rewards.
The Raj
• The era of British rule in India was known as the Raj, a Hindu word meaning rule.
• Indian Civil Service - most ruled through British officers - Indians incapable of
governing themselves
• This led to a rise of Indian Nationalism.
The Rise of Indian Nationalism
• Many groups in India found British control to be quite disturbing.
• Ram Mohun Roy - 1820’s - he felt that the British were violating Indian’s natural
rights, including free speech and religion.
• Indian National Congress - 1885 - English speaking Indians, most were Hindus.
• Indian nationalism eventually became more radical, when the British announced
plans to partition Bengal.
• Muslim League - 1906 - consequence of swadeshi - radical nationalism - preserve
Hindus at the expense of Muslims
East Asia and the West
• While Western nations focused their imperial ambitions on East Asia, the
reactions and results differed in China, Japan and Southeast Asia.
Western Nations Gain Power
• 1800 - trade with Europe was very profitable for the Chinese.
• As the Qing Dynasty lost its power, Europeans began to gain power.
The Opium War
• Chinese view of Europeans - Barbarians - wanted little contact
• 1700’s British - Opium - In China there was a great demand. Led to a strong
addiction.
• The Chinese eventually banned the trade of Opium, but it was too late - led to
smuggling and conflict.

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• Treaty of Nanjing - unequal treaties – benefited England - opened five more ports
to Western Trade.
• Extraterritoriality - British citizens accused of crimes had the right to be tried
under British courts.
The Taiping Rebellion
• The decline of the Qing Dynasty led to rebellions throughout China.
• 1850’s - the most serious rebellion -Hong Xiuquan - “Heavenly Kingdom of the
Great Palace.” taiping rebellion - no one would be poor
• More than 20 million people died in the rebellion.
Foreign Influence Takes Hold
• The Self-Strengthening Movement - introduction of Western knowledge and
languages to China. Failed due to strong resistance from traditional Confucius
scholars.
• While China struggled to reform, Japan was emerging as a major military power.
• Noting the weakness of the Chinese military, western powers rushed to claim
more territory in China – Spheres of Influence.
• The United States got involved because she thought she would lose her interests
in Asia.
• Secretary of State John Hay - Open Door Policy - allowing free trade in all Asian
ports controlled by Europeans.
The Boxer Rebellion
• Most important nationalist movement to restore China’s glory – Harmonious
Fists, or Boxers.
• Martial Arts training, hatred of foreigners, and a belief that they were invulnerable
to Western weapons.
• Boxer Rebellion – 1899 – the Boxers started attacking missionaries and Chinese
converts to Christianity.
• Laid siege to foreign compounds in Beijing and held the foreigners hostage for 55
days.
• Eventually the Chinese Army of 20,000 captured Beijing and suppressed the
uprising.
The 1911 Revolution
• With the defeat of the Boxers, Qing officials finally began to enact reform:
• Established primary and secondary schools.
• Created a new national army.
• Still reforms were too late; radicals called for a Chinese republic.
• Sun Yixian – Sun Yat-sen – radical who called for Chinese Republic –
nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood.

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The Rise of Modern Japan
Japan, in dealing with the industrialized western European countries, became a
great military and imperial power.
The U.S. Renews Contact
• Tokugawa Regime ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867.
• The United States sent Commodore Matthew Perry on a mission to Japan.
• The threat of the U.S. Navy convinced Japan to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa in
1854. Allowed American ships to stop at two Japanese ports. Also established
extraterritoriality for Westerners.
• This angered many Japanese and let to further aggression towards the West. Led
to a rise of Japanese Nationalism.
The Meiji Restoration
• A young emperor, Meiji, took back the power of the Japanese government after
the weak shoguns caved to Western aggression.
• “Enlightened Rule: - the return or restoration of Japanese emperor
• Best way to preserve Japan was to modernize and reform
Meiji Reforms
• Iwakura Mission – two year journey – traveled to the Western Europe ands the
United States to learn about modernization.
• Reforms – increased education, military, and rapid industrialization
Becoming an Imperial Power
• Between 1895 and 1915, manufacturing grew rapidly and Japan quickly became
an industrial power.
• Now that it modernized, it was ready to take its place on the world’s stage.
• Sino – Japanese War – between Korea, China, and Japan
• Japan emerged as the most powerful in Asia
• Russo-Japanese War – 1904 1905 – Russian competition with Japan over
Manchuria – Japanese won, but Russia would not surrender – President Theodore
Roosevelt intervened – Nobel Peace Prize
European in Southeast Asia
• Southeast Asia had long been a source of spices, such as cloves and pepper that
Europeans valued.
• Europeans established colonies in the southeast in the 1500s.
• The British in Malaysia
• The French in Indochina , Vietnam
• The Dutch in New Guinea

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The Scramble for Africa
In the late 1800’s, and early 1900’s, European powers claimed land in much of
Africa
The New Imperialism
• European countries controlled only a small part of Africa in 1880, but by 1914,
only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent.
• Period known as the “Scramble for Africa” – new imperialism – govern lands
occupied by non-Europeans.
Economic Interests
• Several European countries profited from the slave trade in Africa. After some
nations abolished the slave trade, the abundant amount of natural resources fueled
European entrepreneurs to harness the lands available in Africa.
Political Competition
• Imperial struggle between Great Britain and France over Africa.
• France – controlled west and Central Africa and Great Britain began to expand its
colonial empire to block the French.
• The rise of Germany and Italy also infuriated the situation.
Cultural Motives
• European imperialists felt that they were superior to non-Europeans.
• Believed their rule was justified because they could teach Africans about good
government, good customs, and good Christian values.
• Social Darwinism – certain nations or races are more fit than others – “fit rules
the less fit”
• Cecil Rhodes – Darwinist who believed Africa would benefit from this.
European Claim in Africa
• 1880’s – Europeans controlled some parts of the African coast.
• As a result, Europeans began to compete for additional lands in Africa.
Scientific Advances and Imperialism
• European scientific and technological advances came together – drug quinine –
against getting malaria, machine gun, telegraphs, railroads, and steamships
Suez Canal
• 1869 – Suez Canal – influenced Britain’s interests in Egypt – canal that linked the
Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, shortening the trip from Europe to the
Indian Ocean.

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Division of Africa
• European leaders met in Berlin to divide African territory to create order and to
end conflict in Africa.
• Berlin Conference – agreed that when an European nation claimed a new African
territory, it had to notify other European nations and prove that it could control
the territory.
• This Conference paid no attention to the African peoples living in the land.
The Boer War
• In southern Africa, the British met opposition to their claim.
• Dutch settlers, known as Boers, lived there since 1600. After the discovery of
gold, the Boers refused to grant political rights to foreigners.
• As a result, war broke out.
• The Boers were no match for the British army and by 1902, the Boer territory
became the self-governing Union of South Africa under British control.
Belgian Congo
• The Congo Free State in Central Africa was not ruled by any Europeans.
• King of Belgium, Leopold II, claimed it for himself.
• During the 1900’s, rubber for bicycles and automobile tires, were in great demand
in the United States and Europe.
• Congolese subjects extracted rubber from the region’s rubber trees.
African Resistance
• Africans did not passively accept European claims to rule over them. As
Europeans tried to conquer, they were met with resistance.
The Zulu
• The Zulu resisted colonialism for more than 50 years.
• Zulu leader Shaka built a strong Zulu kingdom by subduing several neighbors.
• In 1879, the British invaded the Zulu territory and Shaka’s nephew Cetshwayo
managed to defeat the British temporarily, but he could not keep them from taking
the territory for long.
Ethiopia
• Only the African nation of Ethiopia was able to retain its independence by
matching European firepower.
• 1889 – Emperor of Ethiopia – Menelik II – modernized the army.
• The Ethiopian army was able to defeat the Italians and prevent them from seizing
their territory.
French West Africa
• In West Africa, the leader of the Malinke peoples, Samory Toure, formed his own
army to fight the French.

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• The war was fought for 15 years and eventually the French captured Toure and
defeated his army.
• This act ended all resistance to French rule in Africa.
German East Africa
• Several people from East Africa united against the Germans, but they failed in
their rebellion.
• The Maji – sprinkle magic water –for protection – did not work, obviously
Imperialism in Latin America
• Imperialism in Latin America involved the United States and European nations
seeking to strengthen their political and economic influence over the region.
Power Struggle in Mexico
• Although Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821 and became a
republic in 1823, political factions struggled for control over Mexico.
Early Conflicts
• Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna – dominated Mexico for 30 years
• 1855 – a group of reformers overthrew Santa Anna, and he did not return.
• Leader – Benito Juarez – put forth series of reforms –reduced the powers of the
Catholic Church and the military.
• Led to Civil War
The Second Mexican Empire
• The conservative found a powerful ally in Europe – France Napoleon III –
dreamed of restoring French colonization in the Americas.
• France got involved and installed Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor of
Mexico.
• Once France withdrew from Mexico, Maximilian was executed and Jaurez was
re-elected president – one of Mexico’s greatest heros.
The Mexican Revolution
• After the death of Juarez, Porfirio Diaz came to power.
• Ruled with an Iron Fist, he maintained law and order in Mexico.
• In election of 1910, Diaz controlled the election. He jailed his opponent,
Francisco Madero. He fled to the United States and declared himself president.
• When Madero returned, Mexico was in rebellion.
• Francisco “Pancho” Villa led a band of rebels who supported Madero.
• Emiliano Zapata – called for land reforms and led a revolt with indigenous
peasants.
• Diaz was forced to resign.

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More Violence
• Madero was elected president later that year.
• Within months, army chief Victoriano Huerta, seized power and jailed Madero.
• Pancho Villa’s army of small ranchers rebelled against Huerta. And so did
Emiliano Zapata.
• The United States got involved after Madero was executed in 1914. Eventually
Huerta was forced to resign.
Carranza as President
• Venustiano Carranza – declared himself president.
• Zapata and Villa however refused and the nation once again was in civil war.
• 1915 – Carranza had defeated his rivals with the help of the United States.
• With his political position secure, he began building the nation: a new
constitution, redistribution of land and limiting the power of the church, and
protecting rights of citizens.
Growing U.S. Influence
• The United States had become a growing economic force in Latin America by the
late 1800’s.
Uprising in Cuba
• One of Spain’s colonies – Cuba
• 1860’s Cuban nationalists were fighting for independence from Spain.
• Jose Marti – exiled to America – poet and journalist – communicated to Cubans
through his writings, urging them to continue their fight.
• He returned to Cuba and he and his rebellion were eventually killed by the
Spanish.
The Spanish-American War
• In the United States, many people felt sympathy for the Cuban cause for
independence from Spain.
• 1898 – U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously exploded in Havana’s harbor. Were
the Spanish to blame?
• This disaster brought the United States into war with Spain. The war was a
disaster for Spain.
• Cuba gained her independence. U.S. received Puerto Rico and Guam and
purchased the Philippines for $20 million.
• Turns out, the Spanish did not sabotage the ship!
Revolt in the Philippines
• Filipino’s who desired their independence from Spain and the United States tried
to fight, but the army under Emilio Aguinaldo was no match for the U.S.
• Philippines ruled through a governor appointed by the president until 1935. full
independence - 1946

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The Panama Canal
• Many earlier attempts to build a canal across Latin America to gain access to the
Pacific Ocean failed – the French.
• In 1903, the United States bought the French property, and the President of the
United States, Theodore Roosevelt started and even oversaw the early
construction of the canal. Was finished in 1914.
• Shortened the trip by about 8,000 miles.
A Warning to Europeans
• In 1823, with the proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine, the United States
declared the Western Hemisphere off limits.
• By the late 1800’s, Europe and the United States had considerable interests in
Latin America.
• To protect U.S. interests, Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – U.S.
vowed to use military force to keep Europeans out of the Americas.
Increasing U.S. Power
• The United States used the Roosevelt Corollary to become even more involved in
the political affairs of Latin American countries.
• The United States, at the turn of the nineteenth century, became a great imperialist
power.