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page 98 of 142 RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 In this Appendix we focus on anthropogenic time profiles for seasonality (monthly variation). Table A.2.1 summarises the priority setting for compiling time profiles per source category in relation with their contribution to total emissions of specific compounds. In general climatic, cultural and economic influences contributing to non-uniformity of human activities are: ú space heating, influencing the demand on fuels in the residential and commercial sectors; ú space cooling, affecting the demand for electricity in the residential and commercial sectors; ú availability of hydropower, influencing the use of fossil fuels or electricity production; ú holiday periods, influencing both road traffic intensity and manufacturing activities; ú maintenance periods for large plants relating to favourable periods (e.g. due to holidays, demand drops, weather conditions), influencing the demand for fossil fuels and the activity level of industrial processes; ú seasonality of agricultural production, influencing the amount of national and international transport (predominantly road and shipping, respectively); ú car cooling, influencing emissions of CFCs and HFCs from mobile air conditioners. In the LOTOS approach (Veldt, 1992) time profiles on different time scales are based on reasonable, simplified assumptions for key sources (Table A.2.2). In Figure A.2.1 the weekly and seasonal variation of these profiles is presented graphically, showing the straightforward character of these datasets. 7DEOH $ /2726 WLPH SURILOHV IRU HVWLPDWLQJ HPLVVLRQV ZLWK WHPSRUDO UHVROXWLRQ DW PRQWKO\ ZHHN DQG GDLO\ OHYHO6RXUFH9HOGW Category/sector Winter/Summer 1 Working/Weekend day Day-time/Night-time 1 Temp. dependent 1 Power plants 1.1/0.9 1.06/0.85 1.1/0.9 no 2 Area source combustion 1.04/0.96 1.08/0.8 1.24/0.76 no 3 Small combustion sources 1.55/0.45 1/1 1.5/0.5 no 4 Refineries 1/1 1/1 1/1 no 5 Industrial processes 1/1 1/1 1/1 no 6 Solvent use 1/1 1/1 1/1 no 7-9 Traffic 1/1 1/1 1.8/0.2 yes 10-12 Vegetation 1/1 1/1 1/1 yes 1 Each of each length. As an example of a more detailed approach, in Figure A.2.2 time profiles are presented that have been defined and used in the USA for estimating quarterly emissions of NAPAP emission inventories. Obviously there is an enormous amount of data available on economic activities at the smallest scale (plant level, city, street, individual farmers). Within Europe, comprehensive effort has been made by the GENEMIS project (Generation of European Emission Data for Episodes), which is part of EUROTRAC, to produce time profiles at a very high spatial and temporal resolution (Heymann, M, 1992; 1994)(see Table A.2..3). This approach extended and generalised the LOTOS approach discussed above. The GENEMIS project showed that the availability of high temporal resolution indicator data is limited. Some examples of this project are summarised in the Section of temporal variation in the (0(3&25,1$,5(PLVVLRQ,QYHQWRU\+DQGERRN (EMEP-CORINAIR, 1999).
RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 page 99 of 142 7DEOH $ ,QGLFDWRU GDWD XVHG IRU WKH *(1(0,6 GDWDEDVH RQ WLPH SURILOHV 6RXUFH ,(5 (0(3&25,1$,5 Sector Indicator data Monthly resolution Daily resolution Hourly resolution Power plants fuel use load curves Industrial combustion fuel use, temperature, degree working times, holidays working times days, production Small combustion degree days user behaviour user behaviour Refineries production working times, holidays working times, shift times Industrial processes production working times, holidays working times, shift times Solvent use production working times, holidays working times, shift times, user behaviour Road traffic traffic counts traffic counts traffic counts Air traffic LTO cycles, number of LTO cycles, number of LTO cycles, number of fleights fleights fleights Biogenic emissions temperature, radiation temperature, radiation temperature, radiation Data sources: production indices OECD, EUROSTAT, UN, CERES; energy consumption: EUROSTAT, Statistisches Bundesamt, CERES; traffic counts: BaSt, University of Thessaloniki, PSI Switzerland, CERES, national experts; meteorological data: Wetterdienst, Klimarechenzentrum, EUMAC; time zones: GENEMIS, EUMAC; user behavior: SANA, VDI, CERES; working times: GENEMIS, PEF, TRACT; holidays: GENEMIS, CERES geographical data: GENEMIS, EUROSTAT, EUMAC. /2726WLPHSURILOHVIRUGDLO\YDULDWLRQ 7LPHK 3RZHUSODQWV ,QGXVWULDO FRPEXVWLRQ 5HVLGHQWLDO FRPEXVWLRQ 7UDQVSRUW 2WKHUVRXUFHV /2726WLPHSURILOHVIRUVHDVRQDOYDULDWLRQ MDQ IHE PUW DSU PHL MXQ MXO DXJ VHS RNW QRY GHF 3RZHUSODQWV ,QGXVWULDO FRPEXVWLRQ 5HVLGHQWLDO FRPEXVWLRQ 2WKHUVRXUFHV )LJ $ /2726 WLPH SURILOHV IRU HVWLPDWLQJ HPLVVLRQV ZLWK WHPSRUDO UHVROXWLRQ DW PRQWKO\ DQG GDLO\ OHYHO VRXUFH9HOGW
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