The Industrial Revolution

Industrialization through
Imperialism
• 1700 – 1920
• 1. The Industrial Age
• 2. Nationalism in Europe
• 3. The Age of Imperialism

1700 -1920
The Industrial Revolution
• 1. A New Kind of Revolution
• 2. Factories and Workers
• 3. New Ideas in the Society
•The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
led people to develop new ways of doing things.
•Among these new ways were processes and
machines for raising crops, making cloth, and other
jobs.
•This led to dramatic changes in industry and the
world of work.
•This Industrial Revolution, as it was known, began
in Great Britain.

1. A New Kind of Revolution
1700 -1920
• In the 1700’s, conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid
growth of the textile industry, which in turn led to huge
changes in many other industries.

A Revolution in Great Britain
• Industrial Revolution – era of rapid growth in the use of
machine in manufacturing and production that began in
the mid 1700’s
• Develop water and steam power to replace human and
animal power as main energy sources.
1700 -1920

Factors for Success – Great
Britain
• Exploration and Colonization
• Sea power
• Political Stability
• Government Support
• Growth of Private Investment
1700 -1920

1700 -1920
Agricultural Factors
• Gentlemen farmers began to
experiment.
• Jethro Tull – invented the
seed drill
• Others improved livestock
breeding methods to raise
healthier animals.
• Better variety of crops which
increased world food supplies.
• Enclosure movement – allowed
for more efficient farming
methods and increased food
supply – large fenced in farms

1700 -1920
Britain’s Big Advantage
• Great Britain had all the essential elements that a nation
needed to achieve economic success.
• Factors of Production – land, labor, and capital
That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

A Revolution in Textiles
• Cottage industry – a craft occupation performed in the home
• Weaving – cottage industry – began the Industrial Revolution
(cloth making or textiles)
• Industrialization – process of changing to power driven
machinery
1700 -1920

A New Way of Cloth
1700 -1920
• A influx of cotton from the Americas due to the slave labor in
the southern states.
• As Great Britain needed more cotton, slavery became even
more entrenched (economic reason that led to civil war)
• Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
• Richard Arkwright – Spinning Frame – used to spin stronger,
thinner thread
• New Machines were far to big to remain in cottages and it led
to factories – a building that housed industrial machines

Steam Power for Revolution
1700 -1920
• Physics – when water is heated and changed into steam,
it expands.
• Use steam to harness power to drive machines – changed
the world

The Steam Engine
1700 -1920
• England – 1712 – James Watt –first steam engine to drive
machinery
• Led to a power source for ships –Robert Fulton – the first
steam engine ship – Clermont
• Used on the Hudson River – Albany to NYC

Coal for British Steam Engines
1700 -1920
• Early steam was
fueled by burning
wood from
England’s forest
• New fuel – coal –
the increase in
factories built to
run on steam led to
a coal mining
industry in England
– produced 80% of
Europe’s coal

1700 -1920
Industrialism Spreads
• Industrialization increased rapidly and spread to
western Europe and the United States.
• Asia and Africa – industrialized in 1800’s during age of
imperialism
• Individual freedom on economic activity led to
increased industrialization in western Europe.

Industry Comes to America
1700 -1920
• The United States, because of its economic relationship with
Great Britain, was one of the first to benefit from England’s
industrialization.
• Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury under George
Washington – argued that industrialization would help the
United States.
• Samuel Slater, a highly skilled mill worker from Great Britain,
traveled to the United States to make a fortune.
• Textile mill industry spread throughout northeast United
States – Lowell mills

Industry Spreads to Europe
• William Cockerill, an engineer from Great Britain brought
industry to continental Europe.
1700 -1920
• Went to Belgium, which was the second industrialized nation to
develop in Europe.
• Delayed in France (French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars) and
in Germany (no central government)

1700 -1920
Industry in Asia
• Eventually industrialization spread to Asia.
• Came to Japan fairly late, but today Japan is one of the
world’s industrial leaders.

1700 -1920
2. Factories and Workers
• The transition from cottage industries changed how
people worked in factories and labor conditions in the
factories.

Production before Factories
1700 -1920
• Production began with the cottages and increased due to
the factories.

1700 -1920
Cottage Industries
• Benefits – controlled work schedule, product quality
guaranteed, made own decisions, and created own work season.
• Disadvantages – fire or floods in your home caused from
machines, homes are too small,
• As a result moves towards factories, which in turn led to
factory towns

Factories and Factory Towns
• A factory laborer had to leave his or her home and work in place
built especially for an industry.
• Meant support for the family, but caused real hardship.
• Working in the Factory –
• Divided into several separate, easily learned tasks
• Children worked in the factories to help with expenses
• Working conditions were very poor - lack of ventilation, poor
sanitation
• Long hours, little pay
• Public recognized need to improve working conditions
1700 -1920

1700 -1920
Life in Factory Towns
• Factories changed not
only the lives of the
workers, but also towns
where they were located.
• Early towns centered
around rivers to harness
power for the steam
engines; also centered
around coal mines
• This in turn led to
unsanitary living
conditions in the towns –
overpopulated and
pollution – which led to a
need to improve cities
Age of
Worker
Male
Wages
Female
Wages
under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d.
11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.
17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.
22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.
27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.
32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.
37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.
42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.
47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.
52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.
57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

1700 -1920
The Factory System and
Workers
• Factories changed transformed the nature of labor.
• Factories required large amounts of capital – money to
pay for building the buildings
• Led to wealthy people investing in business or industries
to make profits.

Cottage Workers’ Unrest
1700 -1920
• Faced a particular challenge caused by the factory
system.
• Cottage workers could not compete with factories, and
facing ruins, some of these workers turned to violence.
• Luddites Movement – people who resisted using the day’s
technologies because it put them out of work

Changing Working Conditions
1700 -1920
• The British government took a hands off approach to the
workers unrest and did nothing to regulate business.
• Because government took no action, this led to labor
unions – organizations that represent workers’ interests
• To urge employers to create better working conditions,
less hours, higher pay, they turned to strikes – work
stoppages
• Parliament got involved and eventually banned unions and
strikes, but did pass laws to protect worker’s interests.

A New Class of Workers
1700 -1920
• Factor work led to the growth of the middle class.
• Managers and accountants kept the factories running
and their books balanced. Engineers designed the
machines and maintained them.

1700 -1920
Factories and Mass Production
• Factories changed the world of work and led to a massive
increase in production.
• Mass Production – system of manufacturing large numbers of
identical items.
• Interchangeable parts – identical machine made parts – mad e
production and repair more efficient.
• Assembly Line – Product moves from worker to worker, as each
one performs a step in the manufacturing process.

Effects of Mass Production
• Advantages – dramatic increase in production
• Disadvantage – led to repetitious jobs
• Factory work became the norm in manufacturing.
1700 -1920

3. New Ideas in a New Society
• The Industrial Revolution inspired new ideas about
economic and affected society in many ways.
1700 -1920

New Ideas about Economics
1700 -1920
• 1700’ and 1800’s - industrialization changed not only the
way people lived, but also they way people thought about
making money.
• MERCANTILISM

1700 -1920
New Roles for Business Leaders
• Capitalism – thrives in England and led to theory that government
should not interfere. Private ownwership
• Laissez-faire – little government interference in a nation’s economy.
• Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations - markets free from government
interference benefited all.
• Thomas Malthus – population growth caused by the development of
industry
• Entrepreneur – someone who starts a new business
– Andrew Carnegie – American steel industry
– Cornelius Vanderbuilt – Railroad industry
– John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil

Competing Economic Views
• Not everyone agreed that capitalism was the best
economic system
• Robert Owen – Socialism – government should own
property, not the people (economic)
1700 -1920
• Karl Marx – more radical view – communism – government
should own and control all factors of production
(political)

1700 -1920
Effects on Society
• The rise of economic ideas was among the countless
effects the industrial revolution had on society.
• Shift to factory work transformed the everyday lives of
men and women.
• Men had to go to work in the factories, and women had
to stay home and tend to the children. ‘Separate
Spheres”

1700 -1920
Effects on Countries
• On a larger scale than home life, the industrial
revolution also affected entire countries.
• Europe –Great Britain, France, and Germany –leaders in
the global market
• The United States became an industrial super power.

1700 -1920
Long-Term Effects on Societies
• Increased standard of living – level of material comfort
for people in industrialized nations.